A Influência do Valor da Marca na Satisfação do Espetador em Eventos de Kickboxing

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a influência dos fatores da associação à marca na satisfação dos espetadores de kickboxing. Para tal, criou-se um questionário de acordo como modelo de Ross, Russell e Bang (2008) considerando-se o estudo de Kim, Andrew, e Greenwell (2009). Recolheram-se 252 questionários em eventos de kickboxing, dos quais214 foram validados. Após uma análise fatorial exploratória dos dados, identificou-se que os fatores organizadores, história, violência, restauração, combates, fãs, interação social, marca, sucesso do evento e apreciação estética são os que melhor explicam a associação à marca. Através da regressão linear verificou-se que os fatores de associação à marca têm um bom impacto na explicação da satisfação dos espetadores. Podemos destacar os fatores organizadores, história, restauração, combate, fãs, a interação social, marca e qualidades estéticas como explicativos da satisfação dos espetadores. Relativamente à análise sociodemográfica, verificou-se que não existem diferenças nos níveis de satisfação entre grupos. Alguns dos fatores de associação à marca que mais influenciaram a satisfação, como os de organizadores, fãs, história, interação social e sucesso do evento, tiveram diferenças de acordo com o género, habilitações literárias e se é ou não praticante da modalidade.

External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: VIII. Philaethria wernickei (Röber) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

The external features of egg, larva, and pupa of Philaethria wernickei (Röber, 1906) are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy.

Dual-energy CT behavior of heroin, cocaine, and typical adulterants.

PURPOSE: To investigate the dual-energy CT behavior of cocaine and heroin and of typical adulterants, and to evaluate the elemental composition of pure cocaine and heroin compared with cocaine and heroin in bodypacks. METHODS: Pure heroin and pure synthetic cocaine samples, eight different adulterants, and in each case ten different bodypacks containing cocaine or heroin, were imaged at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp in a dual source CT system at two different degrees of compression. Two radiologists, blinded to the samples, measured the attenuation. The dual-energy index (DEI) was calculated. We performed atomic mass spectrometry for the elemental analysis of pure cocaine, pure heroin, and heroin and cocaine in bodypacks, and 140 kVp in a dual-source CT system. RESULTS: Inter- and intra-observer agreement for attenuation measurements was good (r = 0.61-0.72; p < 0.01). The cocaine bodypacks had a positive DEI of 0.029, while the pure drugs and the heroin bodypacks had a negative DEI (-0.051 to -0.027). Levamisole was the only substance which expressed a positive DEI of 0.011, while the remaining adulterants had negative DEIs ranging between -0.015 and -0.215. Atomic mass spectrometry revealed a concentration of tin in the cocaine bodypack that was 67 times higher than in the pure synthetic cocaine sample. CONCLUSIONS: The different DEIs of bodypacks containing cocaine and heroin allow them to be distinguished with dual-energy CT. Although the material properties of pure cocaine, pure heroin, or common drug extenders do not explain the differences in DEI, tin contamination during illicit natural cocaine production may be a possible explanation.

O Sistema Integrado ABC-EVA como ferramenta para a Tomada de Decisão

O sistema Activity Based Costing (ABC) surgiu em meados da década de 80 pela iniciativa dos autores Robin Kaplan, Robin Cooper e Thomas Johnson, com o intuito de suprir as deficiências apresentadas pelos sistemas de custeio tradicionais na imputação arbitrária dos custos indirectos. Alvo de vários elogios e críticas, o sistema ABC é, actualmente, percebido por muitos como a forma mais apropriada de calcular o custo dos produtos. No entanto, numa altura em que é dada cada vez mais importância à criação de valor, especialmente à criação de valor aos accionistas, o sistema ABC se demonstrou insuficiente, pois não considera o Custo de Oportunidade do Capital (COC) investido pelos accionistas. Neste sentido, autores como Narcyz Roztocki e Kim LaScola Needy vieram chamar a atenção desse facto e proporam a integração do sistema ABC ao indicador do desempenho Economic Value Added (EVA) como forma de responder a essa limitação visto que este indicador considera o custo do capital investido pelos accionistas. O estudo de caso ora apresentado visou compreender os fundamentos do sistema integrado ABC-EVA e, compreender os impactos desse sistema no processo decisório, através da sua implementação numa empresa do país. Para a implementação do sistema seguimos os passos enumerados por Roztocki et al. (2004) e Roztocki e Needy (1999c), para a implementação do sistema ABC e para a implementação do sistema integrado ABC-EVA, respectivamente. Dos resultados do estudo pudemos concluir que o sistema integrado ABC-EVA dota os gestores de uma informação mais completa sobre os custos e, por isso, é mais apropriada à tomada de decisões a nível de preços, custos, política de marketing, entre outros. Não obstante, o estudo de caso apresentou algumas limitações que, ainda que tenham condicionado as conclusões do estudo, acabaram por comprovar os resultados de alguns estudos referidos na revisão da literatura. Espera-se que a empresa objecto de estudo possa beneficiar, de alguma forma, do estudo realizado e que, se interesse em adoptar o sistema proposto ou outro, já que não possui nenhum.

