Antioxidant potential of oregano (Oreganum vulgare L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.): application of oleoresins in vegetable oil

Studies have been carried out in order to increase the stability of vegetable oils due to economic and health protection reasons. There is a growing interest in the addition of natural antioxidants; especially herbs and spices. For this reason, this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant potential of the oleoresins of oregano, basil, and thyme, as well as their behavior when applied to soybean oil under various concentrations. Firstly, the antioxidant activity was determined by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and by the quantification of total phenolic compounds. Next, different concentrations of oleoresins (500 to 3000 mg.kg-1) were added to the soybean oil, and its antioxidant potential was analyzed using the oxidative stability through a Rancimat equipment. The value of 3000 mg.kg-1 of thyme and oregano oleoresins was the concentration that presented the greatest oxidative stability to soybean oil making them a natural alternative to vegetable oil conservation.

In vitro antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils thymus vulgaris, cymbopogon citratus and laurus nobilis against five important foodborne pathogens

Several essential oils of condiment and medicinal plants possess proven antimicrobial activity and are of important interest for the food industry. Therefore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of those oils should be determined for various bacteria. MIC varies according to the oil used, the major compounds, and the physiology of the bacterium under study. In the present study, the essential oils of the plants Thymus vulgaris (time), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Laurus nobilis (bay) were chemically quantified, and the MIC was determined on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis S64, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The essential oil of C. citratus demonstrated bacterial activity at all concentrations tested and against all of the bacteria tested. The majority of essential oil compounds were geranial and neral. The major constituent of T. vulgaris was 1.8-cineol and of L. nobilis was linalool, which presented lower antibacterial activity, followed by 1.8-cineol. The Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated higher resistance to the use of the essential oils tested in this study. E. coli was the least sensitive and was inhibited only by the oils of C. citratus and L. nobilis.

Evaluation of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves during its developmental stages: a chemical composition study

Beetroot leaves (Beta vulgaris L.) are commonly cut off and discarded before using its bulb due to lack of knowledge of how to use them. Aiming at using these leaves, in the present study, in natura and dehydrated beetroot leaves were chemically characterized in terms of fatty acid composition, proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant activity by DPPH• in different stages (60, 80, and 100 days) of development. The beetroot leaves showed significant levels of protein and lipids in all developmental stages, and all proximate composition nutrients decreased during these maturation stages; the highest content was observed at 60 days. The Fe content decreased during the developmental stages (from 342.75 to 246.30 mg.kg-1), while the content of K increased (from 13,367.64 to 20,784.90 mg.kg-1). With regard to to fatty acid composition, linolenic acid was present in the greatest quantity, and it increase up to 2.58 mg.g-1 (in natura) and 40.11 mg.g-1 (dehydrated) at 100 days of development. The n-6/n-3 ratios were low in all stages. The TPC and antioxidant activity by DPPH• changed during the developmental stages. The TPC was highest in the 100-day dehydrated leaves (15.27±0.12 mg GAE.g-1 FW), and the 50% inhibition of DPPH• (IC50 89.52 µg.mL-1) were better in the 60-day in natura leaves. This study shows that all developmental stages produced satisfactory results, and therefore, these leaves can be reused as food. The antioxidant activity and the chemical constituents, mainly the ω-3fatty acid, increased during the stages of development.

Biochemical changes and color properties of fresh-cut green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv.gina) treated with calcium chloride during storage

Calcium chloride is widely used in industries as a firming agent, and also to extend shelf-life of vegetables. The aim of this study was to determine, the effect of different doses of calcium chloride on biochemical and color properties of fresh-cut green bean. Fresh-cut green beans were dipped for 90 seconds in 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% solution of calcium chloride at 25°C. The fresh-cut green bean samples were packaged in polystyrene foam dishes, wrapped with stretch film and stored in a cold room at 5±1°C temperature and 85-90% RH. Calcium chloride treatments did not retain the green color of samples. Whiteness index, browning index and total color difference (ΔE) values of CaCl2 treated samples were high. Saturation index and hue angle were low compared to the control, especially at higher doses of CaCl2. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity in samples treated with CaCl2 at 3% doses, was low at the 7th days of storage than with other treatments. Fructose and sucrose content of samples increased in all treatment groups whereas glucose level decreased during the first 4th days of storage.

