Deformation processing of an aluminum alloy containing particles: Studies on AI-5 pct Si alloy 4043

Al-5 wt pct Si alloy is processed by upset forging in the temperature range 300 K to 800 K and in the strain rate range 0.02 to 200 s−1. The hardness and tensile properties of the product have been studied. A “safe” window in the strain rate-temperature field has been identified for processing of this alloy to obtain maximum tensile ductility in the product. For the above strain rate range, the temperature range of processing is 550 K to 700 K for obtaining high ductility in the product. On the basis of microstructure and the ductility of the product, the temperature-strain rate regimes of damage due to cavity formation at particles and wedge cracking have been isolated for this alloy. The tensile fracture features recorded on the product specimens are in conformity with the above damage mechanisms. A high temperature treatment above ≈600 K followed by fairly fast cooling gives solid solution strengthening in the alloy at room temperature.

China, film coproduction and soft power competition

This thesis investigates China's film internationalism and coproduction strategy based on three cases: Hong Kong and China film coproduction; US and China without any state-level agreements; Australia and China based on an official coproduction treaty. It investigates the evolution of coproduction in the film industry, the process of coproduction, foreign film companies' strategies of adjustment to state policies, and the culture and complexities that hinder coproduction. It surveys the current environment for China film coproduction and investigates the degree to which film coproduction has been - to this stage - a contributor to China's global cultural presence – its soft power.

Film cooling at hypersonic Mach numbers using forward facing array of micro-jets

Experimental investigations are carried out in the IISc hypersonic shock tunnel on film cooling effectiveness of a single jet (diameter 2 mm and 0.9 mm), and an array forward facing of micro-jets (diameter 300 mu m each) of same effective area (corresponding to the respective single jet). The single jet and the corresponding micro-jets are injected from the stagnation zone of a blunt cone model (58, apex angle and nose radius of 35 mm). Nitrogen and Helium are injected as coolant gases. Experiments are performed at freestream Mach number 5.9, at 0 degrees angle of attack, with a stagnation enthalpy of 1.84 MJ/kg, with and without injections. The ratios of the jet stagnation pressure to the freestream pitot pressure used in the present study are 1.2 and 1.45. Up to 50% reduction in surface heat transfer rate was observed with the array of micro-jets, compared to that of the respective single jet with nitrogen as the coolant, while the corresponding eduction was up to 37% for helium injection, with the schlieren flow visualizations showing no major change in the shock standoff distance, and thus no major changes in other aerodynamic aspects such as drag.

Thermal extrusion of starch film with alcohol

A one-step thermal extrusion process has been investigated for the modification of starch with alcohol in order to improve the film properties. Unmodified starch/glycerol mixtures containing Methanol (MetOH), ethanol (EtOH) and their combinations (5, 10 and 15 wt%) were thermally extruded to produce thermoplastic. The final hot-pressed film showed increased stiffness and crystallinity, while having decreased moisture uptake due to oxidation and alcohol complexing molecular interactions. The Young’s Modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break increased by 60%, 15% and 32% respectively, for 5 wt% MetOH derived film, compared to the control. The film moisture content was reduced by up to 15 wt% for 5 wt% EtOH-derived film. Generally the crystallinity increased in the alcohol-derived films due to an increased complexing of alcohol with starch forming the VH polymorph. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopic analysis were used to discuss the molecular interactions between the starch and alcohol molecules.

MAS NMR as a probe for investigating the distribution of Si---O---Si angles in lithium silicate glasses

Magic-angle-spinning NMR has been used to study Si---O---Si bond-angle distributions associated with various structural elements, Qn, present in lithium silicate glasses of different compositions. It is shown that glasses contain a plurality of structural elements with a broad distribution of Si---O---Si bond angles, and that the width of the distribution is characteristic of a particular Qn species

Performance of an Al-Si-graphite particle composite piston in a diesel engine

Al-Si-graphite particle composite alloy pistons containing different percentages of about 80 μm uncoated graphite particles were successfully cast by foundry techniques. Tests with a 5 hp single-cylinder diesel engine show that Al-Si-graphite particle composite pistons can withstand an endurance test of 500 h without any apparent deterioration and do not seize during the running-in period. The use of the Al-Si-3% graphite particle composite piston also results in (a) up to 3% reduction in the specific fuel consumption, (b) considerable reduction in the wear of all four piston rings, (c) a reduction in piston wear, (d) a 9% reduction in the frictional horsepower losses of the engine as determined by the motoring test and (e) a slight increase in the exhaust gas temperature. These reductions (a)–(d) appear to be due to increased lubrication from the graphite particles which are smeared on the bearing surface, the higher damping capacity of the composite pistons and the reduced coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite pistons. Preliminary results indicate that aluminum-graphite particle composite alloy is a promising material for automotive pistons.

Portrait of the film producer Ernst Lubitsch smoking a cigar Portraits Men

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The effect of polyterpenol thin film surfaces on bacterial viability and adhesion

The nanometer scale surface topography of a solid substrate is known to influence the extent of bacterial attachment and their subsequent proliferation to form biofilms. As an extension of our previous work on the development of a novel organic polymer coating for the prevention of growth of medically significant bacteria on three-dimensional solid surfaces, this study examines the effect of surface coating on the adhesion and proliferation tendencies of Staphylococcus aureus and compares to those previously investigated tendencies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on similar coatings. Radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition was used to coat the surface of the substrate with thin film of terpinen-4-ol, a constituent of tea-tree oil known to inhibit the growth of a broad range of bacteria. The presence of the coating decreased the substrate surface roughness from approximately 2.1 nm to 0.4 nm. Similar to P. aeruginosa, S. aureus presented notably different patterns of attachment in response to the presence of the surface film, where the amount of attachment, extracellular polymeric substance production, and cell proliferation on the coated surface was found to be greatly reduced compared to that obtained on the unmodified surface. This work suggests that the antimicrobial and antifouling coating used in this study could be effectively integrated into medical and other clinically relevant devices to prevent bacterial growth and to minimize bacteria-associated adverse host responses.

