530 resultados para aterro sanitário


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The pig slaughter process involve different steps that can influence the microbiological quality of carcasses. At this, the understanding of the slaughter process on the microbiological aspects is necessary for the implementation and evaluation of critical control points. The microbiological control of the slaughter process should involve the evaluation of pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the influence of steps slaughter process on the microbiological levels of pig carcasses, and evaluate if there is correlation between pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) and indicators (aerobic mesophilic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae) microorganisms. A high Salmonella soroprevalence in pigs were founded before the slaughter (57.49 %). While the Salmonella prevalence in carcasses at the initial stage of the slaughter was 26.67 % and in the final stage 1.11 %, L. monocytogenes was detected only in the final washing and cooling steps, with a prevalence of 21.11 and 8.89 %, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms and E. coli levels in initial steps of slaughter process were 4.25 ± 0.37; 1.25 ± 0.38; 1.10 ± 0.35 and 0.86 ± 0.36, respectively. At the end of slaughter process the results were lower (ranging from 0.16 at 2.70 log CFU/cm2). The step that most reduced microbiological levels was the scalding. The dehairing was a critical step that led to a significant increase of microorganisms levels in the process (p < 0.05). The evisceration not proved to be a critical step on the increase of microbial levels, differently of the final washing, which showed significant increases (p < 0.05) over the levels of aerobic counts, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacterias (0.30; 0.36; 0.27 and 0.42 log respectively) and Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. The chilling contributes significantly to the reduction of microbiological levels of carcasses, bringing them to levels below the all process stages, with the exception of scalding. No correlation between the hygiene indicator microorganisms used and presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were obtained (p < 0.05). The results show that steps in the process are critical to the sanitary profile, which implies the need to implement actions in the process to reducing the microbiological levels.

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The present research if inserts in the subject of the habitation of social interest and its relation with the sanitation infra-structure questions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). Having as study universe the narrow river of the Forty , situated one in the city of Manaus, capital of Amazon, approaches questions that if present between the necessities of housing and the especificidades of the natural environment, whose characteristics evidence limits for the implantation of adequate habitations. The objective is to analyze the possibilities and the limits of the urbanística regularization in the palafitas of the narrow rivers of Manaus, in view of the factors of habitability and ambient protection, expresses for the sanitation system - sanitary exhaustion, water supply, urban draining and garbage collection. The work approaches initially relative the conceptual aspects to the subject of social habitation in the country and its relation with the habitability factors, also focusing the question of the housing and the processes of urban informality in the city of Manaus. It deals with the process of constitution of the palafitas in the space of the city and its relation with the habitacionais politics, presenting the analysis of the implantation of the palafitas in relation to the sanitation infra-structure conditions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). As conclusion, it identifies to the possibilities and limits of urbanística regularization of the palafitas implanted to the long one of the narrow river of the Forty , taking in consideration the systems of the sanitation infrastructure

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Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Perfil de Edificações

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Relatório de estágio para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações

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Considering the social and economic importance that the milk has, the objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and quantifying antimicrobial residues in the food. The samples were collected in dairy industry of southwestern Paraná state and thus they were able to cover all ten municipalities in the region of Pato Branco. The work focused on the development of appropriate models for the identification and quantification of analytes: tetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, all antimicrobials with health interest. For the calibration procedure and validation of the models was used the Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform associated with chemometric method based on Partial Least Squares regression (PLS - Partial Least Squares). To prepare a work solution antimicrobials, the five analytes of interest were used in increasing doses, namely tetracycline from 0 to 0.60 ppm, sulfamethazine 0 to 0.12 ppm, sulfadimethoxine 0 to 2.40 ppm chloramphenicol 0 1.20 ppm and ampicillin 0 to 1.80 ppm to perform the work with the interest in multiresidues analysis. The performance of the models constructed was evaluated through the figures of merit: mean square error of calibration and cross-validation, correlation coefficients and offset performance ratio. For the purposes of applicability in this work, it is considered that the models generated for Tetracycline, Sulfadimethoxine and Chloramphenicol were considered viable, with the greatest predictive power and efficiency, then were employed to evaluate the quality of raw milk from the region of Pato Branco . Among the analyzed samples by NIR, 70% were in conformity with sanitary legislation, and 5% of these samples had concentrations below the Maximum Residue permitted, and is also satisfactory. However 30% of the sample set showed unsatisfactory results when evaluating the contamination with antimicrobials residues, which is non conformity related to the presence of antimicrobial unauthorized use or concentrations above the permitted limits. With the development of this work can be said that laboratory tests in the food area, using infrared spectroscopy with multivariate calibration was also good, fast in analysis, reduced costs and with minimum generation of laboratory waste. Thus, the alternative method proposed meets the quality concerns and desired efficiency by industrial sectors and society in general.

