999 resultados para Taxas juros - Brasil


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Background:Low birth weight(LBW) isa risk factor formorbidity, infant and child mortality. In Brazilthe highest percentages oflow birth weightoccur inregionsofbettersocio-economic status. Objective: to know the spatial distributionofrates of lowbirth weight andcorrelation withsocial indicatorsand service. Drawing: ecological, and Brazilian statesas units ofanalysis. Methodologyused thetechnique ofspatial analysis, data from 2009SINASC, IPEAandIBGE. Results:higher rates oflow birth weightare in the statesof the south/southeast,GlobalMoran: 0.267, p=0.02.Clustersofhigh-hightypein the Southeastandlow-lowstates ofthe Amazon region.Conclusion: Thespatial inequalityoflow birth weightreflectsthe socioeconomic conditionsof the states. More developed regionsholdhigher rates oflow birth weight, therefore,the presenceof the serviceandits usedodecrease infant mortalityandincrease theBPN

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The area studied forms a thin NNE-directed belt situated south of Recife town (Pernambuco state), northeastern Brazil. Geologically, it comprises the Pernambuco Basin (PB), which is limited by the Pernambuco Lineament to the north, the Maragogi high to the south and the Pernambuco Alagoas massif to the west, all of them with Precambrian age. This thesis reports the results obtained for the Cabo Magmatic Province (CMP), aiming the characterization of the geology, stratigraphy, geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Cretaceous igneous rocks presented in the PB. The PB is composed of the Cabo Formation (rift phase) at the base (polymictic conglomerates, sandstones, shales), an intermediate unit, the Estiva Formation (marbles and argillites), and, at the top, the Algodoais Formation (monomictic conglomerates, sandstones, shales). The CMP is represented by trachytes, rhyolites, pyroclastics (ignimbrites), basalts / trachy-andesites, monzonites and alkali-feldspar granite, which occur as dykes, flows, sills, laccoliths and plugs. Field observations and well descriptions show that the majority of the magmatic rocks have intrusive contacts with the Cabo Formation, although some occurrences are also suggestive of synchronism between volcanism and siliciclastic sedimentation. 40Ar/39Ar and zircon fission tracks for the magmatic rocks indicate an average age of 102 r 1 Ma for the CMP. This age represents an expressive event in the province and is detected in all igneous dated materials. It is considered as a minimum age (Albian) for the magmatic episode and the peak of the rift phase in the PB. The 40Ar/39Ar dates are about 10-14 Ma younger than published palynologic ages for this basin. Geochemically, the CMP may be divided in two major groups; i) a transitional to alkaline suite, constituted by basalts to trachy-andesites (types with fine-grained textures and phenocrysts of sanidine and plagioclase), trachytes (porphyrytic texture, with phenocrysts of sanidine and plagioclase) and monzonites; ii) a alkaline suite, highly fractionated, acidic volcano-plutonic association, formed by four subtypes (pyroclastic flows ignimbrites, fine-to medium-grained rhyolites, a high level granite, and later rhyolites). These four types are distinguished essentially by field aspects and petrographic and textural features. Compatible versus incompatible trace element concentrations and geochemical modeling based on both major and trace elements suggest the evolution through low pressure fractional crystallization for trachytes and other acidic rocks, whereas basalts / trachy-andesites and monzonites evolved by partial melting from a mantle source. Sr and Nd isotopes reveal two distinct sources for the rocks of the CMP. Concerning the acidic ones, the high initial Sr ratios (ISr = 0.7064-1.2295) and the negative HNd (-0.43 to -3.67) indicate a crustal source with mesoproterozoic model ages (TDM from 0.92 to 1.04 Ga). On the other hand, the basic to intermediate rocks have low ISr (0.7031-0.7042) and positive HNd (+1.28 to +1.98), which requires the depleted mantle as the most probable source; their model ages are in the range 0.61-0.66 Ga. However, the light rare earth enrichment of these rocks and partial melting modeling point to an incompatible-enriched lherzolitic mantle with very low quantity of garnet (1-3%). This apparent difference between geochemical and Nd isotopes may be resolved by assuming that the metasomatizing agent did not obliterate the original isotopic characteristics of the magmas. A 2 to 5% partial melting of this mantle at approximately 14 kbar and 1269oC account very well the basalts and trachy-andesites studied. By using these pressure and temperatures estimates for the generation of the basaltic to trachy-andesitic magma, it is determined a lithospheric stretching (E) of 2.5. This E value is an appropriated estimate for the sub-crustal stretching (astenospheric or the base of the lithosphere?) region under the Pernambuco Basin, the crustal stretching probably being lower. The integration of all data obtained in this thesis permits to interpret the magmatic evolution of the PB as follows; 1st) the partial melting of a garnet-bearing lherzolite generates incompatible-enriched basaltic, trachy-andesitic and monzonitic magmas; 2nd) the underplating of these basaltic magmas at the base of the continental crust triggers the partial melting of this crust, and thus originating the acidic magmas; 3rd) concomitantly with the previous stage, trachytic magmas were produced by fractionation from a monzonitic to trachy-andesitic liquid; 4th) the emplacement of the several magmas in superficial (e.g. flows) or sub-superficial (e.g. dykes, sills, domes, laccoliths) depths was almost synchronically, at about 102 r 1 Ma, and usually crosscutting the sedimentary rocks of the Cabo Formation. The presence of garnet in the lherzolitic mantle does not agree with pressures of about 14 kbar for the generation of the basaltic magma, as calculated based on chemical parameters. This can be resolved by admitting the astenospheric uplifting under the rift, which would place deep and hot material (mantle plume?) at sub-crustal depths. The generation of the magmas and their subsequent emplacement would be coupled with the crustal rifting of the PB, the border (NNE-SSW directed) and transfer (NW-SE directed) faults serving as conduits for the magma emplacement. Based on the E parameter and the integration of 40Ar/39Ar and palynologic data it is interpreted a maximum duration of 10-14 Ma for the rift phase (Cabo Formation clastic sedimentation and basic to acidic magmatism) of the PB

