Host-parasite relationships in mycoparasite /

A mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana ^ shows a resemblance to fungal parasites of higher plants in the fine structure of hyphae and haustoria. The morphology and fine structure of host and parasitic fungi have been described. The mode of penetration of the host cell, Choanephora cucurbitarum , probably involves mechanical forces. Although the presence of cell wall degrading enzyme was not detected by conventional techniques, its role in penetration can't be ruled out. A collar around the haustorial neck is formed as an extension of the host cell wall. No papilla was detected although appressorixim was seen during penetration. The young haustorium is enclosed in highly invaginating plasmalemma of the host cell and n\imerous cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Appearance of an electron—dense sheath around the mature haustorium seems to coincide with the disappearance of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum from the host cystoplasm in the vicinity of the haustorium. The role of host cytoplasm particularly of endoplasmic reticulum in the development of the sheath is discussed. Extensive accumulation of spherosomes-like bodies, containing lipids, is found in haustorium, parasite and host hypha. Electron microscope revealed the parasiticculture spore has more lipid content than the axenic culture spore of P. virginiana . The biochemical and cytochemical tests also support these results. The mature spore of C. cucurbitarum possesses a thick three-layered cell wall, different from the hyphal wall. Its germination is accompanied by the formation of an elastic thin inner layer which surrounds the emerging germ tube and the growing hypha. High resolution autoradiography showed that H N-acetyl-glucosamine , a precursor of chitin, was incorporated preferentially in the thin inner layer of the spore wall and also in the cell wall of the growing hypha. When the label was fed to the infected cells, at different intervals after inoculation, grains were observed on the sheath which developed around the haustorium of P. virginiana , 30 hours after inoculation. The significance of these results in relation to the origin and composition of the sheath is discussed.

Alicaligenes faecalis : identification and study of its antagonistic properties against Botrytis cinerea

A Gram negative aerobic flagellated bacterium with fungal growth inhibitory properties was isolated from a culture of Trichoderma harzianum. According to its cultural characteristics and biochemical properties it was identified as a strain of Alcaligenes (aeca/is Castellani and Chalmers. Antisera prepared in Balbc mice injected with live and heat-killed bacterial cells gave strong reactions with the homologous immunogen and with ATCC 15554, the type strain of A. taeca/is, but not with Escherichia coli or Enterobacter aerogens in immunoprecipitation and dot immunobinding assays. Growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. and several other fungi was significantly affected when co-cultured with A. taeca/is on solid media. Its detrimental effect on germination and growth of B. cinerea has been found to be associated with antifungal substances produced by the bacterium and released into the growth medium. A biotest for the antibiotic substances, based on their inhibitory effect on germination of B. cinerea conidia, was developed. This biotest was used to study the properties of these substances, the conditions in which they are produced, and to monitor the steps of their separation during extraction procedures. It has been found that at least two substances could be involved in the antagonistic interaction. One of these is a basic volatile substance and has been identified as ammonia. The other substance is a nonvolatile, dialysable, heat stable, polar compound released into the growth medium. After separation of growth medium samples by Sephadex G-10 column chromatography a single peak with a molecular weight below 700 Daltons exhibited inhibitory activity. From its behaviour in electrophoretic separation in agarose gels it seems that this is a neutral or slightly positively charged.

Immuno-gluorescence study of five zygomycetous fungi with two chitin-binding probes

A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against a purified microsomal chitinase isolated from the fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to localize chitinase at various developmental stages of five zygomycetous fungi and during abiotrophic mycoparasite interaction with a susceptible and resistant host. This was compared to localization of oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Dotimmunoblot and Western blot techniques revealed that the anti-serum reacted strongly with the antigen from which it was derived. Cross reactivity of the antiserum was found with WGA and another chitin binding lectin, Phyto/acca americana agglutinin (PAA). Immuno-fluorescence results showed the direct involvement of chitinase in spore swelling, germination, sporangium development and response during mechanical injury. There appeared to be no involvement of chitinase during apical hyphal growth or new branch initiation in any of the fungi tested despite mild proteolysis and permeabilization of the cell surface prior to labelling. Binding with WGA revealed similar patterns of fluorescence to that of chitinase localization but differed by showing fluorescence and therefore chitin localization at the apex and new branch initiation when tested at different developmental stages. There was no difference between chitinase localization and binding with WGA in a susceptible host and resistant host challenged with the mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana. Differences in binding ability of antichitinase and lectin WGA suggests that the latter is not a suitable indicator for indirect localization of the lytic enzyme, chitinase.