The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified >300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA-viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection.

Glycogen synthase 2 is a novel target gene of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

Glycogen synthase 2 (Gys-2) is the ratelimiting enzyme in the storage of glycogen in liver and adipose tissue, yet little is known about regulation of Gys-2 transcription. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and might be hypothesized to govern glycogen synthesis as well. Here, we show that Gys-2 is a direct target gene of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma. Expression of Gys-2 is significantly reduced in adipose tissue of PPARalpha-/-, PPARbeta/delta-/- and PPARgamma+/- mice. Furthermore, synthetic PPARbeta/delta, and gamma agonists markedly up-regulate Gys-2 mRNA and protein expression in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In liver, PPARalpha deletion leads to decreased glycogen levels in the refed state, which is paralleled by decreased expression of Gys-2 in fasted and refed state. Two putative PPAR response elements (PPREs) were identified in the mouse Gys-2 gene: one in the upstream promoter (DR-1prom) and one in intron 1 (DR-1int). It is shown that DR-1int is the response element for PPARs, while DR-1prom is the response element for Hepatic Nuclear Factor 4 alpha (HNF4alpha). In adipose tissue, which does not express HNF4alpha, DR-1prom is occupied by PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma, yet binding does not translate into transcriptional activation of Gys-2. Overall, we conclude that mouse Gys-2 is a novel PPAR target gene and that transactivation by PPARs and HNF4alpha is mediated by two distinct response elements.

Sexual behaviour of men that consulted in medical outpatient clinics in Western Switzerland from 2005-2006: risk levels unknown to doctors?

BACKGROUND: To determine male outpatient attenders' sexual behaviours, expectations and experience of talking about their sexuality and sexual health needs with a doctor. METHODS: A survey was conducted among all male patients aged 18-70, recruited from the two main medical outpatient clinics in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 2005-2006. The anonymous self-administered questionnaire included questions on sexual behaviour, HIV/STI information needs, expectations and experiences regarding discussion of sexual matters with a doctor. RESULTS: The response rate was 53.0% (N = 1452). The mean age was 37.7 years. Overall, 13.4% of patients were defined as at STI risk--i.e. having not consistently used condoms with casual partners in the last 6 months, or with a paid partner during the last intercourse--regarding their sexual behaviour in the last year. 90.9% would have liked their physician to ask them questions concerning their sexual life; only 61.4% had ever had such a discussion. The multivariate analysis showed that patients at risk tended to have the following characteristics: recruited from the HIV testing clinic, lived alone, declared no religion, had a low level of education, felt uninformed about HIV/AIDS, were younger, had had concurrent sexual partners in the last 12 months. However they were not more likely to have discussed sexual matters with their doctor than patients not at risk. CONCLUSION: Recording the sexual history and advice on the prevention of the risks of STI should become routine practice for primary health care doctors.