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A complex depositional history, related to Atlantic rifting, demonstrates the geological evolution during the late Jurassic and early Neocomian periods in the Araripe Basin NE Brazil. Based on outcrop, seismic and remote sensing data, a new model of the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the section that covers the stages Dom João, Rio da Serra and Aratu (Brejo Santo, Missão Velha and Abaiara formations) is presented in this paper. In the stratigraphic section studied, ten sedimentary facies genetically linked to nine architectural elements were described, representing depositional systems associated with fluvial, aeolian and deltaic environments. Based on the relationship between the rates of creation of accommodation space and sediment influx (A / S) it was possible to associate these depositional systems with High and Low accommodation system tracks. These system tracks represent two tectono-sequences, separated by regional unconformities. The Tectono-sequence I, which includes lithotypes from the Brejo Santo Formation and is related to the pre-rift stage, is bounded at the base by the Paleozoic unconformity. This unit represents only a High Accommodation System Track, composed by a succession of pelitic levels interbedded with sandstones and limestones, from a large fluvial floodplain origin, developed under arid climatic conditions. The Tectono-sequence II, separated from the underlying unit by an erosional unconformity, is related to the rift stage, and is composed by the Missão Velha and Abaiara Formation lithotypes. Changes in depositional style that reflect variations in the A / S ratio, and the presence of hydroplastic deformation bands, make it possible to divide this tectonosequence into two internal sequences. Sequence IIA, which includes the lower portion of the Missão Velha Formation and sequence IIB, is composed by the upper section of the Missão Velha and Abaiara Formations The Sequence IIA below, composed only by the Low Accommodation System Track, includes crossbedding sandstones interbedded with massive mudstones, which are interpreted as deposits of sandy gravel beds wandering rivers. Sequence IIB, above, is more complex, showing a basal Low Accommodation System Track and a High Accommodation System Track at the top, separated by an expansion surface. The lower System Track, related to the upper portion of the Missão Velha Formation, is composed by a series of amalgamated channels, separated by erosion surfaces, interpreted as deposits of a belt of braided channels. The High Accommodation System Track, correlated with the Abaiara Unit, is marked by a significant increase in the A / S, resulting in the progradation of a system of braided river deltas with aeolic influence. Regarding tectonic evolution, the stratigraphic study indicates that the Tectonosequence Rift in the Araripe basin was developed in two phases: first characterized by a beginning of rifting, related to Sequence IIA, followed by a phase of syndepositional deformation, represented by sequence IIB. The first phase was not influenced by the development of large faults, but was influenced by a sharp and continuous decrease of accommodation space that permitted a change in depositional patterns, establishing a new depositional architecture. In turn, the stage of syndepositional deformation allowed for the generation of enough accommodation space for the preservation of fluvial-lacustrine deposits and conditioned the progradation of a braided river-dominated delta system.

