The perfect paint in modern art conservation: a comparative study of 21st century vinyl emulsions

Contemporary painting places, and will continue to place, several questions about its meaning, its chemical nature, its durability and the best way to preserve it. This research aims at putting together comprehensive data on vinyl based paints, including their components, their properties, their aging behavior and their response to selected cleaning products. In this project degradation mechanisms of vinyl binders and formulations used in the 20th and 21st century were studied. Stability over time of selected vinyl polymers was assessed through natural indoor and artificially aging. The objective was to enhance knowledge and understanding of vinyl emulsion formulations and their performance over time. Overall conservation state of pictorial layers namely, adhesion, cohesion and discoloration of selected case studies from the Portuguese artist Julião Sarmento (b.1948) was correlated with the observed molecular level changes studied in laboratory experiments. Sarmento’s paintings were chosen due to conservation concerns (discoloration) on some of his works from the 90’s. Besides, research was carried out to start increasing the knowledge of what can be expected of PVAc based paints in terms of response to conservation treatments namely, surface cleaning. Artificial aging showed that the most recent formulations which are based on a poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl chloride) and polyethylene terpolymer are less stable when compared to some homopolymer formulations. From the four pigments studied, titanium dioxide rutile and a carbon based black proved to be stabilizers for both types of polymer. The mixture lithopone plus calcium carbonate has showed to have a photocatalytic effect on the binders. The studied paintings showed to be in an overall good state of conservation except for the paintings created in the 90’s with white glue and a mixture of white lithoponeand calcium carbonate. Discoloration of this white paint seems to be irreversible and ongoing and is still a major concern. The disapearance of the plasticizer was the only change detected. The current works created by Sarmento are expected to be more stable as they were painted using the rutile titanium dioxide. Immersion/cleaning tests showed that vinyl based paints can be susceptible to water and organic solvents like ethanol as some evidences point to the removal/diffusion of additives from the paint. The observations made point to the need to further proceed in this research field.

Monte Carlo valuation of worst-of auto-callable equity swaps

This thesis proposes a Monte Carlo valuation method for Worst-of Auto-callable equity swaps. The valuation of this type of swap usually requires complex numerical methods which are implemented in “black-box” valuation systems. The method proposed is an alternative benchmark tool that is relatively simple to implement and customize. The performance of the method was evaluated according to the variance and bias of the output and to the accuracy when compared to a leading valuation system in the market.

Parallelization of kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate AL3Sc precipitation

The present paper reports the precipitation process of Al3Sc structures in an aluminum scandium alloy, which has been simulated with a synchronous parallel kinetic Monte Carlo (spkMC) algorithm. The spkMC implementation is based on the vacancy diffusion mechanism. To filter the raw data generated by the spkMC simulations, the density-based clustering with noise (DBSCAN) method has been employed. spkMC and DBSCAN algorithms were implemented in the C language and using MPI library. The simulations were conducted in the SeARCH cluster located at the University of Minho. The Al3Sc precipitation was successfully simulated at the atomistic scale with the spkMC. DBSCAN proved to be a valuable aid to identify the precipitates by performing a cluster analysis of the simulation results. The achieved simulations results are in good agreement with those reported in the literature under sequential kinetic Monte Carlo simulations (kMC). The parallel implementation of kMC has provided a 4x speedup over the sequential version.

The drought of the century in the Amazon Basin: an analysis of the regional variation of rainfall in South America in 1926

The most severe drought in tropical South America during the 20th century occurred in 1926. This extreme El Nino year is further documented anecdotally, in an update of the river stage observations at Manaus, and in annual rainfall records. The annual rainfall anomaly is an east-west dipole over tropical South America, with drought to the west over the Amazon basin whose discharge is documented at Manaus, and with a surplus to the east and including the Nordeste region of Brazil. Speculations about a role for aerosol in aggravating the drought are discussed.

El paludismo en Córdoba desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta la primera mitad del XX. The paludism in Córdoba from the second half of XIXth century to the first half of XXth century.

