Thinking about the past, present and future in adolescents growing up in Children's Homes

The present study tested the hypothesis that adolescents growing up in Children's Homes differ from adolescents growing up in a family environment in how they think about their past, present and future, in the way they make decisions about future events and rewards, and in their levels of empathy and perspective taking. The participants were 40 adolescents from Children's Homes in Budapest, Hungary, and 40 age- and gender-matched controls. Group differences were found in participants' past and present time perspectives, and girls from Children's Homes showed reduced consistency in their plans for the future. Additionally, gender differences emerged in empathy, perspective taking, and in participants' present and future time perspectives. We discuss the implications of our findings for interventions to improve the future prospects of adolescents in Children's Homes.

Design and Development of a Film-based Intervention about Teenage Men and Unintended Pregnancy: Applying the Medical Research Council Framework in Practice

Following the UK Medical Research Council’s (MRC) guidelines for the development and evaluation of complex interventions, this study aimed to design, develop and optimise an educational intervention about young men and unintended teenage pregnancy based around an interactive film. The process involved identification of the relevant evidence base, development of a theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of unintended teenage pregnancy in relation to young men, and exploratory mixed methods research. The result was an evidence-based, theory-informed, user-endorsed intervention designed to meet the much neglected pregnancy education needs of teenage men and intended to increase both boys’ and girls’ intentions to avoid an unplanned pregnancy during adolescence. In prioritising the development phase, this paper addresses a gap in the literature on the processes of research-informed intervention design. It illustrates the application of the MRC guidelines in practice while offering a critique and additional guidance to programme developers on the MRC prescribed processes of developing interventions. Key lessons learned were: 1) know and engage the target population and engage gatekeepers in addressing contextual complexities; 2) know the targeted behaviours and model a process of change; and 3) look beyond development to evaluation and implementation.

Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and young adults: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project

Dietary pattern (DP) analysis allows examination of the combined effects of nutrients and foods on the markers of CVD. Very few studies have examined these relationships during adolescence or young adulthood. Traditional CVD risk biomarkers were analysed in 12-15-year-olds (n 487; Young Hearts (YH)1) and again in the same individuals at 20-25 years of age (n 487; YH3). Based on 7 d diet histories, in the present study, DP analysis was performed using a posteriori principal component analysis for the YH3 cohort and the a priori Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) was calculated for both YH1 and YH3 cohorts. In the a posteriori DP analysis, YH3 participants adhering most closely to the 'healthy' DP were found to have lower pulse wave velocity (PWV) and homocysteine concentrations, the 'sweet tooth' DP were found to have increased LDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure and decreased HDL concentrations, the 'drinker/social' DP were found to have lower LDL and homocysteine concentrations, but exhibited a trend towards a higher TAG concentration, and finally the 'Western' DP were found to have elevated homocysteine and HDL concentrations. In the a priori dietary score analysis, YH3 participants adhering most closely to the Mediterranean diet were found to exhibit a trend towards a lower PWV. MDS did not track between YH1 and YH3, and nor was there a longitudinal relationship between the change in the MDS and the change in CVD risk biomarkers. In conclusion, cross-sectional analysis revealed that some associations between DP and CVD risk biomarkers were already evident in the young adult population, namely the association between the healthy DP (and the MDS) and PWV; however, no longitudinal associations were observed between these relatively short time periods.

The Relationship Between Cumulative Adversity in Childhood and Adolescent Suicide and Accidental Death

On the whole research has concluded that most young people navigate adolescence with few difficulties, but a minority do find this stage of life challenging, and their ways of coping may have negative consequences for both themselves and others. For some the experience of adversity in earlier childhood, and the cumulative impact of multiple adversities has the potential to compromise a young person’s natural resilience. In some cases this may result in an adolescent feeling overwhelmed, and dying through suicide or other high risk behaviours. This article explores these issues with reference to eight young people who died by suicide in Northern Ireland. The article argues that young people exposed to multiple adversities in childhood require earlier, more sustained and better co-ordinated services from professionals if their psychological and emotional well-being is to be promoted.

The stability of alcohol consumption between age 16 and 26: Evidence from a National Birth Cohort Study

This study examined the association between moderate drinking at age 16 (adolescence) and alcohol consumption at age 26 (young adulthood), whilst controlling for possible confounding effects at the individual and family level (assessed at birth and age 10). Using the British Cohort Study (BCS70), 6515 respondents provided data on their adolescent alcohol consumption and other behaviours. Of these, 4392 also completed the survey at age 26. Consumption patterns established in adolescence persisted, to a large degree, into early adulthood. Those adolescents who drank moderately in adolescence drank significantly less in adulthood than those adolescents who drank to heavy or hazardous levels. Implications for health promotion strategies and guidance are discussed.