Isolation and characterization of a chitinase-secreting mutant of mortierella pusilla with altered interaction with the mycoparasite piptocephalis virginiana

Mortierella pusilla is a susceptible host and supports good growth of the mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana. Uninucleate spores of M. pusilla were sUbjected to N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). To attain a high mutation frequency , a 1o-minute exposure to 10 mg/ml MNNG was used and lead to the survival of about 10 % of the spores. The exposed spores then were plated on chitin or milk plates. Approximately 30,000 colonies were examined after mutagenesis on the screening media. A strain, MUT23 , with abnormal slow growth morphology was found to delay parasitism by £. virginiana. The particular morphology was not due to auxotrophy, because this strain displayed normal hyphae when glucose was used as the sole carbon source. One interesting phenomenon was that MUT23 showed an extensive clearing zone around the colony on colloidal chitin agar after 20-25 d. On the same conditions, wild type strain did not show this phenotype. In addition, the MUT23 strain produced the same normal hypha as the wild type strain when it was grown on colloidal chitin agar. The MUT23 was also able to produce more spores on colloidal chitin agar than on malt-yeast extract and minimal media. The parasite germ tubes formed appressoria at the point of contact on the cell surface of wild type and MUT23 grown for 6 days cell surface but not on the cel surface of MUT23 grown for 2 days. Thus, interaction between MUT23 strain and the mycoparasite was dependent on MUT23 age. The effect of MUT23 filtrate on germination of the parasite was tested. Lysis of germinated spores of the parasite were observed in concentrated MUT23 filtered solution. MUT23 was compared to the wild type strain for their chitinase production in sUbmerged culture. The chitinase isozymes of both wild type and MUT23 were shown by immunoblotting. Eight distinct chitinase molecules were detected. MUT23 showed markedly higher chitinase activity than the wild type cultured in chitin-containing medium. Maximum chitinase activities of MUT23 were 13.5 fold higher at 20 day of the culture then that of wild type.

Light and electron microscope studies of host-parasite relations in a mycoparasite

Light microscope studies of the mycoparasite Piptocephalis virginiana revealed that the cylindrical spores of the parasite became spherical upon germination and produced 1-4 germ tubes. Generally t"l.vO germ tubes were produced by each spore. When this parasite was inoculated on its potential hosts, Choanephora cucurbitarum and Phascolomyces articulosus, the germ tube nearest to the host hypha continued to grow and made contact with the host hypha. The tip of the parasite's germ tube became swollen to form a distinct appressorium. Up to this stage the behavior of the parasite was similar regardless of the nature of the host. In the compatible host-parasite combination, the parasite penetrated the host, established a nutritional relationship and continued to grow to cover the host completely with its buff colored spores in 3-4 days. In the incompatible host-parasite combination, the parasite penetrated the host but its further advance was arrested. As a result of failure to establish a nutritional relationship with the resistant host, the parasite made further attempts to penetrate the host at different sites producing multiple infections. In the absence of nutrition the parasite weakened and the host outgrew the parasite completely. In the presence of a non-host species, Linderina pennispora the parasite continued to grow across the non-host 1).yp_hae vlithout establishing an initial contact. Germination studies showed that the parasite germinated equally well in the presence of host and non-host species. Further electron microscope studies revealed that the host-parasite interaction between P. virginiana and its host, C. cucurbi tarum, was compatible when the host hyphae were young slender, with a thin cell wall of one layer. The parasite appeared to penetrate mechanically by pushing the host-cell wall inward. The host plasma membrane invaginated along the involuted cell wall. The older hyphae of C. cucurbitarum possessed two distinct layers of cell wall and-showed an incompatible interaction when challenged vlith the parasite. At the point of contact, the outer layer of the host-cell wall dissolved, probably by enzymatic digestion, and the inner layer became thickened and developed a papilla as a result of its response to the parasite. The haustoria of the parasite in the old hyphae were always surrounded by a thick, well developed sheath, whereas the haustoria of the same age in the young host mycelium were devoid of a sheath during early stages of infection. Instead, they were in direct contact with the host protoplast. The incompatible interaction between a resistant host, P. articulosus and the parasite showed similar results as with the old hyphae of C. cucurbitarum. The cell wall of P. articulosus appeared thick-with two or more layers even in the 18-22 h-old hyphae. No contact or interaction was established between the parasite and the non-host L. pennispora. The role of cell wall in the resistance mechanism is discussed.