Mannans as film formers and emulsion stabilizers

Mannans are abundant plant polysaccharides found in the endosperm of certain leguminous seeds (guar gum galactomannan, GG; locust bean gum galactomannan, LBG), in the tuber of the konjac plant (konjac glucomannan, KGM), and in softwoods (galactoglucomannan, GGM). This study focused on the effects of the chemical structure of mannans on their film-forming and emulsion-stabilizing properties. Special focus was on spruce GGM, which is an interesting new product from forest biorefineries. A plasticizer was needed for the formation of films from mannans other than KGM and the optimal proportion was 40% (w/w of polymers) glycerol or sorbitol. Galactomannans with lower galactose content (LBG, modified GG) produced films with higher elongation at break and tensile strength. The mechanical properties of GG-based films were improved by decreasing the degree of polymerization of the polysaccharide with moderate mannanase treatments. The improvement of mechanical properties of GGM-based films was sought by blending GGM with each of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), corn arabinoxylan (cAX), and KGM. Adding other polymers increased the elongation at break of GGM blend films. The tensile strength of films increased with increasing amounts of PVOH and KGM, but the effect of cAX was the opposite. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed two separate loss modulus peaks for blends of GGM and PVOH, but a single peak for all other films. Optical and scanning electron microscopy confirmed good miscibility of GGM with cAX and KGM. In contrast, films blended from GGM and PVOH showed phase separation. GGM and KGM were mixed with cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) to form composite films. Addition of CNW to KGM-based films induced the formation of fiberlike structures with lengths of several millimeters. In GGM-based films, rodlike structures with lengths of tens of micrometers were formed. Interestingly, the notable differences in the film structure did not appear to be related to the mechanical and thermal properties of the films. Permeability properties of GGM-based films were compared to those of films from commercial mannans KGM, GG, and LBG. GGM-based films had the lowest water vapor permeability when compared to films from other mannans. The oxygen permeability of GGM films was of the same magnitude as that of commercial polyethylene / ethylene vinyl alcohol / polyethylene laminate film. The aroma permeability of GGM films was low. All films were transparent in the visible region, but GGM films blocked the light transmission in the ultraviolet region of the spectra. The stabilizing effect of GGM on a model beverage emulsion system was studied and compared to that of GG, LBG, KGM, and cAX. In addition, GG was enzymatically modified in order to examine the effect of the degree of polymerization and the degree of substitution of galactomannans on emulsion stability. Use of GGM increased the turbidity of emulsions both immediately after preparation and after storage of up to 14 days at room temperature. GGM emulsions had higher turbidity than the emulsions containing other mannans. Increasing the storage temperature to +45 ºC led to rapid emulsion breakdown, but a decrease in storage temperature increased emulsion stability after 14 days. A low degree of polymerization and a high degree of substitution of the modified galactomannans were associated with a decrease in emulsion turbidity.

Effect of inclination on laminar film condensation

The effect of inclination on laminar film condensation over and under isothermal flat plates is investigated analytically. The complete set of Navier Stokes equations in two dimensions is considered. Analysed as a perturbation problem, the zero-order perturbation represents the boundary layer equations. First and second order perturbations are solved to bring about the leading edge effects. Corresponding velocity and temperature profiles are presented. The results show decrease in heat transfer with larger ∥inclinations∥ from the vertical. Comparison with experimental data of Gerstmann and Griffith indicates a closer agreement of the present results than the analytical results of the same authors.

Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Exposure to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) was evaluated in 149 firefighters working at AFFF training facilities in Australia by analysis of PFOS and related compounds in serum. A questionnaire was designed to capture information about basic demographic factors, lifestyle factors and potential occupational exposure (such as work history and self-reported skin contact with foam). The results showed that a number of factors were associated with PFAA serum concentrations. Blood donation was found to be linked to low PFAA levels, and the concentrations of PFOS and PFHxS were found to be positively associated with years of jobs with AFFF contact. The highest levels of PFOS and PFHxS were one order of magnitude higher compared to the general population in Australia and Canada. Study participants who had worked ten years or less had levels of PFOS that were similar to or only slightly above those of the general population. This coincides with the phase out of 3M AFFF from all training facilities in 2003, and suggests that the exposures to PFOS and PFHxS in AFFF have declined in recent years. Self-reporting of skin contact and frequency of contact were used as an index of exposure. Using this index, there was no relationship between PFOS levels and skin exposure. This index of exposure is limited as it relies on self-report and it only considers skin exposure to AFFF, and does not capture other routes of potential exposure. Possible associations between serum PFAA concentrations and five biochemical outcomes were assessed. The outcomes were serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, and uric acid. No statistical associations between any of these endpoints and serum PFAA concentrations were observed.

Analysis and computation of the oil film thickness between the piston ring and cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine

A study of the essential features of piston rings in the cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine reveals that the lubrication problem posed by it is basically that of a slider bearing. According to steady-flow-hydrodynamics, viz. Image the oil film thickness becomes zero at the dead centre positions as the velocity, U = 0. In practice, however, such a phenomenon cannot be supported by consideration of the wear rates of pistion rings and cylinder liners. This can be explained by including the “squeeze” action term in the