Substance misuse in life and death in a 2-year cohort of suicides

Background: Although substance misuse is a key risk factor in suicide, relatively little is known about the relationship between lifetime misuse and misuse at the time of suicide.

Aims: To examine the relationship between substance misuse and subsequent suicide.

Method: Linkage of coroners' reports to primary care records for 403 suicides occurring over 2 years.

Results: With alcohol misuse, 67% of the cohort had previously sought help for alcohol problems and 39% were intoxicated at the time of suicide. Regarding misuse of other substances, 54% of the cohort was tested. Almost one in four (38%) tested positive, defined as an excess of drugs over the prescribed therapeutic dosage and/or detection of illicit substances. Those tested were more likely to be young and have a history of drug misuse.

Conclusions: A deeper understanding of the relationship between substance misuse and suicide could contribute to prevention initiatives. Furthermore, standardised toxicology screening processes would avoid diminishing the importance of psychosocial factors involved in suicide as a 'cause of death'.

Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable Young Men: A Study of Service Provider Views

This article uses a qualitative approach to elicit the views of 31 professionals who provide services to vulnerable young men. The findings reveal six key themes following focus group interviews: (i) the importance of masculinity in explaining problematic behaviour; (ii) the misuse of alcohol and drugs; (iii) alienation and social isolation; (iv) concerns about suicide and self-harm; (v) the quality of existing services; and (vi) recommendations for changes to services. Service providers generally acknowledged the social context in explaining these behaviours and argued for enhanced services and a more developed skills base in working with vulnerable young men. 

Concussion and Brain Injury in Contact Sport: Legal Implications

A concussed participant leaving the field of play is one of the most worrying sights in sport. It is also one that might have serious legal implications for sports governing bodies. Over the past number of years, a major class action suit has rumbled through the US courts as taken against that country's biggest professional sport, the National Football League. The NFL is at present attempting to settle the lawsuit from more than 4,500 retired players who claim that the NFL knew for decades about the chronic health risks associated with cumulative concussions in American football but failed to warn players or take preventative steps. Testimony from retired NFL players has revealed stories of chronic headaches, Alzheimer-like forgetfulness, altered personalities and sometimes a downward spiral into depression, violence and suicide. Medical research is suggesting that professional American football players are three times more likely to die as a result of certain neurodegenerative diseases than the general population. This paper notes that the concerns about concussion are not confined to the NFL and extend to contact sport more widely and notably rugby union. This paper also assesses the reaction of leading sports governing bodies globally to the recorded medical risks and accompanying legal vulnerabilities.

Hypoxia response element-driven cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine gene therapy system:a highly effective approach to overcome the dynamics of tumour hypoxia and enhance the radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells in vitro

BACKGROUND: We proposed to exploit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha overexpression in prostate tumours and use this transcriptional machinery to control the expression of the suicide gene cytosine deaminase (CD) through binding of HIF-1alpha to arrangements of hypoxia response elements. CD is a prodrug activation enzyme, which converts inactive 5-fluorocytosine to active 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), allowing selective killing of vector containing cells.

METHODS: We developed a pair of vectors, containing either five or eight copies of the hypoxia response element (HRE) isolated from the vascular endothelial growth factor (pH5VCD) or glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (pH8GCD) gene, respectively. The kinetics of the hypoxic induction of the vectors and sensitization effects were evaluated in 22Rv1 and DU145 cells in vitro.

RESULTS: The CD protein as selectively detected in lysates of transiently transfected 22Rv1 and DU145 cells following hypoxic exposure. This is the first evidence of GAPDH HREs being used to control a suicide gene therapy strategy. Detectable CD levels were sustained upon reoxygenation and prolonged hypoxic exposures. Hypoxia-induced chemoresistance to 5-FU was overcome in both cell lines treated with this suicide gene therapy approach. Hypoxic transfectants were sensitized to prodrug concentrations that were ten-fold lower than those that are clinically relevant. Moreover, the surviving fraction of reoxygenated transfectants could be further reduced with the concomitant delivery of clinically relevant single radiation doses.

CONCLUSIONS: This strategy thus has the potential to sensitize the hypoxic compartment of prostate tumours and improve the outcome of current therapies.

