A hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectral and extended Hückel study of some olefin complexes of rhodium(I) and iridium(I) and the crystal and molecular structure of η4-2,4-dimethylpenta-1,4-diene(η5-formylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(I)

A 1H NMR study of monosubstituted η-cyclopentadienyl-rhodium(I) complexes of type LLRh(C5H4X) and -iridium(I) complexes of type L2Ir(C5H4X) (L = ethene, LL = 1,3- or 1,5-diolefin; X = C(C6H5)3, CHO, or COOCH3) has been carried out. For complexes of both metals in which the neutral ligand is ethene or a non-conjugated diolefin the NMR spectra of the cyclopentadienyl protons are unusual in that H(2), H(5) resonate to high field either at room temperature or below. The corresponding NMR spectra for the cyclopentadienyl ring protons of complexes where the neutral ligand is a conjugated diene are, with one exception, normal. A single crystal X-ray structural analysis of (η4-2,4-dimethylpenta-1,4-diene)(η5-formylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(I) (which exhibits an abnormal 1H NMR spectrum) reveals substantial localisation of electron density in the C(3)C(4) Cp ring bond (1.283(33) Å) which may be consistent with a contribution from an ‘allyl-ene’ rotamer to the ring—metal bonding scheme. An extended Hückel calculation with self consistent charge iteration was performed on this complex. The results predict a greater Mulliken overlap population for the C(3)C(4) bond in the cyclopentadienyl ring and show that the localisation is dependent on both the Cp ring substituent and the nature of the diolefin. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of some representative diene complexes of iridium(I) and rhodium(I) are presented.

Protease-activated receptor 2: activation, signalling and function

PARs (protease-activated receptors) are a family of four G-protein-coupled receptors for proteases from the circulation, inflammatory cells and epithelial tissues. This report focuses on PAR(2), which plays an important role in inflammation and pain. Pancreatic (trypsin I and II) and extrapancreatic (trypsin IV) trypsins, mast cell tryptase and coagulation factors VIIa and Xa cleave and activate PAR(2). Proteases cleave PAR(2) to expose a tethered ligand that binds to the cleaved receptor. Despite this irreversible activation, PAR(2) signalling is attenuated by beta-arrestin-mediated desensitization and endocytosis, and by lysosomal targeting and degradation, which requires ubiquitination of PAR(2). beta-Arrestins also act as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-protein signalling complexes that determine the location and function of activated mitogen-activated protein kinases. Observations of PAR(2)-deficient mice support a role for PAR(2) in inflammation, and many of the effects of PAR(2) activators promote inflammation. Inflammation is mediated in part by activation of PAR(2) in the peripheral nervous system, which results in neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia.

Ruminal dry matter and nitrogen degradation in relation to condensed tannin and protein molecular structures in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and lucerne (Medicago sativa).

Sainfoin is a temperate legume that contains condensed tannins (CT), i.e. polyphenols that are able to bind proteins and thus reduce protein degradation in the rumen. A reduction in protein degradation in the rumen can lead to a subsequent increase in amino acid flow to the small intestine. The effects of CT in the rumen and the intestine differ according to the amount and structure of CT and the nature of the protein molecular structure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the degradability in the rumen of three CT-containing sainfoin varieties and CT-free lucerne in relation to CT content and structure (mean degree of polymerization, proportion of prodelphinidins and cis-flavanol units) and protein structure (amide I and II bands, ratio of amide I-to-amide II, α-helix, β-sheet, ratio of α-helix-to-β-sheet). Protein molecular structures were identified using Fourier transform/infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FT/IR-ATR) spectroscopy. The in situ degradability of three sainfoin varieties (Ambra, Esparcette and Villahoz) was studied in 2008, during the first growth cycle at two harvest dates (P1 and P2, i.e. 5 May and 2 June, respectively) and at one date (P3) during the second growth cycle (2 June) and these were compared with a tannin-free legume, lucerne (Aubigny). Loss of dry matter (DMDeg) and nitrogen (NDeg) in polyester bags suspended in the rumen was measured using rumen-fistulated cows. The NDeg of lucerne compared with sainfoin was 0·80 v. 0·77 at P1, 0·78 v. 0·65 at P2 and 0·79 v. 0·70 at P3, respectively. NDeg was related to the rapidly disappearing fraction (‘a’) fraction (r=0·76), the rate of degradation (‘c’) (r=0·92), to the content (r=−0·81) and structure of CT. However, the relationship between NDeg and the slowly disappearing fraction (‘b’) was weak. There was a significant effect of date and species×date, for NDeg and ‘a’ fraction. The secondary protein structure varied with harvest date (species×date) and was correlated with the fraction ‘b’. Both tannin and protein structures influenced the NDeg degradation. CT content and structure were correlated to the ‘a’ fraction and to the ‘c’. Features of the protein molecular secondary structure were correlated to the ‘b’ fraction.