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A exploração de pequenos ruminantes em Portugal, particularmente da espécie ovina, tem importância económica elevada no Baixo Alentejo, estando registadas 222 explorações, com um total de 77 863 pequenos ruminantes, na área de intervenção da Associação de Agricultores do Campo Branco (AACB). A rusticidade das raças autóctones, que suportam solos pobres e climas áridos, com longos períodos de seca, constituem um meio facilitador da subsistência das populações nesta região. Assim, qualquer alteração do estado sanitário e/ou da produtividade destes animais pode criar graves problemas no rendimento das populações rurais que vivem desta atividade. A eficácia reprodutiva destes efetivos está aquém de permitir uma rentabilidade sustentável das explorações, mas não existem dados sobre os fatores que afetam a fertilidade dos rebanhos. É do conhecimento dos médicos veterinários assistentes das explorações que a prevalência de abortos no Alentejo poderá ser elevada, mas não existe um sistema eficaz de monitorização destas perdas e de identificação dos principais agentes etiológicos envolvidos. De facto, os produtores de pequenos ruminantes têm dificuldade em registar sistematicamente as informações que permitam quantificar as perdas causadas por abortos. Acresce o facto de que alguns dos agentes etiológicos causadores de aborto são potencialmente zoonóticos, pelo que esta problemática tem consequentemente um impacto relevante na saúde pública. Uma incidência baixa de abortos por perdas naturais e esporádicas é inevitável. Alguns autores preconizam que uma taxa de abortos superior a 2% deverá ser sempre investigada. Pelo exposto, é imperativa uma quantificação rigorosa das perdas acima referidas, para que possam ser implementadas medidas de prevenção e de controlo dos abortos nestes efectivos, visando a melhoria da produtividade, rendibilidade e sustentabilidade.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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This survey has to general objective to evaluate the Food Safety Policy implemented by Restaurantes Populares do Rio Grande do Norte. The survey is qualitative of type exploratory and descriptive. The universe of survey is all Units of Food and Nutrition (UAN) of the Restaurantes Populares do Rio Grande do Norte. To collects of data were used two instruments: interview and form. The interviews were intended to analyze the four axes of the Food Safety: access, food quality, production and marketing of food and organizational arrangement. The form was used to check the quality of nutrition and sanitary-hygienic food served. We used two types of forms: a spreadsheet with the weekly menu and the portions served to verify that the meals serve the nutritional needs proposed by the program; and the check-list of ANVISA to verify the sanitary-hygienic conditions in each unit. Through the survey data and analyses made observe that the access category have some problems such as lack of registration, lack of advertising of Restaurants and wastage of public resources, making policy that should be of included in a policy of exclusion. In the nutritional aspect there is neglect on the daily nutritional goal, because it is not accomplished nutritional analysis of menu offered, the nutritionists do not know what should be the nutritional value of meals served; in the hygienic-health aspect trough the problems identified is concludes that there is no guarantee of food quality hygienic-sanitary, committing the program as a Food Safety Program. About the production and marketing of food is observed some problems as: the goal of sale of meals is not achieved in full, the purchase of genres does not stimulate the local economy, nor generates jobs and income, and inefficient performance of the MEIOS's supervision. In the analysis of organizational arrangement is concluded that the partnerships are beneficial, despite some negative points, therefore, are these partnerships the problems of non-compliance, as both the MEIOS and Nutriti of important criteria established in the partnership. Therefore, it is understood that the Programa Restaurantes Populares in its original formulation is proposed to be a food safety policy, but has some problems that impossible to meet its goal, making it unprofitable like Food Safety Policy