Antioxidant activity of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein hydrolysates

Abstract The objective of this work was to study the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of black bean protein concentrate using different enzymes. Bean proteins were extracted and hydrolyzed over a period of 120 min using the enzymes pepsin or alcalase. The protein hydrolysates’ molecular weight was assayed by electrophoresis and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the capturing methods of free radicals ABTS●+ and DPPH. Electrophoretic results showed that the bands above 50 kDa disappeared, when the beans protein was subjected to hydrolysis with pepsin. The bean protein hydrolysate obtained by hydrolysis with alcalase enzyme, showed higher antioxidant activity for inhibition of the radical ABTS●+. However, the hydrolysates obtained by hydrolysis with pepsin had higher antioxidant activity for inhibition of the radical DPPH. The use of pepsin and alcalase enzymes, under the same reaction time, produced black bean protein hydrolysates with different molecular weight profiles and superior antioxidant activity than the native bean protein.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.) sob condicionamento osmótico e tratamentos fungicidas

O condicionamento osmótico e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas têm apresentado bons resultados na melhoria do vigor e proteção das plântulas contra patógenos associados às sementes e de solo, garantindo assim bom estabelecimento do estande. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico e do tratamento com fungicidas sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.). As sementes foram condicionadas em água, KNO³ (0,34 M) e PEG 6000 (-0,8 MPa). Os tratamentos com fungicidas foram: testemunha (sementes tratadas pela empresa produtora de sementes com Thiran a 0,15%), metalaxil (0,004%), procimidone (0,1%) e metalaxil + procimidone (0,004 + 0,1%). Avaliaram-se as seguintes características: primeira contagem, contagem no oitavo dia e final pelo teste de germinação; emergência, velocidade de emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência em substrato comercial e em solo. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, esquema fatorial (condicionamento x tratamento com fungicidas), com quatro repetições, realizando-se a comparação de médias pelo teste Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. O condicionamento das sementes em água por 16h, associado com o tratamento com o fungicida Metalaxil (0,004%), proporciona melhores resultados no teste de germinação e no estabelecimento de plântulas em solo.

Proteína e qualidade de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em função da adubação nitrogenada em plantio direto

Além de limitar a produtividade do feijoeiro, a deficiência de nitrogênio pode resultar na produção de sementes com baixo teor de proteína e baixo potencial fisiológico. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura sobre o teor de proteína e o potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão das cultivares (cv.) IPR Juriti e Pérola, cultivadas em parcelas (solo tipo = Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico), em sistema de plantio direto sob densa palhada de milheto na Estação Experimental da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, em Selvíria, MS (classificação climática de Köppen = Aw), durante o outono (março/junho) e inverno (junho/setembro) de 2005. Para cada cultivar foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e o arranjo fatorial (5 x 2) entre doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg.ha-1) aplicadas em cobertura (na forma de uréia, contendo 45% de N) nos estádios fenológicos V4-3 e V4-6, correspondentes à completa emissão da terceira e sexta folha trifoliolada da haste principal. A aplicação de até 120 kg.ha-1 de N no estádio fenológico V4-3 promoveu maior acúmulo de proteína bruta na semente (dose 0 = 17,6% e 16,3%; 120 kg.ha-1 de N = 24,1% e 22,3% para as cv. IPR Juriti e Pérola, respectivamente) em relação ao estádio fenológico V4-6 (dose 0 = 19,2% e 18,3%; 120 kg.ha-1 de N = 21,3% e 20,3% para as cv. IPR Juriti e Pérola, respectivamente). O teor de proteína solúvel correspondeu a cerca de 90% da proteína bruta da semente da cv. IPR Juriti, contra 72% da cv. Pérola. As albuminas e as glutelinas representaram cerca de 80% da proteína solúvel da semente e as prolaminas a menor fração, 0,6%. Conclui-se que a aplicação de até 120 kg.ha-1 de N no estádio fenológico V4-3, em sistema de plantio direto sob densa quantidade de palha de milheto, propicia maior acúmulo de proteína bruta na semente de feijão em relação à aplicação no estádio V4-6. A dose de 90 kg.ha-1 de N propicia maior acúmulo de proteína solúvel na semente, sem, contudo, exercer influência acentuada sobre o seu potencial fisiológico.