A closer look at Carver and White's BIS/BAS scales: Factor analysis and age group differences

The Behavioural Inhibition and Behavioural Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales were developed by Carver and White (1994) and comprise four scales which measure individual differences in personality (Gray 1982, 1991). More recent modifications, namely the five-factor model derived from Gray and McNaughton's (2000) revised Reward Sensitivity Theory (RST) suggests that Anxiety and Fear are separable components of inhibition. This study employed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on the scales in order to test whether the four or five-factor model was the better fit in a sample of 994 participants aged 11–30 years. Consistent with RST, superior model fit was shown for the five-factor model with all variables correlated. Significant age effects were observed for BIS Fear and BIS Anxiety, with scores peaking in middle and late adolescence respectively. The BAS subscales showed differential effects of age group. Significantly increasing scores from early to mid and from mid to late adolescence were found for Drive, but the effect of age on Fun Seeking and Reward Responsiveness was not significant.

Minimising harm from alcohol misuse: Challenges to the development of effective policy

Successive substance misuse strategies in Northern Ireland and elsewhere have
been underpinned by the goal of minimising the harm accruing from the use of alcohol and other drugs. However, what it means for a person’s alcohol use to cause harm is an evolving concept. As the understanding of harm changes, the type of evidence needed to estimate the scale of harm and to evaluate the success of a given initiative changes also.
This paper does three things. We first highlight a recent model by Laslett and
colleagues for estimating the harm of one individual’s alcohol use to other individuals, the centrepiece of a report to the Alcohol Education and Research Foundation (AERF) in 2010. This model has been hugely influential in identifying areas where harms from alcohol use accrue and in attempting to quantify those harms (e.g. the cost of injuries inflicted during intoxication). We suggest three ways in which this model could be improved by accounting for: (a) the influence of one individual’s drinking on the drinking behaviour of their peers; (b) the level of use which triggers a given harm; and (c) the degree of time-lag in each of
the domains of harm.
Secondly, we explore specific challenges to developing effective policy on
adolescents’ drinking behaviours, drawing on research which specifically elicits the perspectives of young people on why they drink.
Thirdly, we examine the relative harms of allowing moderate levels of drinking
among mid-adolescents versus promoting zero use up until late adolescence.

Ansiedade social e assertividade na adolescência

O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar a associação entre ansiedade social e assertividade na adolescência, bem como desenvolver um modelo compreensivo e de intervenção teórica e empiricamente fundamentado acerca desta problemática. A ansiedade social é definida por medo intenso em situações sociais, associado a crenças negativas predisponentes e comportamentos de segurança ou evitamento subsequentes de situações sociais. A assertividade consiste numa resposta comportamental de auto-expressão empática, fundamentada em crenças positivas e activação emocional reduzida. Assim, estes dois conceitos parecem estar em dissonância, uma vez que, por definição, a ansiedade social surge associada a défice de comportamentos sociais adequados e a assertividade a diminuída activação ansiosa em eventos sociais. Por outro lado, ansiedade social e défice assertivo poderão fundamentar-se em mecanismos psicológicos semelhantes. Para verificar estas duas premissas, o presente trabalho utilizou uma amostra de 679 adolescentes do ensino secundário público de ambos os sexos. Para avaliar a ansiedade social nas três dimensões do funcionamento psicológico foram utilizadas a Escala de Crenças e Pensamentos Sociais e a Escala de Ansiedade e Evitamento de Situações Sociais para Adolescentes. No caso da assertividade, foram utilizados o Questionário de Esquema Interpessoal Assertivo e Escala de Comportamento Interpessoal. A análise de dados permite verificar a existência de uma associação recíproca negativa entre ansiedade social e assertividade, em todos os níveis considerados. Igualmente, os resultados obtidos indicam que esta associação poderá ser fundamentada na existência de baixas crenças sociais positivas que activam pensamentos sociais negativos e subsequentemente ansiedade e desconforto em situações sociais e reduzida frequência de comportamento assertivo. Esta conclusão fundamentou uma intervenção integrada para a promoção da gestão de ansiedade social e da prática de competências assertivas. Esta intervenção foi construída, implementada e avaliada em dois ensaios clínicos junto a 6 adolescentes. Os resultados de significância clínica indicam que o programa tem eficácia terapêutica, ainda que este estudo preliminar não exclua a necessidade de uma avaliação mais aprofundada do benefício associado a esta intervenção. Estes trabalhos assumem, assim, implicações educativas e terapêuticas, ao permitir explicitar e clarificar a associação entre ansiedade social e assertividade, e ao contribuir para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de formas de intervenção adequadas junto ao adolescente social tímido ou inibido. A compreensão e intervenção preventiva para a promoção do ajustamento psicossocial do adolescente emergem como uma realidade possível, pertinente e acessível a todos os agentes educativos.