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The aim of this study was the seasonal characterization of the morphology, sedimentology and hydrodynamic of the Açu, Cavalos and Conchas estuaries. These estuaries are inserted in a semi-arid climate area and form the mouth of the hydrographic basin of the Piranhas-Açu river, that represent the discharge of the largest watershed in the state. They are embedded in an environment consisting of a fluvial-marine floodplain, mangrove ecosystem, sandbanks, fields of dunes, spits and sandy beaches. Adjacent to the natural units are the main local socioeconomic activities (oil industry, salt industry, shrimp farming, fishing and tourism) are dependent on this river and its conservation. The environmental monitoring is necessary because it is an area under constant action of coastal processes and at high risk of oil spill. The acquisition and interpretation of hydrodynamic, sonographic and sediment data was conducted in two campaigns, dry season (2010) and rainy season (2011), using respectively the current profiler ADCP Doppler effect, the side-scan sonar and Van Veen sampler. In these estuaries: Açu, Cavalos and Conchas were identified the following types of bedforms: flatbed and Dunes 2-D and 3-D (small to medium size), generated at lower flow regime (Froude number <1). Structures such as ripples were observed in the Açu estuary mouth. The higher values of flow discharge and velocity were recorded in the Açu estuary (434,992 m³.s-¹ and 0,554 m.s-¹). In rainy season, despite the record of highest values of discharge and flow velocities at the mouth, the energy rates upstream did not differ much from the data of the dry season. However, in all estuaries were recorded an increase in speed and flow, with reservation to the flow in the Açu estuary and flow at the mouth of the Conchas estuary. Sediment grain sizes tend to increase towards the mouth of the estuary and these ranged from very fine sand to very coarse sand, medium sand fraction being the most recurrent. Based on the data acquired and analyzed, the estuaries Açu, Cavalos and Conchas are classified as mixed , dominated by waves and tides. According to their morphology, they are classified as estuaries constructed by bar and according to the classification by salinity, estuaries Conchas and Cavalos were ranked as hypersaline estuaries, and Açu as hypersaline and vertically well mixed type C