Potencial fisiológico em sementes de cultivares de feijão crioulo (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar genótipos crioulos quanto ao potencial fisiológico das sementes. As sementes foram obtidas na safra 2007/2008, com 26 genótipos, no município de Lages - SC. Para analisar a qualidade das sementes, determinou-se o porcentual de germinação inicial e após o envelhecimento acelerado, massa de 100 sementes, condutividade elétrica, comprimento da raiz primária e emergência a campo. Os genótipos foram separados em classes com base no teste Scott-Knott e os genótipos crioulos também foram comparados com a testemunha (cultivares comerciais) pelo teste de Dunnett, os quais permitiram, com base em todos os parâmetros avaliados, indicar os genótipos BAFs 36, 55, 75, 102 como os de elevado potencial fisiológico. Particularmente nas condições de emergência a campo, a maioria dos genótipos apresenta ampla adaptação ambiental, com exceção dos BAFs 4, 7, 23. Pelo estudo de correlação, observou-se uma associação positiva entre o porcentual de germinação inicial com o comprimento de raiz primária e negativa com a massa de 100 sementes. Esta associação foi devido ao genótipo, o que permite indicar que os genótipos com menor massa de 100 sementes foram os mais vigorosos.

Interactions of onion (Allium cepa) and yellow wax bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in monoculture and intercropping with weeds, Chenopodium album and Amaranthus hybridus

Intercropping systems are seen as advantageous as they can provide higher crop yield and diversity along with fewer issues related to pests and weeds than monocultures. However, plant interactions in intercropped crop species and between crops and weeds in these systems are still not well understood. The main objective of this study was to investigate interactions between onion (Allium cepa) and yellow wax bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in monocultures and intercropping with and without the presence of a weed species, either Chenopodium album or Amaranthus hybridus. Another objective of this study was to compare morphological traits of C. album from two different populations (conventional vs. organic farms). Using a factorial randomized block design, both crop species were planted either in monoculture or intercropped with or without the presence of one of the two weeds. The results showed that intercropping onion with yellow wax bean increased the growth of onion but decreased the growth of yellow wax bean when compared to monocultures. The relative yield total (RYT) value was 1.3. Individual aboveground dry weight of both weed species under intercropping was reduced about 5 times when compared to the control. The poor growth of weeds in intercropping might suggest that crop diversification can help resist weed infestations. A common garden experiment indicated that C. album plants from the conventional farm had larger leaf area and were taller than those from the organic farm. This might be associated with specific evolutionary adaptation of weeds to different farming practices. These findings contribute to the fundamental knowledge of crop-crop interactions, crop-weed competition and adaptation of weeds to various conditions. They provide insights for the management of diversified cropping systems and integrated weed management as practices in sustainable agriculture.

Microclima de componentes del rendimiento de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en siembras intercaladas con maíz (Zea mays L.).

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, Especialista en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Efecto de las tetraciclinas sobre la quimiotaxis leucocitaria : estudio doble ciego en pacientes con acné vulgaris

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología Médica) UANL

Efecto de la tensión hídrica edáfica en diferentes etapas del desarrollo sobre el crecimiento de Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius F. y Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencas Especialidad en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Corrección de la clorosis férrica del frijol Phaseolus vulgaris L.con fertilizantes ácidos

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Utilización del frijol Phaseolus vulgaris como fuente proteica en dietas para el camarón Litopenaeus vannamei

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Estudio agrobiológico de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo condiciones de riego y punto de riego en Anáhuac, N.L. [por] Juan Francisco Pinales Quiroz

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Botánica) U.A.N.L.