An assessment of the prebiotic potential of single and blended substrates in anaerobic in vitro batch culture fermentations using canine faecal samples as inocula

Previously, using an in vitro static batch culture system, it was found that rice bran (RB), inulin, fibersol, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), larch arabinogalactan and citrus pectin elicited prebiotic effects (in terms of increased numbers of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria) on the faecal microbiota of a dog. The aim of the present study was to confirm the prebiotic potential of each individual substrate using multiple faecal donors, as well as assessing the prebiotic potential of 15 substrate blends made from them. Anaerobic static and stirred, pH-controlled batch culture systems inoculated with faecal samples from healthy dogs were used for this purpose. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using seven oligonucleotide probes targeting selected bacterial groups and DAPI (total bacteria) was used to monitor bacterial populations during fermentation runs. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure butyrate produced as a result of bacterial fermentation of the substrates. RB and a MOS/RB blend (1:1, w/w) were shown to elicit prebiotic and butyrogenic effects on the canine microbiota in static batch culture fermentations. Further testing of these substrates in stirred, pH-controlled batch culture fermentation systems confirmed the prebiotic and butyrogenic effects of MOS/RB, with no enhancement of Clostridium clusters I and II and Escherichia coli populations.

Structure and stability of two polymorphs of creatine and its monohydrate

An experimental search for crystalline forms of creatine including a variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction study has produced three polymorphs and a formic acid solvate. The crystal structures of creatine forms I and II were determined from X-ray powder diffraction data plus the creatine formic acid (1 : 1) solvate structure was obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Evidence of a third polymorphic form of creatine obtained by rapid desolvation of creatine monohydrate is also presented. The results highlight the role of automated parallel crystallisation, slurry experiments and VT-XRPD as powerful techniques for effective physical form screening. They also highlight the importance of various complementary analytical techniques in structural characterisation and in achieving better understanding of the relationship between various solid-state forms. The structural relationships between various solid-state forms of creatine using the XPac method provided a rationale for the different relative stabilities of forms I and II of creatine with respect to the monohydrate form.

Hydrocarbon biodegradation and soil microbial community response to repeated oil exposure

Bioremediation strategies continue to be developed to mitigate the environmental impact of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. This study investigated the ability of soil microbiota, adapted by prior exposure, to biodegrade petroleum. Soils from Barrow Is. (W. Australia), a class A nature reserve and home to Australia’s largest onshore oil field, were exposed to Barrow production oil (50 ml/kg soil) and incubated (25 °C) for successive phases of 61 and 100 days. Controls in which oil was not added at Phase I or II were concurrently studied and all treatments were amended with the same levels of additional nutrient and water to promote microbial activity. Prior exposure resulted in accelerated biodegradation of most, but not all, hydrocarbon constituents in the production oil. Molecular biodegradation parameters measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) showed that several aromatic constituents were degraded more slowly with increased oil history. The unique structural response of the soil microbial community was reflected by the response of different phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) sub-classes (e.g. branched saturated fatty acids of odd or even carbon number) measured using a ratio termed Barrow PLFA ratio (B-PLFAr). The corresponding values of a previously proposed hydrocarbon degrading alteration index showed a negative correlation with hydrocarbon exposure, highlighting the site specificity of PLFA-based ratios and microbial community dynamics. B-PLFAr values increased with each Phase I and II addition of production oil. The different hydrocarbon biodegradation rates and responses of PLFA subclasses to the Barrow production oil probably relate to the relative bioavailability of production oil hydrocarbons. These different effects suggest preferred structural and functional microbial responses to anticipated contaminants may potentially be engineered by controlled pre-exposure to the same or closely related substrates. The bioremediation of soils freshly contaminated with petroleum could benefit from the addition of exhaustively bioremediated soils rich in biota primed for the impacting hydrocarbons.