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Descrevem-se os vestígios das barragens do distrito de Castelo Branco atribuídas ao período romano e procura-se reconstituir as suas características iniciais. Caracteriza-se ainda a barragem de Alferrarede, pós-romana, em bom estado de conservação, de duplo muro e aterro intermédio, e apresentam-se dados retirados da bibliografia relativos à "Presa de Penamacor", que sofreu um rombo no primeiro quartel do sécu lo XVI e da qual não há vestígios. Das oito barragens atribuídas ao período romano, duas são de alvenaria e seis de terra. Estas últimas parecem não ter sido dotadas de descarregadores de superfície (nem de órgãos fixos para assegurar a utilização da água). A conservação de vestígios dos aterros poderá dever-se à existência de brechas que asseguram a passagem da água sem galgamento. Algumas das barragens de terra eram estruturas importantes, que envolveram grandes movimentos de terra e a utilização de boas técnicas de compactação como atesta a caracterização geotécnica. As maiores barragens são a da Egitânia e da Lameira com alturas de 11 e 9m e volumes de aterro de 12000 e 16000 m3, respectivamente.

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The evaluation of public policies that promote Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) it s a multidisciplinary activity extremely relevant to the effectiveness of actions to legitimize the Human Right to Adequate Food (HRAF). This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the unit project Natal-RN Café do Trabalhador in promoting SAN to its users. The theoretical framework is based on the public and political and on the dimensions of the concept of FSN (quantity and quality-regularity). Through a qualitative approach, methodologically this was the work of an evaluation of efficiency of the unit Natal-RN of Café do Trabalhador project in light of the assumptions of the concept of SAN. Data collection was conducted through retrospective archival research in official documents of the project, semi-structured interviews with managers involved in its implementation (representative of the Secretary of State for Employment, Housing and Care of RN SETHAS and third party), socioeconomic questionnaire applied to the users of the unit, check the amount, regularity and quality of meals offered for 15 days (menu routine) using the descriptive form menu and form filling type checklist for verification of compliance with good practices . Methods of analysis, we used content analysis, descriptive statistics and compared to previously established parameters for the project. As categories of analysis were defined organizational arrangement, access, user, food quantity-regularity and food quality. The results show that, it was found in the category arrangement that will implement the project dismissed technical criteria for choosing the districts and the quantitative distribution of meals for each location. It was found that the valuation of the shares of the company outsources technical SETHA has not been performed. We observed in the access category, the unit has a strategic location, but lack of space in the refectory. The main obstacle to economic access for users is the lack of a register for the beneficiaries. In the category of users, it was identified that the clientele of the project it is predominantly men, with more than 51 years, low education, earning wages less 1 obtained through informal employment, which they move up through the unit transport collective, go to all days of operation due primarily to price. About the meals category quantity-regularity of food showed that the menu serves 95% of the desired needs, and that holidays and weekends are periods of disrupting the regularity of supply of meals. Regarding the category of food quality, it was found that the nutritional aspect on the menu are food sources rich in sodium, nitrates and low in fiber. In the aspect of hygiene and sanitation are the main limitations related to waste management, lack of exposure controls of food prepared and inadequacies of the physical structure. The results showed that in general and the institutional arrangement of the organs attached to the project should establish a systematic evaluation project is to establish as a promoter of and FSN overcome these obstacles

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O processo de desenvolvimento da caprinocultura de carne no semiárido nordestino, embora lento, marcha para a produção de cabritos para abate aos 4-·8 meses de idade, incorporando características importantes características para o mercado como menores teores de colesterol e de calorias que as demais carnes; sabor característico, maciez e suculência, rigoroso controle higiênico sanitário na produção, processamento e comercialização e cortes especiais resfriados ou congelados, além de selos de origem e de qualidade.