Educação sexual em contexto escolar: uma intervenção contra a vulnerabilidade na vivência da sexualidade adolescente

A sexualidade estando presente desde o nascimento, na adolescência assume novo significado. Descobre-se o primeiro amor através de uma relação de intimidade e partilha de afectos, o corpo adquire um novo sentido, o grupo torna-se importante enquanto fonte de suporte, partilha de angústias e confiança, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do adolescente. Na adolescência, perscrutam alguns factores de risco, nomeadamente a vivência da sexualidade de forma não informada e responsável, com repercussões para a saúde física e psicológica, pelo que é imperioso intervir através de programas formativos no âmbito da sexualidade que promovam vivência desta de forma responsável. São objectivos do estudo: Promover um modelo de intervenção formativa baseado no debate e reflexão crítica sobre sexualidade em contexto de sala de aula; Construir e validar instrumentos que permitam avaliar as atitudes face à sexualidade e ainda os conhecimentos dos adolescentes sobre reprodução, planeamento familiar e infecções de transmissão sexual; Testar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção formativo a nível dos conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar, infecções de transmissão sexual, reprodução e atitudes face à sexualidade; Testar a efectividade do programa de intervenção formativo numa amostra alargada de adolescentes, analisando também o papel das variáveis sociodemográficas, sociopsicológicas e sexuais. O trabalho de campo desenvolveu-se em três estudos distintos, no primeiro e terceiro participaram 840 adolescentes e no segundo 90. No primeiro estudo construímos e validamos os instrumentos para colheita de dados, no segundo, experimental de campo, validamos o modelo da intervenção formativa no âmbito da sexualidade e no terceiro, descritivo e correlacional, testamos a efectividade de um programa de intervenção numa amostra mais alargada. O protocolo de recolha de informação incluiu quatro escalas construídas para o efeito com o intuito de avaliar as atitudes face à sexualidade, os conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar, infecções de transmissão sexual e reprodução e ainda a escala de insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes e a escala de satisfação com o suporte social. As raparigas e residentes na zona urbana são as que têm mais conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar e possuem atitudes face à sexualidade mais favoráveis. Os interlocutores preferenciais sobre sexualidade são os amigos, seguidos da mãe. São os adolescentes com pouca ou moderada prática religiosa que já iniciaram a actividade sexual. São as raparigas que têm maior satisfação com o suporte social nas dimensões, satisfação com as amizades, intimidade, actividades sociais e suporte social total. Os adolescentes que já iniciaram a actividade sexual, revelam maior percepção de suporte social na dimensão satisfação com a amizade. O modelo de formação construído e aplicado influenciou as atitudes face à sexualidade, conhecimentos sobre reprodução, sobre infecções de transmissão sexual e sobre planeamento familiar. Do nosso ponto de vista, pensamos ser urgente a aplicação de programas de intervenção formativos em contexto escolar, ou outro, que integrem de uma forma harmoniosa as várias facetas da sexualidade humana, promovendo a aquisição de uma postura responsável, flexível e gratificante nos adolescentes enquanto seres sexuados.

Das dores de crescimento à dor de existir: representações literárias de adolescências feridas

Pretende-se, neste estudo, proceder a uma análise comparada dos romances Ilha Teresa (2011), de Richard Zimler, e Lullabies for Little Criminals (2006), de Heather O’Neill, situados no domínio da crossover fiction, dadas as semelhanças existentes ao nível da perspectiva narrativa, centrada no universo adolescente, e dos processos de crescimento e de construção da identidade, marcados por conflitos e problemas, propondo um universo individual e/ou social de cariz disfórico. A análise pretenderá dar conta de uma tendência da ficção não exclusiva do romance juvenil (SILVA, 2012) ou mesmo do universo crossover (BECKETT, 2009; FALCONER, 2009), mas extensível à literatura dita institucionalizada, ao mesmo tempo em que permitirá identificar estratégias narrativas específicas dessa produção. O apagamento de fronteiras entre destinatários previstos, muitas vezes de intenção autoral, cada vez mais frequente, abre consideravelmente as possibilidades de leitura dos textos, ora interpretados numa certa linha de reprodução da realidade contemporânea, buscando o reconhecimento e a identificação dos leitores jovens com os universos recriados e a linguagem, ora permitindo a interseção de uma leitura crítica, questionadora, interrogando o mundo e as experiências que ele proporciona, como a habitualmente realizada pelos adultos.