Sensitivities of Ontario isolates of Venturia inaequalis to metiram /

The effects of metiram (Polyram 80 DF) on the growth of Venturia inaequalis, cause of apple scab, and the degradation of metiram were examined in culture media. Samples of V. inaequalis conidia were collected from nine orchards in 1998 and six orchards in 1999 and tested for sensitivity. Samples were plated on water agar amended with metiram or mancozeb. Mean EC50 values (effective concentration of fungicide required to inhibit germination of half the conidia) for each population were calculated. The mean EC50 values for metiram ranged from 0.26 - 1.20 ^ig metiram a.i./ml, with differences (Student Newman Keul's Test (SNK), a=0.05) between populations. EC50 values for mancozeb ranged from 0.06 - 0.58 which were also different (SNK, a=0.05). Five of these populations were examined for mycelial growth sensitivity to metiram by testing 30 monoconidial isolates from each population on metiram amended potato dextrose agar. Mean EC50 values for populations were calculated and ranged from 3.44-5.94 |ig metiram/ml, and showed differences (Friedman Test, a=0.05). As the EC50 values obtained are far less than the concentrations applied in the field, results indicate that Ontario populations of V. inaequalis are still sensitive to metiram and mancozeb. The stability of metiram in PDA at 22°C was studied over a 10-day period. The initial concentration of metiram decreased by approximately 50% within the first day, and continued to decline slowly, to approximately 20% of the initial concentration. The factors possibly affecting initial metiram degradation, including agar, heat, and the use of glass or polystyrene Petri dish composition were examined. The effects from the polystyrene in the Petri dish composition were negligible, however more studies must be done to examine metiram degradation during the first 24 hours of preparation.

Heidegger's tragic Greeks : the relation between presence and deinon

Martin Heidegger's interpretation of the ancients was born out of something like a crisis in the interpretation of the Greeks, which can be characterized as nothing other than the realization of the idea that the Greek philosophers put a serious question mark over existence. This idea, which had its germination in Prussia with Jakob Burckhart and his teacher, but first came to be seriously cultivated in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, was the first in depth investigation into whether the Greeks, on the one hand, questioned existence or, on the other hand, put a question mark over existence. To question existence is rather innocuous, since it amounts to little more, in the end, than a child looking up at the stars and asking what it all means. To put a question mark over existence, however, is another business entirely. For the Greeks, as the life work of Martin Heidegger amply demonstrates, the nature of Greek thinking and the objects towards which it is directed follows so absolutely from the tragic view of the human person that, in a certain sense, philosophy is Greek and could only have developed in Greece. Perhaps stating it a little less categorically, philosophy could have developed elsewhere at least to the extent that something like they way the Greeks understood life was at the forefront: presence, in other words. This thesis deals with the problem ofHeidegger's relation to the Greeks, specifically in terms of his understanding of the Greeks and presence. It is the position of this dissertation that the Greek notion of presence is, as Heidegger understands it, the homeliness of the hearth that radiates through all the things that humans concern themselves with. This is thought by Heidegger, as the Greeks did, specifically in contrast with the uncanninesslunhomeliness of the hqrnan apart from his or her concern with things. Therefore, the thesis is an attempt at exposing the relation between presence and the unhomely by situating it withing Greek existence and the meaning of the Greek Philosopher. In order to support this position, the thesis has been divided into five parts. The first two chapters deal with Heidegger's explanation of the relation between Greek notion of physics (Phusis), metaphysics (specifically in relation to an analysis of time and motion in Greek thought), and what Heidegger calls the fundamental attunement of Dasein (boredom). More exactly, it deals with these issues only so far as they allow us to bring out something like the notion of 'presence' in relation to things and homelessness or restlessness in relation to the human being. The rationale for these two chapters in relation to the central problem of the paper is that in Heidegger's elucidation of physics and metaphysics, he conducts his analysis in such a way that he explicitly uncovers that dimension of human existence that he calls the fundamental attunement of Dasein. This fundamental attunement is, in tum, similar to what the Greeks understood as the deinon, the uncanninesslunhomeliness of the human. The third and fourth chapters take as their explicit themes the problem of the Greek understanding of the assertion and the ways in which the person can comport himlherself toward things, two issues which are not separable. The rationale for these two chapters in relation to the central theme of the paper is that Heidegger's analysis of these two areas in Greek thought brings out precisely why the philosopher and the philosophical way of life is the highest mode of existence for the Greeks and how this is thought specifically in tenns of the uncanniness of humans. The final cijapter gives a complete elucidation of presence as the homeliness of the hearth and shows specifically how this is thought of in contradistinction to the uncanny/unhomely for the Greeks. 1I1 This last chapter also explains Martin Heidegger's reaction to the Greek's interpretation of the highest mode of existence, and what he posited as a counter-thought. The essay as a whole is an attempt to fully concertize an important dimension of Heidegger' s understanding of the Greeks, that is, the relation between presence and the deinon or Greek notion ofunhomely, which, to my la)owledge, has not been offered anywhere in commentaries on Heidegger.

