980 resultados para Visual C 6.0


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Background: Myotragus balearicus was an endemic bovid from the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) that became extinct around 6,000-4,000 years ago. The Myotragus evolutionary lineage became isolated in the islands most probably at the end of the Messinian crisis, when the desiccation of the Mediterranean ended, in a geological date established at 5.35 Mya. Thus, the sequences of Myotragus could be very valuable for calibrating the mammalian mitochondrial DNA clock and, in particular, the tree of the Caprinae subfamily, to which Myotragus belongs. Results: We have retrieved the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1,143 base pairs), plus fragments of the mitochondrial 12S gene and the nuclear 28S rDNA multi-copy gene from a well preserved Myotragus subfossil bone. The best resolved phylogenetic trees, obtained with the cytochrome b gene, placed Myotragus in a position basal to the Ovis group. Using the calibration provided by the isolation of Balearic Islands, we calculated that the initial radiation of caprines can be dated at 6.2 0.4 Mya. In addition, alpine and southern chamois, considered until recently the same species, split around 1.6 0.3 Mya, indicating that the two chamois species have been separated much longer than previously thought. Conclusion: Since there are almost no extant endemic mammals in Mediterranean islands, the sequence of the extinct Balearic endemic Myotragus has been crucial for allowing us to use the Messinian crisis calibration point for dating the caprines phylogenetic tree.

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Although bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is the most severe form of pneumonia, non-bacteremic forms are much more frequent. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia have a low sensitivity and specificity, and therefore all-cause pneumonia has been proposed as a suitable outcome to evaluate vaccination effectiveness. This work reviews the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and evaluates the effectiveness of the 3-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) in preventing CAP requiring hospitalization in people aged 65 years. We performed a case-control study in patients aged 65 years admitted through the emergency department who presented with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with pneumonia. Weincluded 489 cases and 1,467 controls and it was obtained a vaccine efectiveness of 23.6 (0.9-41.0). Our results suggest that PPV-23 vaccination is effective and reduces hospital admissions due to pneumonia in the elderly, strengthening the rationale for vaccination programmes in this age group.

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Postprandial thermogenesis was assessed by indirect calorimetry in 32 Gambian women classified into three groups as follows: 12 non-pregnant non-lactating and 10 lactating women studied during the dry season and 10 lactating women studied during the rainy season. The test meal consisted of a typical Gambian breakfast and its energy content corresponded to 30% of the individual's resting metabolic rate (RMR)/24 h. During the dry season, the postprandial thermogenesis of the lactating women averaged 6.0 +/- 0.4% of the test meal energy content and was similar to that observed in the non-pregnant non-lactating women studied during the same season (5.8 +/- 0.3%). In contrast, the postprandial thermogenesis of lactating women studied during the rainy, nutritionally unfavourable season was found to be significantly lower (4.9 +/- 0.5%). There was no significant difference in the pre- and postprandial respiratory quotients among groups. This leads to the conclusion that lactation does not alter the thermogenic response to food and that the reduction in postprandial thermogenesis observed in lactating women during the wet season constitutes an adaptive response to energy deficit allowing a saving of energy in periods of food restriction.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy maintain an excess cardiovascular mortality compared with diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria. We sought to evaluate coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in a cohort of asymptomatic type 1 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a cross-sectional study, 136 subjects with long-standing type 1 diabetes without symptoms or history of cardiovascular disease, including 63 patients (46%) with nephropathy and 73 patients with normoalbuminuria, underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. All subjects underwent cardiac exercise testing and noninvasive tests for peripheral artery disease and autonomic neuropathy. Coronary artery stenoses were identified in 10% of subjects with nephropathy (versus 0% with normoalbuminuria; P=0.007). Coronary plaque burden, expressed as right coronary artery mean wall thickness (1.7+/-0.3 versus 1.3+/-0.2 mm; P<0.001) and maximum right coronary artery wall thickness (2.2+/-0.5 versus 1.6+/-0.3 mm; P<0.001), was greater in subjects with nephropathy. The prevalence of thoracic (3% versus 0%; P=0.28) and abdominal aortic plaque (22% versus 16%; P=0.7) was similar in both groups. Subjects with and without abdominal aortic plaques had similar coronary plaque burden. CONCLUSIONS: In asymptomatic type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging reveals greater coronary plaque burden in subjects with nephropathy compared with those with normoalbuminuria.