SEM Study of Apical Morphological Alterations in Primary Teeth with Vital and Necrotic Pulps

This study evaluated, by SEM, the morphology of human primary teeth roots. Twenty-four teeth were divided into 3 groups: pulp vitality (group I) and pulp necrosis without (group II) and with apical periodontitis (group III). Roots were analyzed by the presence of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers and resorption areas. In groups I and II, presence of PDL fibers and absence of resorption were observed in all cases (100%), while all specimens (100%) of group III showed no PDL fibers and resorption areas. In conclusion, there are morphological differences in the apical region of primary teeth with different pulpal and periapical pathologies.

Biofilm on the apical region of roots in primary teeth with vital and necrotic pulps with or without radiographically evident apical pathosis

Aim To evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the presence of biofilms on the external surfaces of the apical third of roots of human primary teeth with vital or necrotic pulps with and without radiographically evident periradicular pathosis. Methodology Eighteen teeth were selected: group I - normal pulp (n = 5), group II - pulp necrosis without radiographic evidence of periapical pathosis (n = 7) and group III - pulp necrosis with well-defined radiographic periapical pathosis (n = 6). After extraction, the teeth were washed with saline and immersed in 0.03 g mL(-1) trypsin solution for 20 min. The teeth were then washed in sodium cacodilate buffer and stored in receptacles containing modified Karnovsky solution. The teeth were sectioned, dehydrated in an ethanol series, critical-point dried with CO(2), sputter coated with gold and the external root surface in the apical third examined by SEM. Results In the teeth of groups I and II, the apical root surfaces were covered by collagen fibres, with no evidence of bacteria (100%). In the teeth of group III, the root apices had no collagen fibres but revealed resorptive areas containing microorganisms (cocci, bacilli, filaments and spirochetes) in all cases (100%). Conclusion Microorganisms organized as biofilms on the external root surface (extraradicular infection) were detected in primary teeth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible periapical pathosis.

Thermoluminescence and optical absorption studies of natural grossular minerals

The optical absorption spectra of two samples of grossular have been measured at room temperature. An intense charge transfer band (UVCT) of iron extends to the visible and near infrared region. Some peaks associated to Fe3+ ions in tetrahedral and octahedral positions have been identified and their energy levels were computed. Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions are responsible with some bands and probably these ions occupy dodecahedral positions. No change in the intensity of optical absorption spectra were found after gamma dose, but only the 505 nm band decreases with irradiation. The OH spectra, consisting of OH overtones at 2750nm and asymmetric OH bands in the near infrared region were observed in the two samples. The heat treatment produces Fe2+ -> Fe3+ and Mn2+ -> Mn3+ by oxidation. This last was observed in sample II only. The thermally stimulated luminescence of both grossular samples has been investigated. Due to differences in iron and manganese concentration, not only a large difference has been observed in their optical absorption behavior, but also a striking difference in their thermoluminescent behavior. Actually, it is not clear whether other impurities such as Ti, Na and K that are present in quite different concentration in grossular I and II are also contributing to the thermoluminescenct properties of both samples. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Heterobimetallic compounds [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)X] (X = Cl, Br, I and N(3)): synthesis, electrochemical analysis, and the crystal structure of [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)I] [dppf=1,1`-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]

A series of new ruthenium-iron based derivatives [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)Cl] (1), [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)Br] (2), [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)I] (3) and [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)N(3)] (4) were obtained by reactions of [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(PPh(3))(2)Cl] with 1,1`-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (dppf) and characterized by IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (31)P), (57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, the compound (3) was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the results were as follows: orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 18.2458(10), b = 20.9192(11), c = 34.4138(19) a""<<, alpha = beta = gamma = 90A degrees, V = 13135.3(12) a""<<(3) and Z = 16.