Radiation to control transgene expression in tumors

Significant evidence has accumulated indicating that certain genes are induced by ionising radiation. An implication of this observation is that their promoter regions include radiation-responsive sequences. These sequences have been isolated in the promoter of several genes including Erg-1, p21/WAF-1, GADD45alpha and t-PA. The mechanism by which radiation induces gene expression remains unclear but involves putative binding sites for selected transcription factors and/or p53. Consensus CC(A/T)6GG sequences have been localized in the Erg-1 promoter and are referred to as serum response elements or CArG elements. The tandem combination of CArG elements has been shown to improve gene expression levels, with a 9-copy motif conferring maximum inducibility. The response of these genes to ionising radiation appears to follow a sigmoid relationship with time and dose. Therapeutic induction of suicide genes and significant cytotoxicity can be achieved at clinically relevant x-rays doses both in vitro and in vivo but was found to be cell-type dependent. Radiation-inducible gene therapy can be potentially enhanced by exploiting hypoxia through the inclusion of hypoxia-response element motifs in the expression cassette, the use of the anaerobic bacteria or the use of neutron irradiation. These results are encouraging and provide significant evidence that gene therapy targeted to the radiation field is a reasonably attractive therapeutic option and could help overcome hypoxic radioresistant tumors.

The impact of parental migration on health status and health behaviours among left behind adolescent school children in China.

BACKGROUND:

One out of ten of China's population are migrants, moving from rural to urban areas. Many leave their families behind resulting in millions of school children living in their rural home towns without one or both their parents. Little is known about the health status of these left behind children (LBC). This study compares the health status and health-related behaviours of left behind adolescent school children and their counterparts in a rural area in Southern China.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among middle school students in Fuyang Township, Guangdong, China (2007-2008). Information about health behaviours, parental migration and demographic characteristics was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Overweight/obesity and stunting were defined based on measurements of height and weight. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to estimate the differences in health outcomes between LBC and non-LBC.

RESULTS:

18.1% of the schoolchildren had one or both parents working away from home. Multivariate analysis showed that male LBC were at higher risk of skipping breakfast, higher levels of physical inactivity, internet addiction, having ever smoked tobacco, suicide ideation, and being overweight. LBC girls were more likely to drink excessive amounts of sweetened beverage, to watch more TV, to have ever smoked or currently smoke tobacco, to have ever drunk alcohol and to binge drinking. They were also more likely to be unhappy, to think of planning suicide and consider leaving home.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings suggest that parental migration is a risk factor for unhealthy behaviours amongst adolescent school children in rural China. Further research is required in addition to the consideration of the implications for policies and programmes to protect LBC.

Philosophy and Political Engagement: Reflection in the Public Sphere

Do philosophers have a responsibility to their society that is distinct from their responsibility to it as citizens? This edited volume explores both what type of contribution philosophy can make and what type of reasoning is appropriate when addressing public matters now. These questions are posed by leading international scholars working in the fields of moral and political philosophy. Each contribution also investigates the central issue of how to combine critical, rational analysis with a commitment to politically relevant public engagement. The contributions to this volume analyse issues raised in practical ethics, including abortion, embryology, and assisted suicide. They consider the role of ethical commitment in the philosophical analysis of contemporary political issues, and engage with matters of public policy such as poverty, the arts, meaningful work, as well as the evidence base for policy. They also examine the normative legitimacy of power, including the use of violence.

The Evolution of Extreme Cooperation via Shared Dysphoric Experiences

Willingness to lay down one’s life for a group of non-kin, well documented in the
historical and ethnographic records, represents an evolutionary puzzle. Here we
present a novel explanation for the willingness to fight and die for a group, combining evolutionary theorizing with empirical evidence from real-world human groups. Building on research in social psychology, we develop a mathematical model showing how conditioning cooperation on previous shared experience can allow extreme (i.e., life-threatening) pro-social behavior to evolve. The model generates a series of predictions that we then test empirically in a range of special sample populations (including military veterans, college fraternity/sorority members, football fans, martial arts practitioners, and twins). Our results show that sharing painful experiences produces “identity fusion” – a visceral sense of oneness – more so even than bonds of kinship, in turn motivating extreme pro-group behavior, including willingness to fight and die for the group. These findings have theoretical and practical relevance. Theoretically, our results speak to the origins of human cooperation, as we offer an explanation of extremely costly actions left unexplained by existing models.
Practically, our account of how shared dysphoric experiences produce identity fusion, which produces a willingness to fight and die for a non-kin group, helps us better understand such pressing social issues as suicide terrorism, holy wars, sectarian violence, gang-related violence, and other forms of intergroup conflict.