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BACKGROUND: Current bilevel positive-pressure ventilators for home noninvasive ventilation (NIV) provide physicians with software that records items important for patient monitoring, such as compliance, tidal volume (Vt), and leaks. However, to our knowledge, the validity of this information has not yet been independently assessed. METHODS: Testing was done for seven home ventilators on a bench model adapted to simulate NIV and generate unintentional leaks (ie, other than of the mask exhalation valve). Five levels of leaks were simulated using a computer-driven solenoid valve (0-60 L/min) at different levels of inspiratory pressure (15 and 25 cm H(2)O) and at a fixed expiratory pressure (5 cm H(2)O), for a total of 10 conditions. Bench data were compared with results retrieved from ventilator software for leaks and Vt. RESULTS: For assessing leaks, three of the devices tested were highly reliable, with a small bias (0.3-0.9 L/min), narrow limits of agreement (LA), and high correlations (R(2), 0.993-0.997) when comparing ventilator software and bench results; conversely, for four ventilators, bias ranged from -6.0 L/min to -25.9 L/min, exceeding -10 L/min for two devices, with wide LA and lower correlations (R(2), 0.70-0.98). Bias for leaks increased markedly with the importance of leaks in three devices. Vt was underestimated by all devices, and bias (range, 66-236 mL) increased with higher insufflation pressures. Only two devices had a bias < 100 mL, with all testing conditions considered. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians monitoring patients who use home ventilation must be aware of differences in the estimation of leaks and Vt by ventilator software. Also, leaks are reported in different ways according to the device used.

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Betaiini on ammoniumyhdiste, jota kytetn esimerkiksi elinten rehussa, kosmetiikassa ja lkkeiss. Danisco Animal Nutrition Finnfeeds Finland Oy:n Naantalin tehdas on maailman johtava betaiinin tuottaja ja raaka-aineena tehtaalla kytetn melassierotuksesta saatavaa betaiinimelassia. Kiteisen betaiinin puhdistusprosessin yhteydess syntyybetaiinipitoisia sivujakeita, jotka sisltvt huomattavan mrn betaiinia, mink takia niiden jatkoksittely on trke. Betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeet ovat erittin vaikeasti suodattuvia orgaanisia liuoksia, joiden koostumuksia ei tysin tunneta. Tmn tyn tarkoituksena oli puhdistaa betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeita mikrosuodattamalla niit terskeraamisella kalvolla. Tyn kokeellisessa osassa suoritettiin suodatusparametrien eli pH:n, lmptilan, TMP:n ja betaiiniliuoksen kuiva-ainepitoisuuden optimointi sek konsentrointikokeita. Mikrosuodatus suoritettiin Graver Technologiesin Scepter-putkimoduulilla, joka toimi ohivirtausperiaatteella ja jonka huokoskoko oli 0,1 m. Scepter-moduuli koostui ruostumattomasta terksest sintratuista putkimoduuleista, joissa erottavana kerroksena toimi TiO2. Esikokeiden perusteella todettiin ettei pH:lla ollut suurta vaikutusta suodatukseen. Permeaattivuo kasvoi selvsti lmptilan ja TMP:nkasvaessa. Vuo taas huononi ja permeaatin sameus lisntyi selvsti 35 % korkeammissa kuiva-ainepitoisuuksissa. Konsentrointikokeet suoritettiin betaiiniliuoksen refraktrometrisessa kuiva-ainepitoisuudessa, BetRk, 35 %, 80 C lmptilassa ja betaiiniliuoksen omassa pH:ssa (pH 8-9,5). Esikokeiden tulosten perusteella konsentrointikokeet suoritettiin TMP:ssa 0,6; 0,8 ja 1,0 bar. Betaiinin tuotannonsivujakeiden konsentrointikokeissa saannoksi saatiin 95 %. Suodatustuloksista havaittiin, ett betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeen er vaikutti voimakkaasti suodatuksen toimivuuteen. Konsentrointikokeissa suodatukset suoritettiin sekuusilla mikrosuodatusmoduuleilla ett vanhalla moduulilla, joka oli jo kulunut.Kulumisen ei kuitenkaan havaittu huonontavan suodatustehokkuutta. Konsentrointikokeiden perusteella voidaan laitteiston pesuvliksi arvioida noin viikko ja pesu tulisi suorittaa sek emksisell ett happamalla pesuaineella.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar quanto s caractersticas qumicas e fsico-qumicas frutos de 12 gentipos de acerola (Malpighia punicifolia L.), em processo de seleo pela Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, visando a identificar aqueles com altos teores de vitamina C e elevada relao Brix/acidez. Os frutos analisados foram colhidos no estgio de maturao "de vez", na safra de setembro a outubro dos anos de 1997 e 1998. Os resultados obtidos para vitamina C variaram de 835 a 1820 mg de cido ascrbico por 100 g de polpa, para slidos solveis totais de 6,0 a 11,6%, para acidez total titulvel de 0,69 a 1,65%, para relao Brix/acidez de 4,24 a 11,59 e para pH de 3,08 a 3,57. Dentre os gentipos analisados, o CMF022 e o CMF019 apresentaram os maiores teores de vitamina C e os menores valores para a relao Brix/acidez, enquanto os gentipos CMF015, CMF008 e CMF010 apresentaram a maior relao Brix/acidez, nos dois anos do experimento.