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The present research if inserts in the subject of the habitation of social interest and its relation with the sanitation infra-structure questions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). Having as study universe the narrow river of the Forty , situated one in the city of Manaus, capital of Amazon, approaches questions that if present between the necessities of housing and the especificidades of the natural environment, whose characteristics evidence limits for the implantation of adequate habitations. The objective is to analyze the possibilities and the limits of the urbanística regularization in the palafitas of the narrow rivers of Manaus, in view of the factors of habitability and ambient protection, expresses for the sanitation system - sanitary exhaustion, water supply, urban draining and garbage collection. The work approaches initially relative the conceptual aspects to the subject of social habitation in the country and its relation with the habitability factors, also focusing the question of the housing and the processes of urban informality in the city of Manaus. It deals with the process of constitution of the palafitas in the space of the city and its relation with the habitacionais politics, presenting the analysis of the implantation of the palafitas in relation to the sanitation infra-structure conditions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). As conclusion, it identifies to the possibilities and limits of urbanística regularization of the palafitas implanted to the long one of the narrow river of the Forty , taking in consideration the systems of the sanitation infrastructure

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Resumo: Este trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever os princípios básicos para o monitoramento da parasitofauna de peixes, especialmente das brânquias e muco e consiste no primeiro passo para viabilizar a padronização de ferramentas para auxiliar o produtor a realizar o monitoramento sanitário em sua produção. Esta é uma metodologia simples e acessível, adaptada em laboratório da Embrapa Meio Ambiente para monitorar o estado de saúde dos peixes mantidos em experimentos laboratoriais, e que também pode ser utilizada no campo pelos técnicos e piscicultores.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2016.

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Começa-se por se fazer uma resenha histórica sobre barragens e a sua classificação, apresentam-se os critérios gerais a usar na escolha dos locais para implantação de barragens e o tipo de barragens a construir em função das características desses locais e dos materiais disponíveis e apresenta-se uma pequena nota sobre barragens portuguesas e um resumo geral da legislação nacional aplicável. Segue-se uma parte sobre os tipos usuais de barragens. Apresentam-se as características gerais das barragens de aterro, os seus perfis-tipo, os mecanismos de protecção do coroamento e dos paramentos e as diferentes soluções de controlo da percolação através das barragens e das respectivas fundações. Em seguida, apresentam-se as barragens de betão do tipo gravidade. Definem-se as forças actuantes, avaliam-se as tensões e os deslocamentos provocados por essas forças e apresentam-se as vias a usar na verificação da estabilidade em relação ao derrubamento e ao escorregamento. Apresentam-se também as barragens de contrafortes e do tipo abóbada, os seus perfis-tipo e os mecanismos de análise da sua estabilidade. Em seguida, estudam-se os evacuadores de cheias de barragens. Começa-se por definir os diferentes tipos de evacuadores, apresentando-se os critérios a usar na sua escolha. Em seguida, faz-se uma análise aprofundada sobre os mais importantes, incluindo as suas leis de vazão e os respectivos critérios de dimensionamento. Os dissipadores de energia usuais em barragens são também objeto de estudo particular. Depois de uma revisão sobre ressaltos hidráulicos em canais rectangulares, faz-se a apresentação geral das bacias de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico, bacias normalizadas USBR tipos II, III e IV, e dos respectivos critérios de dimensionamento. Faz-se também um estudo sobre tomadas de água em albufeiras e descargas de fundo. Por último e em Anexo, apresentam-se os textos completos da legislação portuguesa referente a barragens.