The analysis of Metarhizium robertsii potential as endophytic plant root coloniser, plant growth enhancer and antagonist to bean root pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseolis.

The soil-inhabiting insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii also colonizes plant roots endophytically, thus showing potential as a plant symbiont. M robertsii is not randomly distributed in soils but preferentially associates with the plant rhizosphere when applied in agricultural settings. Root surface and endophytic colonization of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by M robertsii were examined after inoculation with fungal conidia. Light and confocal microscopies were used to ascertain this rhizosphere association. Root lengths, root hair density and emergence of lateral roots were also measured. Initially, M robertsii conidia adhered to, germinated on, and colonized, roots. Furthermore, plant roots treated with Metarhizium grew faster and the density of plant root hairs increased when compared with control plants. The onset of plant root hair proliferation was initiated before germination of M robertsii on the root (within 1-2 days). Plants inoculated with M robertsii AMAD2 (plant adhesin gene) took significantly longer to show root hair proliferation than the wild type. Cell free extracts of M robertsii did not stimulate root hair proliferation. Longer term (60 days) associations showed that M robertsii endophytically colonized individual cortical cells within bean roots. Metarhizium appeared as an amorphous mycelial aggregate within root cortical cells as well as between the intercellular spaces with no apparent damage to the plant. These results suggested that not only is M robertsii rhizosphere competent but displays a beneficial endophytic association with plant roots that results in the proliferation of root hairs. The biocontrol of bean (Phaseolis vulgaris) root rot fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseolis by Metarhizium robertsii was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Dual cultures on Petri dishes showed antagonism of M robertsii against F. solani. A relative inhibition of ca. 60% of F. solani growth was observed in these assays. Cell free culture filtrates of M robertsii inhibited the germination of F. solani conidia by 83% and the inhibitory metabolite was heat stable. Beans plants colonized by M robertsii then exposed to F. solani showed healthier plant profiles and lower disease indices compared to plants not colonized by M robertsii. These results suggested that the insect pathogenic/endophytic fungus M robertsii could also be utilized as a biocontrol agent against certain plant pathogens occurring in the rhizosphere.

Synthèse de couches ultra-minces de siliciures sur silicium cristallin et endommagé étudiée par microscopie et profilométrie en profondeur