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O diagnóstico da situação da tuberculose pulmonar nos Municípios de Botucatu, Conchas, São Manuel e Avaré, SP, Brasil, baseou-se na prevalência e risco de infecção em escolares de lª série, em 1972, e em dados de morbidade e mortalidade específica, de 1963 a 1972. Realizou-se inquérito tuberculínico em 2.913 escolares, com PPD 23 RT-2UT; foram analisados os prontuários de 718 casos inscritos no CSI de Botucatu e os atestados de óbito de residentes, incluindo-se os ocorridos em hospitais especializados. As taxas de prevalência de infecção para os quatro Municípios foram respectivamente 2,4%; 6,8%; 1,9% e 4,5%. Para a idade de 7,5 anos, os riscos de infecção foram: 0,27%; 0,32; 0,20% e 0,34%. O nível de infecção apurado caracterizou o conjunto como área de média prevalência da tuberculose pulmonar. Os índices de prevalência de infecção relacionaram-se diretamente à incidência de casos bacilíferos de cada Município. em 530 casos com baciloscopia, houve 62,0% de positividade. As formas radiológicas moderada e avançada predominaram principalmente em adultos jovens do sexo masculino. Foram registradas alta taxa de abandono (39,5%}, baixo percentual de cura (17,9%) e 3,4% de óbitos; ao redor de 32,0% estava em tratamento. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas das proporções de abandono, segundo procedência por Município ou formas da doença. Invocaram-se razões técnico-administrativas do sistema vigente para explicar esses achados. A incidência média de casos confirmados, no período, foi de 35,4 em Conchas, 33,1 em Avaré, 23,7 em Botucatu e 18,5 em São Manuel (por 100.000). Com casos confirmados e suspeitos os índices foram: 57,6; 48,8; 43,8 e 35,3. Os índices médio-anuais de mortalidade, foram: 7,6 em Botucatu, 12,14 em Conchas, 5,0 em São Manuel e 18,7 em Avaré (por 100.000). Apenas em Botucatu registrou-se declínio das taxas de mortalidade de 1963 a 1972. A mortalidade específica em adultos jovens ainda era elevada, predominando no sexo masculino, principalmente em Conchas. Sublinhou-se a necessidade de descentralizar as atividades antituberculose para atingir um controle eficiente.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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O sistema de cruzamento da espécie arbórea de dossel da Mata Atlântica brasileira, Cryptocarya moschata, foi estudado a partir de material proveniente do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo, Brasil. As taxas de cruzamento foram determinadas através de marcadores alozímicos obtidos de plântulas germinadas de coortes de sementes coletadas de 35 árvores. O valor médio da taxa de cruzamento de equilíbrio (estimador indireto) foi t^eq = 0.51. As estimativas das taxas de cruzamento uniloco e multilocos (estimadores diretos) foram t^s = 0.725± 0,041 e t^m = 0,884 ± 0,034, respectivamente, indicando um sistema de cruzamento predominantemente alogâmico. As taxas de cruzamento de árvores individuais variaram de 27 a 100 ( x¯ = 87,8) porcento, a partir de t^m calculado com as freqüências gênicas de pólen mantidas constantes ao nível populacional. A partir do modelo de par de irmãos (modelo de cruzamento correlacionado) de Ritland, a correlação entre duas progênies irmãs oriundas de autofecundação (r^s) e a correlação entre duas progênies irmãs oriundas de paternidade por exocruzamento (r^p) foram 35,7% e 99,0%, respectivamente. Esses resultados corroboram o fato de haver variação nas taxas de autocruzamento entre as diferentes árvores, podendo também indicar que quando há endogamia, a maior parte das sementes nas árvores são provavelmente irmãs-germanas.

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Foram examinadas fezes, coletadas após o sacrifício, de 9.150 cães e 674 gatos, capturados nas vias públicas do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), visando o encontro de ovos e parásitos das famílias Ancylostomidae e Ascaridae. A coleta do material ocorreu durante os anos de 1980-1985. As seguintes taxas de infestação foram observadas: 59,83% dos cães e 22,26% dos gatos estiveram positivos para ovos de Ancylostoma sp., enquanto que 11,70% dos cães e 17,65% dos gatos apresentaram ovos de Toxocara sp.