Role of sigma(54) in the regulation of genes involved in type I and type IV pili biogenesis in Xylella fastidiosa

The phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa produces long type IV pili and short type I pili involved in motility and adhesion. In this work, we have investigated the role of sigma factor sigma(54) (RpoN) in the regulation of fimbrial biogenesis in X. fastidiosa. An rpoN null mutant was constructed from the non-pathogenic citrus strain J1a12, and microarray analyses of global gene expression comparing the wild type and rpoN mutant strains showed few genes exhibiting differential expression. In particular, gene pilA1 (XF2542), which encodes the structural pilin protein of type IV pili, showed decreased expression in the rpoN mutant, whereas two-fold higher expression of an operon encoding proteins of type I pili was detected, as confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The transcriptional start site of pilA1 was determined by primer extension, downstream of a sigma(54)-dependent promoter. Microarray and qRT-PCR data demonstrated that expression of only one of the five pilA paralogues, pilA1, was significantly reduced in the rpoN mutant. The rpoN mutant made more biofilm than the wild type strain and presented a cell-cell aggregative phenotype. These results indicate that sigma(54) differentially regulates genes involved in type IV and type I fimbrial biogenesis, and is involved in biofilm formation in X. fastidiosa.

Estudo de fase I e farmacocinética com etoposide oral em crianças e adolescentes com tumores sólidos refratários

Introdução. Embora muitas crianças com câncer possam ser curadas, um número significativo têm resposta insatisfatória por ineficácia da terapêutica tornando necessário identificar agentes anticâncer mais efetivos contra tumores refratários ou recaídos. Estudos com Etoposide revelaram uma clara relação entre o tempo de exposição e os seus efeitos citotóxicos, mostrando resultados superiores com o uso de doses fracionadas quando comparado ao uso de uma dose única. Estudos de farmacocinética sugerem que as concentrações plasmáticas ativas de Etoposide se situa entre 1 e 5 μg/ml e que níveis acima de 5 μg/ml determinam uma mielotoxicidade importante. O Etoposide apresenta um bom espectro antitumoral mesmo em pacientes que já foram tratados por via parenteral e uma adequada biodisponibilidade pela via oral, podendo ser administrado com segurança em regime ambulatorial. Portanto, torna-se atraente a busca de esquemas de administração deste agente, os quais produzem níveis de concentração plasmática seguras pelo maior tempo possível. Objetivos. Os objetivos deste estudo de fase I é avaliar o perfil de toxicidade, a toxicidade dose-limitante, a dose máxima tolerada, a farmacocinética plasmática e a dose segura do Etoposide oral recomendada para estudos de fase II em pacientes pediátricos portadores de tumor sólido refratário. Materiais e Métodos. Todos os pacientes eram portadores de tumor sólido não responsivo aos tratamentos estabelecidos. A dose inicial do Etoposide foi de 20mg/m2/dose, a cada 8 horas durante 14 dias seguido de um intervalo de 7 dias antes de iniciar o próximo ciclo. A farmacocinética plasmática do Etoposide foi estudada durante o primeiro dia de tratamento e os níveis de Etoposide determinados pelo método de HPLC. Resultados. Dezessete pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, sendo que em 13 foram realizados o estudo de farmacocinética. O número total de cursos de quimioterapia foi de 64. Nove pacientes foram incluídos no Nível de dose I, sendo que leucopenia grau 2-3 foi observada em 5. A dose foi então escalonada para 25 mg/m2 (Nível de dose II) e fornecida a 8 pacientes subsequentes o que determinou leucopenia grau 3-4 em 4 deles. Este Nível de dose foi então considerado como DMT (Dose Máxima Tolerada). A TDL foi neutropenia. As concentrações plasmáticas máximas de Etoposide nos pacientes incluídos no Nível de dose I e II foram de 2,97 e 8,59 μg/ml, respectivamente, e os níveis da droga >1 μg/ml foi mantido durante cerca de 6,3 horas após a administração da droga em ambos os níveis de dose. Resposta parcial foi observada em 1 paciente e 4 apresentaram doença estável. Conclusões. A administração prolongada de Etoposide oral nas doses de 20 mg/m2 a cada 8 horas durante 14 dias consecutivos, seguidos de 7 dias de repouso, foi bem tolerada e determinou uma toxicidade manejável em crianças e adolescentes portadores de doenças malignas refratárias. A dose de 20 mg/m2 aparentemente preencheu os requisitos farmacocinéticos que objetivam melhorar o índice terapêutico do Etoposide, ou seja, a obtenção de níveis plasmáticos citotóxicos sustentados e abaixo do limite de toxicidade clínica da droga.