Using administrative data to understand mental health in Northern Ireland:Results from two exemplar projects

Mental health is unevenly distributed in the Northern Ireland population. Administrative data on psychotropic medication prescribing is increasingly being used in research into population mental health. This paper illustrates how these data indicate concentrations of poor mental health in Northern Ireland, e.g. within deprived neighbourhoods, at interfaces, among older persons admitted to care homes and among persons bereaved through sudden death or suicide. This briefing also aims to widen the debate about mental health from a disorder/service paradigm to a whole population approach.

Representação social da violência

Tema e referencial teórico: Ao longo da história da humanidade, diversos acontecimentos foram alterando paulatinamente o entendimento da violência entre humanos. Atualmente e, do ponto de vista concetual, prevalece a perspetiva afirmada no 1º artigo da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos que afirma que “todas as pessoas nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. São dotadas de razão e consciência e devem agir em relação umas às outras com espírito de fraternidade”, a qual exclui qualquer tipo de violência (Lopes, Gemito e Pinheiro, 2012, p. 17). No combate à violência doméstica, o papel dos serviços de saúde é essencial pois, os profissionais de saúde contactam com as pessoas ao longo do ciclo vital, pelo que devem questionar todos os aspetos que dizem respeito à saúde e bem-estar destas. A conjugação das competências de profissionais de diferentes áreas, em equipas multidisciplinares, consubstancia-se num enorme potencial de intervenção. Objetivo: Compreender a representação social da violência doméstica Metodologia: Estudo de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa. Amostra intencional composta por 55 pessoas, com 18 ou mais anos de idade, residentes no distrito de Évora. O instrumento de recolha de dados é composto por 4 partes: caraterização sócio biográfica; Evocação sobre Violência Doméstica; “Entrevista”, compreende um guião de entrevista narrativa; exposição do entrevistado a violência doméstica ao longo da vida e no último ano. Recorreu-se ao Software SPSS® Statistic e ao Software Evoc®. Foram salvaguardados todos os aspetos éticos relativos a estudos com seres humanos. Resultados: A maioria dos inquiridos (74,5%) é do sexo feminino, média de idades de 47 anos, nível de escolaridade elevado, maioritariamente casados/união de facto (69,1%). Vivem essencialmente em agregados familiares de 3 elementos e trabalham, na sua maioria, por conta de outrem (67,3%). A maioria considera pertencer à classe média. A análise às evocações do estímulo violência doméstica com recurso ao software Evoc®, identificou 6 elementos do núcleo central: maus tratos, agressão, agressão física, não devia existir, desrespeito e medo e 7 elementos na 2ª periferia: tristeza, falta de relação, vítima, divórcio, álcool, agressão sexual e dor. Sobre a violência em geral referiram que não é relatada por medo, identificaram algumas causas e consequências e consideraram ser algo intolerável e preocupante, um grave problema social. Através de entrevista narrativa, apelo a vivências diretas ou indiretas, os 31 entrevistados caraterizaram a violência e identificaram os papéis de familiares, amigos, profissionais de saúde e forças de segurança face à violência. Quando confrontados com uma notícia de jornal sobre uma situação de violência classificaram o ato como intolerável, identificaram a atitude da vítima, atributos do agressor e as consequências. Sobre a exposição a violência doméstica ao longo da vida e no último ano, 14 pessoas, entre as quais 2 homens e 2 idosas, foram vítimas ao longo da vida e 2 ainda o foram no último ano. Conclusões: De uma forma geral consideram a violência como algo injustificável, intolerável e criminoso, associada frequentemente ao álcool e à necessidade de exercer poder sobre a vítima, um grave problema social, muitas vezes não relatada por medo ou questões culturais. Resultam daí consequências graves, depressão, suicídio, danos físicos e psicológicos e medo. A violência, atualmente, converteu-se num problema de saúde pública quer pelo facto em si e a sua dimensão, quer pelas repercussões que tem sobre a saúde das vítimas aos mais diversos níveis. Bibliografia:  Lopes, M.; Gemito, L. & Pinheiro, F. (coord.). (2012). Violência Doméstica – Manual de Recursos para a Rede de Intervenção Integrada do Distrito de Évora. Évora: Universidade de Évora.  V Plano Nacional contra a Violência Doméstica – Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 102/2013 31 de Dezembro 2013, http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2010/12/24300/0576305773.pdf  Relatório Anual de Segurança Interna 2013. www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/documentos-oficiais/20140401-rasi-2013.aspx

