The farthest need the best. Human capital composition and development-specific economic growth

We provide robust and compelling evidence of the marked impact of tertiary education on the economic growth of less developed countries and of its the relatively smaller impact on the growth of developed ones. Our results argue in favor of the accumulation of high skill levels especially in technologically under-developed countries and, contrary to common wisdom, independently of the fact that these economies might initially produce lower-technology goods or perform technology imitation. Our results are robust to the different measures used in proxying human capital and to the adjustments made for cross-country differences in the quality of education. Country-specific institutional quality, as well as other indicators including legal origin, religious fractionalization and openness to trade have been used to control for the robustness of the results. These factors are also shown to speed up technology convergence thereby confirming previous empirical studies. Our estimates tackle problems of endogeneity by adopting a variety of techniques, including instrumental variables -for both panel and cross-section analyses- and the two-step efficient dynamics system GMM.

El capital relacional de los estudiantes en la universidad

Este artículo analiza el estado de la reforma de Bolonia en diferentes titulaciones de las universidades públicas catalanas de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona, y cómo las nuevas condiciones de aprendizaje pueden afectar las relaciones sociales de los estudiantes en la universidad. La investigación identifica una tipología de estudiantes según sus relaciones universitarias, y examina la influencia de dichas relaciones en el proceso de aprendizaje. Los resultados obtenidos mediante una encuesta por cuestionario a 867 estudiantes muestran que, cuanto más variadas y frecuentes son las relaciones (lazos débiles), el estudiante obtiene mejores resultados. Mientras que cuando se trata de buscar recursos para el estudio, los estudiantes tienden a utilizar sus lazos fuertes (compañeros/as de clase o curso), y ello no tiene influencia en el rendimiento.

Social Support, Social and Temporal Comparisons Protect Well-Being and Health between 45 and 70 Years Old in Four Urban Communities

This study examined the impact of social support and of temporal and social comparisons on well-being and selfreported health in four capital cities: Paris, Berlin, Moscow and Beijing. Based on the lifespan control theory, an integrative model investigating the influence of these coping strategies, especially on the psychological regulation of health losses, was tested on 1141 respondents aged 45 to 70 years by using structural equation modelling with multigroup comparisons. Results indicated a good fit of the model to participants' responses. In all contexts, physical weaknesses favoured the use of social and temporal comparison strategies rather than social support. Moreover, across the cities, coping strategies were oriented more toward protecting self-evaluation of health than toward enhancement of well-being. Social comparison decreased the impact of physical weaknesses on health evaluation and on well-being in the four cities, but to a lesser extent in China. Results are discussed regarding the normative cross-cultural aspects that intervene during ageing in the four urban contexts.

La administración de las sociedades de capital por sociedades de capital. Valorar la posible responsabilidad solidaria del representante legal-persona física de la sociedad

Aquest treball pretén desenvolupar algunes de les diferents responsabilitats en què pot incórrer el representant persona física de l'administrador persona jurídica d'una societat mercantil.

Job loss among immigrant and native workers: evidence from Spain's economic downturn

The profound crisis that has affected the Spanish economy since mid - 2008 has been characterized by significant job losses and a marked rise in the country´s unemployment rate. However, unemployment has had a differential impact on different population groups. Compared to native, immigrant workers have experienced higher rates of job loss. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the differences between immigrants and natives (distinguished by gender) in terms of their probability of suffering job loss in the downturn of late 2008 and 2009. Our results indicate that the higher rate of job loss among female immigrant workers can be fully explained by their lower endowment of human capital. By contrast, human capital endowment and over-representation in certain occupations, sectors and regions in which the crisis had greatest impact do not appear to be the only reason for the penalty suffered by immigrant males in terms of their chances of losing their job in the downturn.

Using computational fluid dynamics to predict head losses in the auxiliary elements of a microirrigation sand filter

It is often assumed that total head losses in a sand filter are solely due to the filtration media and that there are analytical solutions, such as the Ergun equation, to compute them. However, total head losses are also due to auxiliary elements (inlet and outlet pipes and filter nozzles), which produce undesirable head losses because they increase energy requirements without contributing to the filtration process. In this study, ANSYS Fluent version 6.3, a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software program, was used to compute head losses in different parts of a sand filter. Six different numerical filter models of varying complexities were used to understand the hydraulic behavior of the several filter elements and their importance in total head losses. The simulation results show that 84.6% of these were caused by the sand bed and 15.4% were due to auxiliary elements (4.4% in the outlet and inlet pipes, and 11.0% in the perforated plate and nozzles). Simulation results with different models show the important role of the nozzles in the hydraulic behavior of the sand filter. The relationship between the passing area through the nozzles and the passing area through the perforated plate is an important design parameter for the reduction of total head losses. A reduced relationship caused by nozzle clogging would disproportionately increase the total head losses in the sand filter

Ús del Capital Social i la Intel.ligència Competitiva per part de les Universitats en el procés d"adaptació a l"EEES

En la present comunicació s'exposen els resultats del projecte ¿Análisis de los procedimientos de interacción entorno-universidad en el proceso de adaptación e implementación de titulaciones oficiales al EEES" finançat pel Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, en la convocatòria d'Estudios y Anàlisis, 2008. Un dels objectius d'aquest projecte era conèixer, de forma exploratòria, quines eines havien emprat lesUniversitats per tal d'adaptar les seves titulacions al nou EEES, considerant diversosfactors. Entre aquests, l'ús del Capital Social del qual disposen les Universitats, entès tant de d¿una òptica interna com externa. A la vegada, es pretenia analitzar si la Universitat disposa de veritables eines d'Intel·ligència Competitiva per tal d'interpretar adequadament el seu entorn. D'entre diverses conclusions, s'extreu que les Universitats no aprofiten suficientment els contactes que generen amb el seu entorn per tal de potenciar la seva competitivitat i les noves titulacions adaptades a l'EEES.