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Evidence of altered antioxidant systems and signs of elevated oxidative stress are reported in peripheral tissue and brain of schizophrenic patients, including low levels of glutathione (GSH), a major thiol antioxidant and redox buffer. Functional and genetic data indicate that an impaired regulation of GSH synthesis is a vulnerability factor for the disease. Impaired GSH synthesis from a genetic origin combined with environmental risk factors generating oxidative stress (e.g., malnutrition, exposure to toxins, maternai infection and diabetes, obstetrical complications, and psychological stress) could lead to redox dysregulation. This could subsequently perturb normal brain development and maturation with delayed functional consequences emerging in early adulthood. Depending on the nature and the time of occurrence of the environmental insults, the structural and functional delayed consequences could vary, giving rise to various endophenotypes. The use of animal models of GSH deficit represents a valuable approach to investigate how interactions between genetic and environmental factors lead to the emergence of pathologies found in the disease. Moreover, these models of GSH can be useful to investigate links between schizophrenia and comorbid somatic disorders, as dysregulation of the GSH system and elevated oxidative stress are also found in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This chapter reviews pharmacological and genetic rodent models of GSH synthesis dysregulation used to address some of the aforementioned issues. Up to date, these models revealed that GSH deficits lead to morphological, physiological, and behavioral alterations that are quite analogous to pathologies observed in patients. This includes hypofunction of NMDA receptors, alteration of dopamine neurotransmission, anomalies in parvalbumin-immunoreactive fast-spiking interneurons, and reduced myelination. In addition, a GSH deficit affects the brain in a region-specific manner, the anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral hippocampus being the most vulnerable regions investigated. Interestingly, a GSH deficit during a limited period of postnatal development is sufficient to have long-lasting consequences on the integrity of PV-IR interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex and impairs cognitive functions in adulthood. Finally, these animal models of GSH deficit display behavioral impairments that could be related to schizophrenia. Altogether, current data strongly support a contributing role of a redox dysregulation on the development of pathologies associated with the illness and demonstrate the usefulness of these models to better understand the biological mechanisms leading to schizophrenia.

A glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, modulates mismatch negativity generation in schizophrenia patients

Schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in low-level processing, including pitch discrimination. This deficiency manifests in auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) as an impaired mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological response to infrequent target stimuli interspersed among frequent standard stimuli that typically peaks ~100ms post-stimulus onset. NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to block MMN generation in both animals and humans, and NMDA dysfunction has been linked to the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A parallel line of evidence indicates that glutathione (GSH) regulation is perturbed in schizophrenia patients at the gene, protein and functional levels (Tosic et al., 2006). This GSH dysregulation leads to NMDA receptors' hypofunction through interaction with their redox site (Steullet et al., 2006). The present study aimed to modulate GSH levels in schizophrenia patients and assessed the effects of such a modulation on MMN generation mechanisms. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a GSH precursor, was administered to schizophrenia patients, using a double-blind cross-over protocol. One group received NAC (2g/day) for 60 days and then placebo for another 60 days, and vice-versa for the second group. AEPs from patients were recorded at the onset of the protocol, at the point of cross-over, and at the end of the study. Participants were instructed to manually respond to target stimuli (2kHz pure tones occurring 20% of the time among 1kHz pure tones). Analyses of AEPs recorded at protocol onset indicated that patients (n=11) were significantly impaired in generating the MMN relative to age-matched controls (n=11). Specifically, the global field power (GFP), an index of AEP magnitude, was measured over the 70- 155ms post-stimulus interval and submitted to an analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was a significant interaction between population and stimulus frequency, indicating impaired MMN generation in patients at protocol onset. Analyses of AEPs recorded during administration of NAC (n=7) versus placebo (n=7) revealed the efficacy of this GSH precursor in modulating MMN generation mechanisms. ANOVA of GFP over the 70- 155ms post-stimulus interval, using stimulus frequency and treatment as within-participants variables, revealed a significant interaction and indicated that NAC can ameliorate MMN generation. We discuss these results in terms of potential therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia.

External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: IX. Dione glycera (C. Felder & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: IX. Dione glycera (C. Felder & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae). The biology of the Andean silverspot butterfly Dione glycera (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861) is still poorly known. This species is restricted to high elevations in the Andes, where the immature stages are found in close association with species of Passiflora belonging to the section Tacsonia (Juss.) Harms, especially P. tripartida var. mollissima (Kunth), which is grown for subsistence by villagers. Herein we describe and illustrate the external features of the egg, larva and pupa of D. glycera, based on light and scanning electron microscopy.