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Examinou-se a mortalidade por neoplasias no Brasil, utilizando-se dados oficiais do Ministério da Saúde, abrangendo 26 Unidades da Federação e 13 diferentes localizações neoplásicas, para os anos de 1980, 1983 e 1985. As Análises de Agrupamento e de Componentes Principais revelaram comportamento heterogêneo entre regiões do país, com relação às 13 variáveis estudadas, sendo que os principais elementos discriminantes foram as neoplasias malignas da traquéia/brônquio/pulmão, seguidas das do estômago, esôfago, cólon e pâncreas. Análises complementares evidenciaram tendência de crescimento das taxas de mortalidade para as neoplasias malignas da próstata (17,74%), da traquéia/brônquio/pulmão(15,22%), da mama (11,32%), do pâncreas (10,23%), do cólon (8,08%), do colo uterino (6,45%) e da laringe (6,36%). Houve redução da mortalidade por neoplasias benignas/carcinoma in situ/ outras (27,37%), por neoplasias malignas no reto sigmóide/ânus (7,67%), do estômago (5,31%), de outro local do útero não especificado (2,56%), por leucemia (0,70%) e por neoplasias malignas do esôfago (0,44%). As neoplasias malignas do estômago foram a principal causa de morte por câncer no Brasil, representando 21,30% do total médio, seguidas das neoplasias malignas da traquéia/brônquio/pulmão(17,49% do total médio). Destacam-se os altos índices de mortalidade por neoplasias malignas do esôfago no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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A adesão à terapia antirretroviral (TARV) é crucial para a efetividade e o impacto do tratamento da Aids. Este artigo discute as relações entre adesão e qualidade dos serviços de assistência a pessoas vivendo com Aids (PVA), evidenciando a qualidade como elo central entre adesão e acesso. Está baseado nos resultados de pesquisas que conduzimos sobre a atenção a PVA no Brasil. Nossos estudos apontam que os grupos de pacientes acompanhados em serviços com número inferior a 100 pacientes apresentam risco estimado de não adesão maior do que os grupos acompanhados em serviços com mais de 500 pacientes. Apontam também que serviços com menos de 100 pacientes têm risco estimado maior de pertencer a grupos de má qualidade. Isto está relacionado à baixa complexidade observada nos serviços de menor porte caracterizada por: dificuldades em manter uma estrutura mínima de recursos humanos e materiais, simplificação da organização dos processos de trabalho, centramento no trabalho autônomo do profissional médico e gerenciamento sem projeto técnico. Há necessidade de pautar novos estudos sobre adesão e qualidade. As evidências existentes já apontam, porém, a necessidade de revisão na alocação dos serviços de assistência a PVA, bem como a de homogeneizar a qualificação destes serviços, condições necessárias para a manutenção de taxas aceitáveis de adesão à TARV no país.

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Considerando o Diabetes mellitus (DM) como um relevante problema de saúde no Brasil e a importância das estimativas de prevalência para planejamento e estratégias em saúde pública, propôs-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estimar a razão de prevalências do DM nos diferentes estados brasileiros nos períodos de 2002 a 2004 e 2005 a 2007. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, baseado em dados da população brasileira com diagnóstico de DM cadastrada no Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB) junto ao Ministério da Saúde. As taxas de prevalência foram calculadas para o período de 2002 a 2004 e para 2005 a 2007, e posteriormente estimou-se a Razão de Prevalências (R) por ponto e por intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Observou-se alta prevalência de DM nos estados brasileiros com aumento significativo (R>1; IC95%>1) entre os períodos em todos os estados brasileiros, com destaque para o Distrito Federal (R=1,9800; IC95%=1,97241,9876) e o estado do Maranhão (R=1,5217; IC95%=1,51981,5235). Pode-se concluir que houve aumento significativo na prevalência de DM no Brasil de 2002 a 2007, sinalizando para a necessidade de formulação de estratégias de prevenção e controle da doença.

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The present study applies a method of prevalence analysis to data obtained in two nationwide household surveys on alcohol use during life and dependence, for each of the sexes. The ratios of prevalences (R), for the lifetime alcohol use and dependence rates, between the two genders in the various Brazilian macro-regions, were calculated together with their respective 95% confidence intervals. It was found that lifetime use, both in 2001 and in 2005, was significantly greater in Brazilian males in all geographical regions. In 2001, the population of the North (male and female) had a higher rate of alcohol consumption than that in the Brazilian population as a whole and that in the Southeast. Dependence on the consumption of alcoholic drinks in 2001 and in 2005 was greater in the male sex, but similar among the various regions studied. It can be concluded that this method of analyzing the data on alcoholism could be of great use in assessing its magnitude and importance in terms of public health.

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Incluye Bibliografía