Contratación de la mano de obra y desempeño en los servicios intensivos en conocimiento: una visión del capital intelectual

Objeto: El desempeño de las actividades de servicios de alto valor añadido ofrecidospor las empresas manufactureras, de la misma forma que el de los servicios intensivosen conocimiento, puede verse afectado por las formas de contratación de la mano deobra utilizadas en ellas. Se estudia el impacto del uso de trabajo contingente (temporal y autónomo) sobre la productividad del trabajo en las empresas de servicios intensivos en conocimiento. Para desarrollar las hipótesis, se tiene en cuenta el impacto potencial del trabajo contingente sobre el capital intangible de la empresa, así como los resultados de la literatura empírica.Diseño/metodología: Se analizan los datos de una muestra de 279 empresas de servicios intensivos en conocimiento localizadas en Cataluña, mediante dos modelos de regresión lineal.Aportaciones y resultados: Los resultados muestran que el empleo de formas de trabajo contingentes, como el trabajo temporal y los trabajadores autónomos, tiene un impacto negativo en la productividad del trabajo. No existe, en cambio, una relación cuadrática entre estas variables. Limitaciones: La muestra utilizada procede exclusivamente de Cataluña (España), noes perfectamente extrapolable al conjunto de empresas de servicios intensivos enconocimiento y se obtuvo en la fase alcista del ciclo económico. El diseño del estudio estransversal. La clasificación de las empresas como intensivas en conocimiento esdicotómica, en función del sector al que pertenecen. Implicaciones prácticas:Las decisiones sobre la contratación de mano de obra en actividades de servicios de alto valor añadido deberían minimizar las formas de trabajocontingentes, si quieren mejorar su productividad.Implicaciones sociales: Un modelo productivo que pretenda potenciar los servicios de mayor valor añadido no puede descansar sobre la base de un mercado laboral en el que las empresas utilizan una elevada proporción de trabajo contingente en su mano de obra. Valor añadido: Este artículo ofrece nuevos datos para a la escasa literatura que relaciona el uso de trabajo contingente con la productividad en el sector de los servicios intensivos en conocimiento. La creciente importancia de los servicios de alto valor añadido, tanto en empresas de servicios como manufactureras, y el interés por conocer los determinantes de su productividad justifican la necesidad de realizar estudios como el que se presenta.

Human Capital Composition and Economic Growth at a Regional Level

With this paper we build a two-region model where both innovation and imitation are performed. In particular imitation takes the form of technological spillovers that lagging regions may exploit given certain human capital conditions. We show how the high skill content of each region’s workforce (rather than the average human capital stock) is crucial to determine convergence towards the income level of the leader region and to exploit the technological spillovers coming from the frontier. The same applies to bureaucratic/institutional quality which are conductive to higher growth in the long run. We test successfully our theoretical result over Spanish regions for the period between 1960 and 1997. We exploit system GMM estimators which allow us to correctly deal with endogeneity problems and small sample bias.

Appropriate IPRs, Human Capital Composition and Economic Growth

We generalize a standard technology diffusion model by allowing for IPRs regimes to be endogenously defined by the development level of each country. Also we insert differences in the composition of human capital between North (leader) and South (followers) which shape the relative costs of innovation and imitation. Results show how an optimal growth trajectory is found for the follower country which initially imitates and that, once a "threshold development stage" is reached, optimally switches to innovation by fully enforcing IPRs achieving a higher proximity with the technology frontier in the long-run. Other scenarios, such as a premature increase in the enforcement of IPRs or a switch from imitation to innovation at early stages of development of the followers are found to be sub-optimal.

Regional economic growth and human capital: the role of overeducation

The paper analyses the link between human capital and regional economic growth in the European Union. Using different indicators of human capital calculated from census microdata, we conclude that the recent economic performance of European regions is associated to an increase in overeducation. In fact, measures of educational mismatch seem to have a stronger connection to regional economic performance than other traditional measures of human capital stocks.

Human Capital Spillovers Productivity and Regional Convergence in Spain

This paper analyses the differential impact of human capital, in terms of different levels of schooling, on regional productivity and convergence. The potential existence of geographical spillovers of human capital is also considered by applying spatial panel data techniques. The empirical analysis of Spanish provinces between 1980 and 2007 confirms the positive impact of human capital on regional productivity and convergence, but reveals no evidence of any positive geographical spillovers of human capital. In fact, in some specifications the spatial lag presented by tertiary studies has a negative effect on the variables under consideration.