Pollution bactérienne autour des installations d'élevages intensifs d'animaux de rente

Les élevages intensifs d'animaux de rente, en particulier ceux de bovins et de porcins sont nombreux en France et sont concentrés dans certaines régions (Bretagne, Normandie, Massif central, Alpes, Pyrénées). Au total, on dénombre environ 20 millions de bovins répartis dans 280 000 exploitations et 25 millions de porcs répartis dans 30 000 exploitations. Ceci représente en moyenne 70 vaches/exploitation et 830 porcs/exploitation. De telles densités d'animaux réunis sur des surfaces de taille minimale, génèrent d'énormes quantités de déchets organiques, notamment de matières fécales qui contiennent une grande diversité de bactéries, pouvant parfois être pathogènes pour l'humain. Une partie de ces bactéries sont des bactéries gram négatif (entérobactéries) dont les parois contiennent des endotoxines (1). Ces endotoxines sont connues pour causer des problèmes respiratoires ou des problèmes toxiques (ODTS) (2), lorsqu'elles sont inhalées (Cole, Todd, Wing ; 2000). Jusqu'à présent, plusieurs études se sont attachées à évaluer l'exposition à ces bioaérosols (3) à l'intérieur des élevages d'animaux (vaches, chevaux, porcs, poules) et ont démontré la présence d'importantes concentrations de bactéries et d'endotoxines aéroportées. Cependant, très peu d'études ont estimé la dispersion de ces bioaérosols à l'extérieur des installations d'élevages. En 2008, une étude américaine avait caractérisé les bactéries aéroportées retrouvées dans,et autour, d'une douzaine d'exploitations porcines. Cette étude avait été discutée dans le cadre d'une note d'actualité scientifique précédente (BVS 9). Aujourd'hui, ces mêmes auteurs nous livrent des résultats concernant l'exposition aux endotoxines dans et autour de ces mêmes élevages de porcs (Ko et al., 2010). Une autre équipe de recherche chinoise a estimé la dispersion d'Escherichia coli dans l'environnement immédiat d'exploitations porcines (Yuan, Chai, Miao ; 2010). Cette bactérie, appelée aussi coliforme, fait partie de la flore intestinale normale de tous les animaux à sang chaud (mammifères et oiseaux). Sa mise en évidence dans certains milieux,notamment l'eau, est utilisée comme indicateur de contamination fécale. Finalement, une autre étude vient de paraître concernant les concentrations en endotoxines au cours de l'année, à proximité de stabulations ouvertes de vaches laitières (Dungan, Leytem, Bjorneberg ; 2010). Ce sont ces trois articles qui sont analysés ci-dessous. [Auteure]

Integration of genome-wide association studies with biological knowledge identifies six novel genes related to kidney function.

In conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analytical approaches leveraging biological information may further understanding of the pathophysiology of clinical traits. To discover novel associations with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function, we developed a strategy for integrating prior biological knowledge into the existing GWAS data for eGFR from the CKDGen Consortium. Our strategy focuses on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in genes that are connected by functional evidence, determined by literature mining and gene ontology (GO) hierarchies, to genes near previously validated eGFR associations. It then requires association thresholds consistent with multiple testing, and finally evaluates novel candidates by independent replication. Among the samples of European ancestry, we identified a genome-wide significant SNP in FBXL20 (P = 5.6 × 10(-9)) in meta-analysis of all available data, and additional SNPs at the INHBC, LRP2, PLEKHA1, SLC3A2 and SLC7A6 genes meeting multiple-testing corrected significance for replication and overall P-values of 4.5 × 10(-4)-2.2 × 10(-7). Neither the novel PLEKHA1 nor FBXL20 associations, both further supported by association with eGFR among African Americans and with transcript abundance, would have been implicated by eGFR candidate gene approaches. LRP2, encoding the megalin receptor, was identified through connection with the previously known eGFR gene DAB2 and extends understanding of the megalin system in kidney function. These findings highlight integration of existing genome-wide association data with independent biological knowledge to uncover novel candidate eGFR associations, including candidates lacking known connections to kidney-specific pathways. The strategy may also be applicable to other clinical phenotypes, although more testing will be needed to assess its potential for discovery in general.