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Este trabalho teve com objetivo estudar a influncia do espaamento sobre as caractersticas qumicas e fsico-qumicas em pednculos de cajueiro-ano precoce (Anacardium occidentale L) irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido na Estao Experimental do Vale do Curu, no municpio de Paraipaba-Ce, ocupando uma rea de 1,57 ha. Foram estudados 4 espaamentos, sendo um convencional (6,0 x 8,0 m) e trs adensados (4 x 3, 6 x 3 e 8 x 3 m), onde foram aplicadas podas e desbastes. Os pednculos para a realizao das anlises foram colhidos em agosto de 1998 e encaminhados ao Laboratrio de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Ps-Colheita da Embrapa Agroindstria Tropical. Para a caracterizao qumica e fsico-qumica, foram analisados: slidos solveis totais (SST), acares solveis totais (AST), acidez total titulvel (ATT), relao SST/ATT, vitamina C e taninos (polimricos, dmeros e oligomricos). No houve diferena significativa entre os tratamentos com relao s variveis estudadas, como tambm os valores encontrados para essas variveis so semelhantes queles encontrados na literatura.

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OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to assess the associations between mood, anxiety and substance use disorders, including their subtypes, and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). METHOD: Thorough physical investigations, biological measures and standardized interview techniques were used to assess 3716 subjects of an urban area, aged 35-66 years. RESULTS: Atypical depression was associated with increased prevalence of overweight, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.5, 95% C.I. 1.1-2.0; OR = 2.0, 95% C.I. 1.1-3.5, OR = 1.6, 95% C.I. 1.0-2.4 respectively), whereas decreased prevalence of overweight was found in melancholic (OR = 0.7, 95% C.I. 0.6-0.9) and unspecified depression (OR = 0.8, 95% C.I. 0.7-1.0). Alcohol abuse was associated with diabetes (OR = 1.8, 95% C.I. 1.1-2.9) and dyslipidemia (OR = 1.3, 95% C.I. 1.0-1.8), alcohol dependence with dyslipidemia only (OR = 1.4, 95% C.I. 1.0-2.0). Almost all mental disorders were associated with a lifetime history of regular cigarette smoking, and atypical depression, alcohol misuse and drug dependence were associated with inactivity. CONCLUSION: To conclude results emphasize the need to subtype depression and to pay particular attention to the atypical subtype. Comorbid alcohol misuse may further increase the cardiovascular risk. Efforts to diminish smoking in subjects with mental disorders could be crucial measures to reduce their high incidence of cardiovascular disease.