A pesar de que en los últimos años los estudios sobre historia y sociología de la Salud y la Enfermedad han experimentado un salto cualitativo, se ha soslayado sistemáticamente el análisis del paludismo y los complejos entramados de poder que subyacen a su presencia en los Departamentos del Noroeste y -en menor medida- en los del Oeste de la provincia de Córdoba. Nos referimos específicamente a la presencia de la endemia en los departamentos de Cruz del Eje, San Javier, San Alberto, Minas y Pocho. Con el propósito de redimensionar un comportamiento endemoepidémico que en esas localidades de Córdoba se remontó -según exploraciones provisionales- a mediados del siglo XIX, se construyen problemáticas que cobran sentido al ingresar en el terreno de los proyectos político-estatales nacionales, provinciales y de las mismas localidades afectadas, y, en lo que refiere a la articulación de las respuestas sanitarias frente a una enfermedad de profundas connotaciones ligadas al desarrollo socioeconómico y político de las regiones en estudio. En ese sentido en una primera instancia se articulará un análisis demográfico de la presencia y distribucion de la enfermedad a partir del trabajo con datos de corte estadistíco, elaborando mapas, cuadros y gráficos de morbimortalidad. Convergentemente se realizará un análisis hermenéutico de fuentes históricas del período en estudio. A grandes rasgos se considera que en relación al impacto del paludismo en bastas zonas del interior de la provincia de Córdoba y en cuanto a la acción sanitaria de los aparatos de poder estatal, desde mediados del siglo XIX, hasta la importante reducción de casos nuevos de paludismo a mediados del XX, pueden determinarse dos etapas sucesivas: Una primera se podría datar desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1930, en la que actúa un Estado Nacional liberal que se desentendía de los problemas sanitarios de la regiones dejando esa función en manos de las provincias afectadas. Un segundo momento, aunque delimitado provisionalmente entre mediados de la década del 30' y mediados de la década del 50', se halla complejizado en su definición al combinarse en él procesos políticos particulares de la esfera nacional y de la provincial. Por un lado, en el plano nacional se ha observado desde la historiografía del período que, a partir de la década del 40' comienza a manifestarse una acción estatal nacional progresivamente centralizada y dispuesta a combatir la enfermedad con instituciones que podían llegar a todos los sectores sociales y a todas las regiones geográficas, aunque en menor medida a las zonas extra-pampeanas.Paralelamente, al considerar esos años en la esfera provincial se debe analizar el impacto de las formulaciones e intervenciones del radicalismo sabattinista como matriz política contraria al gobierno conservador nacional y promotor de un nuevo modelo de Estado en el que ocuparían un lugar privilegiado las políticas orientadas a la "cuestión social" y a la Salud en particular. Por otro lado, cobra significación una cuestión poco reconocida en los estudios en materia de politica sanitaria: los planes del peronismo combinaron una política centralizada en materia de dirección con una descentralización en el área de la ejecución.Finalmente dentro de este complejo marco político sanitario, se debe atender a lo largo de las dos etapas delimitadas, al universo de las iniciativas articuladas desde las autoridades de las localidades afectadas por el paludismo, así como, a las iniciativas civiles ya sea de vecinos, Sociedades de Beneficencia y asociadas a la Iglesia Católica.De acuerdo a la perspectiva asumida se propone recuperar una significativa problemática de marginalidad socioeconómica de las regiones, procurando reconstruir el impacto sociodemográfico del paludismo en el Noroeste y Oeste de la provincia de Córdoba ingresando al analisis histórico de las construcciones del poder público y privado en ese contexto local.

Emma Darwin, a century of family letters, 1792-1896, ed. by her daughter Henrietta Litchfield ...

2

Emma Darwin, a century of family letters, 1792-1896, ed. by her daughter Henrietta Litchfield ...

1

Influência das características mamárias na cintilografia miocárdica pelo método Monte Carlo

FUNDAMENTO: Pela redução da especificidade associada à perda de informação, a influência da atenuação das mamas é de fundamental importância em estudos de perfusão do miocárdio. Entretanto, apesar de vários estudos terem sido realizados ao longo dos últimos anos, pouco se tem evoluído para determinar com acurácia a influência das características das mamas sobre a qualidade da cintilografia miocárdica, evitando exposições adicionais de radiação às pacientes. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é quantificar a atenuação de fótons pelas mamas, em estudos de perfusão do miocárdio com 99mTc, de acordo com diferentes tamanhos e composições. MÉTODOS: Cada mama foi assumida como sendo um cubo composto de tecido adiposo e fibroglandular. Os dados referentes aos fótons de 99mTc foram analisados em um modelo de Monte Carlo. Variamos a espessura e a composição das mamas e analisamos as interferências na atenuação. Foi empregado o software EGS 4 para as simulações. RESULTADOS: Fixando a espessura de uma mama, a variação da sua composição acarreta um acréscimo máximo de 2,3% no número de fótons atenuados. Em contrapartida, mantendo-se uma composição do tecido mamário fixa, a diferença na atenuação de fótons foi de 45,0%, sendo em média de 6,0% para cada acréscimo de centímetro na espessura da mama. CONCLUSÃO: A simulação por Monte Carlo demonstrou que a influência das espessuras das mamas na atenuação de fótons em cintilografias do miocárdio com 99mTc é muito maior do que a influência das suas composições.

A history of the first half-century of the National Academy of Sciences, 1863-1913.

1863-1913

A history of the first half-century of the National Academy of Sciences, 1863-1913.

1863-1913

Science progress in the twentieth century : a quarterly journal of scientific work & thought.

v. 3 (1908-1909)

Science progress in the twentieth century : a quarterly journal of scientific work & thought.

v. 10 (1915-1916)

Science progress in the twentieth century : a quarterly journal of scientific work & thought.

v. 4 (1909-1910)