Expressão das iodotironinas desiodases tipos I e II em diferentes tecidos de camundongos normais e com deficiência inata para a desiodase tipo I

Duas enzimas, as iodotironinas desiodases tipos I e II (D1 e D2), catalizam a reação de 5’ desiodação do T4 promovendo a formação do hormônio tireoidiano ativo, T3. A D1, principal fonte de T3 circulante no plasma, esta presente no fígado, rim e tireóide. Até recentemente, acreditava-se que a expressão da D2 estivesse restrita a tecidos nos quais a concentração intracelular de T3 desempenha um papel crítico como na hipófise, sistema nervoso central e tecido adiposo marrom (TAM). Estes conceitos foram estabelecidos com base em estudos de atividade enzimática em homogenados de tecidos de ratos. A recente clonagem dos cDNAs da D1 e D2, de ratos e humanos, forneceu novos meios para a avaliação da distribuição tecidual e dos mecanismos que regulam a expressão dos genes destas enzimas. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que altos níveis de mRNA da D2 são encontrados na tireóide e músculos cardíaco e esquelético em humanos, entretanto este mesmo padrão não foi observado em ratos. Os hormônios tireoidianos tem um efeito direto sobre as desiodases, regulando a ação dessas enzimas de maneira tecido-específica. Estudos prévios demonstraram que elevados níveis de T4 reduzem à metade a atividade da D2 no cérebro e hipófise dos camundongos C3H/HeJ (C3H), linhagem de camundongos que apresenta uma deficiência inata da D1 compensada com o aumento dos níveis séricos de T4 que, nestes animais, são aproximadamente o dobro daqueles observados nos camundongos normais, C57BL/6J (C57). No presente trabalho, utilizamos a técnica da PCR a partir da transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para determinar o padrão de expressão do mRNA da D1 e D2 em diferentes tecidos de camundongos e avaliar sua regulação pelos hormônios tireoidianos. Investigamos, também, os níveis de mRNA da D2 em diferentes tecidos de camundongos normais e com deficiência inata da D1 para avaliarmos o mecanismo pelo qual o T4 regula a atividade da D2 nos animais deficientes. Nossos resultados demonstraram, como esperado, que altos níveis de mRNA da D1 estão presentes no fígado e rim e em menores quantidades no testículo e hipófise. Detectamos mRNA da D2, predominantemente, no TAM, cérebro, cerebelo, hipófise e testículo. Níveis mais baixos de expressão foram detectados, também, no coração. O tratamento com T3 reduziu, significativamente, a expressão da D2 no TAM e coração, mas não no cérebro e testículo. Por outro lado, os níveis de mRNA da D2 aumentaram, significativamente, no testículo de camundongos hipotireoideos. Transcritos da D2 foram identificados no cérebro, cerebelo, hipófise, TAM, testículo e, em menores quantidades, no coração em ambas as linhagems de camundongos, C57 e C3H. Entretanto, ao contrário da atividade, nenhuma alteração significativa nos níveis basais de expressão do mRNA da D2 foi detectada nos tecidos dos camundongos deficientes. O tratamento com T3 reduziu de forma similar, os níveis de mRNA da D2 no TAM e coração em ambos os grupos de animais. Em conclusão, nossos resultados demonstraram que o mRNA da D2 se expressa de forma ampla em diferentes tecidos de camundongos, apresentando um padrão de expressão similar ao descrito em ratos. A co-expressão da D1 e D2 no testículo sugere um papel importante dessas enzimas no controle homeostático do hormônio tireoidiano neste órgão. Demonstramos, também, que a deficiência da D1 não altera os níveis basais de expressão do mRNA da D2 nos camundongos C3H, confirmando que o T4 atua ao nível pós-transcricional na regulação da atividade da D2 nestes animais. Além disso, o T3 age de forma tecido-específica e tem efeito similar sobre a regulação pré-transcricional do gene da D2 em ambas as linhagens de camundongos.

Curso de matematica para economistas, Capitulos I e II: funções, algebra linear e aplicações

Os autores objetivam, com este trabalho preliminar, bem como com aqueles que lhe darão continuidade, na sequência de composição de um livro de matemática para economistas, registrar as suas experiências ao longo dos últimos anos ministrando cadeiras de matemática nos cursos de pós-graduação em economia da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, da UFF (Universidade Federal Fluminense) e da PUC-RJ. Reveste-se de constante repetição em tais cursos a discussão sobre que pontos abordar, bem como com qual grau de profundidade, e em que ordem. É neste sentido que os autores esperam, com a sequência didática que aqui se inicia, trazer alguma contribuição para o assunto.