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OBJECTIVES: Resuscitation in severe head injury may be detrimental when given with hypotonic fluids. We evaluated the effects of lactated Ringer's solution (sodium 131 mmol/L, 277 mOsm/L) compared with hypertonic saline (sodium 268 mmol/L, 598 mOsm/L) in severely head-injured children over the first 3 days after injury. DESIGN: An open, randomized, and prospective study. SETTING: A 16-bed pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) (level III) at a university children's hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 35 consecutive children with head injury. INTERVENTIONS: Thirty-two children with Glasgow Coma Scores of <8 were randomly assigned to receive either lactated Ringer's solution (group 1) or hypertonic saline (group 2). Routine care was standardized, and included the following: head positioning at 30 degrees; normothermia (96.8 degrees to 98.6 degrees F [36 degrees to 37 degrees C]); analgesia and sedation with morphine (10 to 30 microg/kg/hr), midazolam (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/hr), and phenobarbital; volume-controlled ventilation (PaCO2 of 26.3 to 30 torr [3.5 to 4 kPa]); and optimal oxygenation (PaO2 of 90 to 105 torr [12 to 14 kPa], oxygen saturation of >92%, and hematocrit of >0.30). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure (ICP) were monitored continuously and documented hourly and at every intervention. The means of every 4-hr period were calculated and serum sodium concentrations were measured at the same time. An ICP of 15 mm Hg was treated with a predefined sequence of interventions, and complications were documented. There was no difference with respect to age, male/female ratio, or initial Glasgow Coma Score. In both groups, there was an inverse correlation between serum sodium concentration and ICP (group 1: r = -.13, r2 = .02, p < .03; group 2: r = -.29, r2 = .08, p < .001) that disappeared in group 1 and increased in group 2 (group 1: r = -.08, r2 = .01, NS; group 2: r = -.35, r2 =.12, p < .001). Correlation between serum sodium concentration and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) became significant in group 2 after 8 hrs of treatment (r = .2, r2 = .04, p = .002). Over time, ICP and CPP did not significantly differ between the groups. However, to keep ICP at <15 mm Hg, group 2 patients required significantly fewer interventions (p < .02). Group 1 patients received less sodium (8.0 +/- 4.5 vs. 11.5 +/- 5.0 mmol/kg/day, p = .05) and more fluid on day 1 (2850 +/- 1480 vs. 2180 +/- 770 mL/m2, p = .05). They also had a higher frequency of acute respiratory distress syndrome (four vs. 0 patients, p = .1) and more than two complications (six vs. 1 patient, p = .09). Group 2 patients had significantly shorter ICU stay times (11.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 8.0 +/- 2.4 days; p = .04) and shorter mechanical ventilation times (9.5 +/- 6.0 vs. 6.9 +/- 2.2 days; p = .1). The survival rate and duration of hospital stay were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of severe head injury with hypertonic saline is superior to that treatment with lactated Ringer's solution. An increase in serum sodium concentrations significantly correlates with lower ICP and higher CPP. Children treated with hypertonic saline require fewer interventions, have fewer complications, and stay a shorter time in the ICU.