Developmental Antecedents of Proactive and Reactive Rebelliousness: The Role of Parenting Style, Childhood Adversity, and Attachment

Adolescence is a time of developmental transition that for one in five young people is characterised by feelings of oppositionality, rebellion, and negativism. Despite the prevalent experience of teen turbulence and despite its significance within the phenomenological framework provided by reversal theory (RT), the childhood antecedents of rebelliousness in adolescence and adulthood have not been given extensive empirical attention within RT, although such work has been carried out using other constructs and theories. We examined recalled parenting style, childhood adversity, and attachment style in adulthood as correlates of proactive and reactive rebelliousness in a sample of 80 participants, aged 18 to 50 years. Each participant responded to a questionnaire package containing the revised Adult Attachment Scale, the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, and the Negativism Dominance Scale. We found that paternal abusive parenting, followed by paternal parenting style, paternal neglect, and paternal antipathy were independently predictive of scores on proactive rebelliousness, the sensation-seeking form. Maternal and paternal indifferent parenting styles each were found to equivalently and independently predict scores on reactive rebelliousness, the interpersonal disaffection form. The results of this study suggest these two forms of rebelliousness may have distinctly different antecedents. A longitudinal study is needed to examine the potentially causal pathways that are suggested by the results of this cross-sectional research. We consider reversal theory explanations of these results and contrast them with complementary theoretical frameworks.

The Educational and Employment Aspirations of Adolescents from Areas of High Deprivation in London

Adolescents from areas of high deprivation are often assumed to have low aspirations for the future. However, recent research has suggested otherwise and there have been calls for more substantial investigation into the relationship between poverty and aspiration. This article reports levels and variation in aspiration from 1,214 adolescents (49.5% male; 50.5% female) living in areas of high deprivation across 20 London boroughs. A strength of this study is our large and diverse population of low socio-economic status (SES) adolescents, comprising of white British (22%), black African (21%), black Caribbean (9%), Indian/Pakistani/Bangladeshi/Other Asian (24%), mixed ethnicity (9%), and 15% defining themselves as Other. Our measures indicated a high group level of reported aspiration with notable variations. Females reported higher educational (but not occupational) aspirations than males; white British students reported lower educational and occupational aspirations than other ethnic groups; and black African children reported the highest educational aspirations. Perceived parental support for education had the largest positive association with aspirations. In contrast to previous findings from studies carried out in the United States, aspirations were found to be negatively associated with perceptions of school and school peer environment. These measures explored feelings of safety, happiness and belonging within the school environment and school peer group. We discuss possible explanations for this unexpected finding within our population of adolescents from UK state schools and how it might affect future policy interventions. This study makes an important contribution to the literature on adolescent aspirations because of the unique nature of the data sample and the multiple domains of functioning and aspiration measured.

Working with the complexities of adolescent mental health problems: applying Time‐limited Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TAPP)

This article discusses the application in a CAMHS setting of a distinctive intervention for adolescent mental health difficulties, Time‐limited Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TAPP). TAPP has been developed specifically for working with adolescents and the characteristic developmental and psychosocial complexities they present to mental health services. It is widely recognised that supporting the developmental process in adolescence is central to therapeutic interventions and the therapeutic aim of TAPP is to enable recovery of the capacity to meet developmental challenges. The key factors of TAPP are described, including the formulation and working with a developmental focus, the therapeutic stance, working with transference and counter‐transference, working with time limits, and the emphasis on engagement of adolescents in therapy in TAPP. The experiences of introducing and developing TAPP in the CAMHS service are discussed with two brief and one extended case examples and this leads to a discussion of the kinds of outcomes achieved. It is concluded that TAPP is a key and relevant intervention for adolescents in complex and vulnerable situations; further work will be undertaken to continue its application in these settings and to formally assess outcomes.

O sucesso/insucesso escolar na transição do 2º para o 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Dissertação de mest., Psicologia da Educação - Necessidades Educativas Especiais, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Maturidade vocacional e auto-estima em adolescentes institucionalizados

Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, Especialização em Necessidades Educativas Especiais, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2009