Destructive Groups: The Role of Projective Identification in Suicidal Groups of Young People

Group suicidal behaviour by young people has been attracting increasing worldwide attention, but the subject has rarely been studied from a clinical or psychodynamic perspective. Although etiological factors are not well understood, unconscious as well as conscious group processes likely contribute to self-destructive actions. In this article we discuss the role of projective identification in the development of suicidal behavior by individuals who are part of a destructive group. We consider how these factors may operate, illustrated through a case description of a young man involved with a group of high school students that included at least four who made serious suicide attempts. Recognition and understanding of these forms of communication have important implications for clinical practice and suicide prevention.

Cultura suicida no Alentejo: os factores promotores de ideação suicida e desesperança

Dissertação de mest., Psicologia (Psicologia da Saúde), Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

La relation entre les connaissances et les attitudes relatives à la diversité sexuelle chez les enseignantes et les enseignants québécois et colombiens en formation initiale

Des études états-uniennes et canadiennes révèlent diverses situations d'homophobie (Taylor, Peter, McMinn, Elliott, Beldom, Ferry, Gross, Paquin et Schachter, 2011) en milieu scolaire. Au Québec, une étude récente a également montré que les élèves lesbiennes, gays et bisexuels des deux sexes (LGB) font face à l'intimidation, au harcèlement, aux insultes et à la discrimination dans les écoles (Chamberland, Émond, Bemier, Richard, Petit, Chevrier, Ryan, Otis et Julien, 2011). Les victimes d'intimidation et de discrimination manifestent des difficultés psychologiques (diagnostiquées ou non) telles que des troubles de l'humeur (tristesse, dépression, idéations ou tentatives de suicide), des troubles anxieux ou encore une faible estime d'eux-mêmes. De plus, ces élèves se sentent mal à l'aise à l'école, ont de la difficulté à se concentrer en classe et vont même jusqu'à manquer des cours, des journées de classe ou encore décrocher du système scolaire (Chamberland, Émond, Julien, Otis, et Ryan, 2011). Compte tenu de la situation problématique des élèves LGB dans les écoles, nous avons voulu identifier les liens entre les connaissances relatives aux rôles et comportements sexuels ainsi qu'aux réalités des jeunes LGB ou perçus comme tels du futur personnel enseignant tant québécois que colombien et leur attitudes envers l'homosexualité et bisexualité. Notre hypothèse à cet égard est que la tolérance face à la diversité sexuelle est en partie fonction des connaissances des personnes sur la question. Pour réaliser notre recherche, nous avons construit un questionnaire à partir des travaux de Kinsey (1948, 1953) sur le comportement sexuel humain, de Bein (1974, 1981) sur le rôle sexuel, de la littérature sur le vécu des jeunes LGB et de Herek et McLemore, (2011) sur les attitudes envers l'homosexualité. Nous avons effectué des analyses descriptives pour identifier les connaissances des participants et participantes ainsi que leurs attitudes envers la diversité sexuelle. Nous avons en outre procédé à des analyses de corrélations pour examiner la force des liens entre les connaissances et les attitudes. Nous avons enfin comparé les résultats obtenus en Colombie et au Québec à l'aide de tests t. Les résultats obtenus confirment notre hypothèse sur la relation entre connaissances et attitudes et révèlent un manque de connaissances sur les trois sujets testés, des attitudes ni tout à fait hostiles ni tout à fait positives dans les deux sous-échantillons, colombien et québécois. Cette étude pourra donc contribuer à améliorer la formation du personnel enseignant, en incluant des cours portant sur la diversité, sexuelle notamment, de façon à favoriser l'éclosion d'attitudes positives chez ce dernier et contribuer ainsi à rendre l'école plus sécuritaire pour les élèves LGB et à favoriser leur réussite scolaire. Cette recherche est pionnière par certains de ses aspects et apporte de nouvelles informations utiles pour comprendre les phénomènes humains autour desquels s'articulent les attitudes envers la diversité sexuelle.

Estudo dos fatores psicológicos de risco para o comportamento suicidário numa amostra de idosos do concelho de Odemira

Dissertação de mestrado, Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes : características epidemiológicas e análise de fatores psicopatológicos, temperamento efetivo e estratégias de coping

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014