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Avaliou-se a influncia de 16 porta-enxertos na produtividade, nas caractersticas fsicas e qumicas (slidos solveis totais-°Brix; acidez; ratio; porcentagem de suco; ndice tecnolgico e tamanho dos frutos) dos frutos da laranjeira 'Pra' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] e na incidncia e severidade da clorose variegada dos citros (CVC). O plantio do experimento foi realizado em julho de 1993, com espaamento de 6,0 m entre linhas e 3,5 m entre plantas (476 plantas/ha). O experimento foi conduzido sem irrigao. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, duas plantas por parcela, trs repeties e 16 tratamentos, constitudos pelas seguintes cultivares porta-enxertos: tangerineira 'Sun Chu Sha Kat' (Citrus reticulata Blanco), tangerineira 'Pectinfera' (C. reticulata), 'Shekwasha' (C. depressa Hayata), tangerineira 'Pectinfera/Shekwasha' (C. depressa Hayata), tangerineira 'Batangas' (C. reticulata), tangerineira 'Oneco' (C. reticulata), citrangor [citrange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. x C. sinensis) x C. sinensis], citrandarin [C.sunki hort. Ex Tanaka) x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. cv. English, tangerineira 'Sunki' (C. sunki), tangerineira 'Suen-Kat' (C. sunki), tangerineira 'Nasnaran' (C. amblycarpa Ochse), tangerineira 'Venezuela' (C. reticulata), tangerineira Heen Naran (C. lycopersicaeformis hort. ex Tan. ), limoeiro 'Cravo' (C. limonia Osbeck) x tangerineira 'Clepatra' (C. reshni hort ex Tanaka), limoeiro 'Cravo' (C. limonia), tangerineira 'Clepatra' (C. reshni). A intensidade da clorose variegada dos citros variou em funo dos porta-enxertos e no se relacionou com a produo de frutos at a quarta safra. Os porta-enxertos estudados, com exceo da tangerineira Nasnaran, proporcionaram qualidade e produes iniciais de frutos similares aos do limoeiro 'Cravo'.

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O 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) inibe a ao do etileno retardando o amadurecimento de muitos frutos climatricos e no-climatricos. Considerando a potencialidade do 1-MCP em retardar o amadurecimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito inibitrio desse bloqueador da ao do etileno sobre o amadurecimento de carambolas mantidas em condies de ambiente. Frutos da cultivar Fwang Tung, colhidos no estdio de maturao verde-maduro (50% amarelos), foram tratados com 1-MCP a 500 etaL.L-1 e 1.000 etaL.L-1 em caixas plsticas hermeticamente fechadas por 24 horas, a 25(0)C. Depois da aplicao, estes frutos e os controle (sem tratamento) foram transferidos para ambiente a 21,6+0,9(0)C e 59,7% UR, onde foram mantidos por at nove dias, sendo amostrados a cada trs dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (duas concentraes de 1-MCP e o controle, com quatro perodos de avaliao). Foram utilizadas trs repeties com seis frutos por tratamento e perodo de avaliao. A respirao dos frutos foi significativamente reduzida em 36,62% e 68,89%, quando se aplicaram 500 etaL.L-1 e 1.000 etaL.L-1 de 1-MCP em relao aos no-tratados, respectivamente. O uso do 1-MCP levou tambm melhor manuteno da colorao dos frutos, todavia o amadurecimento dos mesmos no foi significativamente retardado pelo uso deste produto.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Parachlamydia (P.) acanthamoebae as a potential agent of lower respiratory tract disease in a bovine model of induced lung infection. Intrabronchial inoculation with P.acanthamoebae was performed in healthy calves aged 2-3 months using two challenge doses: 10(8) and 10(10) bacteria per animal. Controls received 10(8) heat-inactivated bacteria. Challenge with 10(8) viable Parachlamydia resulted in a mild degree of general indisposition, whereas 10(10) bacteria induced a more severe respiratory illness becoming apparent 1-2 days post inoculation (dpi), affecting 9/9 (100%) animals and lasting for 6 days. The extent of macroscopic pulmonary lesions was as high as 6.6 (6.0)% [median (range)] of lung tissue at 2-4 dpi and correlated with parachlamydial genomic copy numbers detected by PCR, and with bacterial load estimated by immunohistochemistry in lung tissue. Clinical outcome, acute phase reactants, pathological findings and bacterial load exhibited an initial dose-dependent effect on severity. Animals fully recovered from clinical signs of respiratory disease within 5 days. The bovine lung was shown to be moderately susceptible to P.acanthamoebae, exhibiting a transient pneumonic inflammation after intrabronchial challenge. Further studies are warranted to determine the precise pathophysiologic pathways of host-pathogen interaction.

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The caja (Spondias mombin L.) is used in the manufacture of ice-cream, jams, pulps, beverages being also consumed in natura. One of the most important procedures in food conservation is drying, considering that most fresh fruits contain approximately 80% of water. Food drying is used to obtain two basic aspects: (1) the economic factor; in the shipping and handling of the product; (2) at the manipulation; once dried and grinded, the material is rehydrated, at desirable levels, to formulate a new product as in ice cream, jams, yoghurts and drinks and may also be added to pasta, biscuits and other industrialized products. The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of caja bagasse drying in a fixed-bed tray dryer, using central composite factorial planning. The following factors were evaluated: temperature (55, 65 and 75 C), dryer inlet air velocity (3.2, 4.6 and 6.0 m.s-1) and cake thickness (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 cm) where the response of the considered variable was caja bagasse moisture content (b.s.) and the results showed that the main effects and their interactions were significant at a 95% confidence level being the best condition obtained at temperature of 75 C, velocity of 6.0 m.s-1 and cake thickness of 0.8 cm.

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Clinical experience and experimental data suggest that intradialytic hemodynamic profiles could be influenced by the characteristics of the dialysis membranes. Even within the worldwide used polysulfone family, intolerance to specific membranes was occasionally evoked. The aim of this study was to compare hemodynamically some of the commonly used polysulfone dialyzers in Switzerland. We performed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial, including 25 hemodialysis patients. Four polysulfone dialyzers, A (Revaclear high-flux, Gambro, Stockholm, Sweden), B (Helixone high-flux, Fresenius), C (Xevonta high-flux, BBraun, Melsungen, Germany), and D (Helixone low-flux, Fresenius, Bad Homburg vor der Hhe, Germany), were compared. The hemodynamic profile was assessed and patients were asked to provide tolerance feedback. The mean score (SD) subjectively assigned to dialysis quality on a 1-10 scale was A 8.4&#8201;&#8201;1.3, B 8.6&#8201;&#8201;1.3, C 8.5&#8201;&#8201;1.6, D 8.5&#8201;&#8201;1.5. Kt/V was A 1.58&#8201;&#8201;0.30, B 1.67&#8201;&#8201;0.33, C 1.62&#8201;&#8201;0.32, D 1.45&#8201;&#8201;0.31. The low- compared with the high-flux membranes, correlated to higher systolic (128.1&#8201;&#8201;13.1 vs. 125.6&#8201;&#8201;12.1&#8201;mmHg, P&#8201;<&#8201;0.01) and diastolic (76.8&#8201;&#8201;8.7 vs. 75.3&#8201;&#8201;9.0&#8201;mmHg; P&#8201;<&#8201;0.05) pressures, higher peripheral resistance (1.44&#8201;&#8201;0.19 vs. 1.40&#8201;&#8201;0.18&#8201;s&#8201;&#8201;mmHg/mL; P&#8201;<&#8201;0.05) and lower cardiac output (3.76&#8201;&#8201;0.62 vs. 3.82&#8201;&#8201;0.59&#8201;L/min; P&#8201;<&#8201;0.05). Hypotension events (decrease in systolic blood pressure by >20&#8201;mmHg) were 70 with A, 87 with B, 73 with C, and 75 with D (P&#8201;<&#8201;0.01 B vs. A, 0.05 B vs. C and 0.07 B vs. D). The low-flux membrane correlated to higher blood pressure levels compared with the high-flux ones. The Helixone high-flux membrane ensured the best efficiency. Unfortunately, the very same dialyzer correlated to a higher incidence of hypotensive episodes.