Les siliciures métalliques constituent un élément crucial des contacts électriques des transistors que l'on retrouve au coeur des circuits intégrés modernes. À mesure qu'on réduit les dimensions de ces derniers apparaissent de graves problèmes de formation, liés par exemple à la limitation des processus par la faible densité de sites de germination. L'objectif de ce projet est d'étudier les mécanismes de synthèse de siliciures métalliques à très petite échelle, en particulier le NiSi, et de déterminer l’effet de l’endommagement du Si par implantation ionique sur la séquence de phase. Nous avons déterminé la séquence de formation des différentes phases du système Ni-Si d’échantillons possédant une couche de Si amorphe sur lesquels étaient déposés 10 nm de Ni. Celle-ci a été obtenue à partir de mesures de diffraction des rayons X résolue en temps et, pour des échantillons trempés à des températures critiques du processus, l’identité des phases et la composition et la microstructure ont été déterminées par mesures de figures de pôle, spectrométrie par rétrodiffusion Rutherford et microscopie électronique en transmission (TEM). Nous avons constaté que pour environ la moitié des échantillons, une réaction survenait spontanément avant le début du recuit thermique, le produit de la réaction étant du Ni2Si hexagonal, une phase instable à température de la pièce, mélangée à du NiSi. Dans de tels échantillons, la température de formation du NiSi, la phase d’intérêt pour la microélectronique, était significativement abaissée.

Mécanismes de recuit dans le silicium implanté par faisceau d’ion caractérisés par nanocalorimétrie

Nous présenterons le procédé de fabrication, la caractérisation, ainsi qu’un modèle numérique permettant l’optimisation d’un nouveau dispositif permettant d’effectuer des mesures de nanocalorimétrie sur un échantillon de silicium monocristallin. Ce dernier possède entre autre des propriétés thermiques nous permettant d’effectuer des mesures à des températures supérieures à 900 C, avec une résolution meilleure que 16 C. Ceci nous a permis d’étudier la dynamique des défauts induits par implantation ionique dans le silicium monocristallin. Deux comportements différents sont observés dans la germination de la phase amorphe induite par implantation à 10 et 80 keV. Ces résultats ont été confrontés à des simulations Monte-Carlo basées sur le modèle des paires lacunesinterstitiels. La comparaison entre les simulations et les mesures expérimentales ont montré que ce modèle est incomplet car il ne reproduit qualitativement que certaines caractéristiques observées expérimentalement. Des mesures réalisées à partir de -110 C dans le silicium monocristallin et amorphisé implanté avec des ions légers, ont mis en évidence des différences claires entre la relaxation dans le silicium amorphe et le recuit des défauts dans le silicium monocristallin. Deux processus à des énergies d’activation de 0.48 et 0.6 eV ont été observés pour les implantations réalisées dans le silicium monocristallin tandis qu’un relâchement de chaleur uniforme ne révélant qu’un spectre continu d’énergie d’activation a été observé dans le silicium amorphe.

La cristallisation de quatre poly(1,3-dioxolannes) de masses molaires différentes

Le poly(1,3-dioxolanne) (PDOL) est un polymère semi-cristallin présentant à l’état solide quatre morphologies différentes (Phases I, IIa, IIb et III). Les transformations d'une phase à l'autre ont été suivies par microscopie optique polarisée (MOP) et microscopie à force atomique (AFM) en fonction de la température de cristallisation et de la masse molaire. La Phase I présente une morphologie sphérolitique tandis que la Phase IIa peut croître à partir de la Phase I ou spontanément. De façon inattendue, la Phase IIa, devient très biréfringente et cette nouvelle morphologie est appelée Phase IIb. Quand la transformation IIa-IIb est terminée, une nouvelle phase, la Phase III, croît à partir de la Phase IIb. La Phase III n'a jamais été observée sans la présence de Phase IIb; en outre, la Phase IIb remplace toujours la Phase IIa. Ce phénomène est appelé germination croisée. La mesure de la température de fusion des phases par MOP a permis d’établir leur stabilité relative: IIb > III >IIa. La vitesse de croissance (G) des sphérolites a été mesurée sur une plage de températures de 10,0 à 24,0 °C et montre une grande dépendance avec la masse molaire. Ces mesures ont révélé l’existence d’une masse molaire critique, autour de 5000 g.mol-1, en-dessous de laquelle nous avons observé GIIa > GIII et au-dessus de laquelle la relation est inversée avec GIII > GIIa. Finalement, nous avons exploré l’influence de l’ajout d’un deuxième polymère amorphe sur l’évolution des phases optiques dans des mélanges PDOL-PMMA, PDOL-PVC et PDOL-PVAc. Nous avons observé les mêmes transitions de phases que pour le PDOL pur et un certain degré de compatibilité dans le cas du PDOL-PMMA et du PDOL-PVC.

Reproduction et échanges génétiques horizontaux chez les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules

3 vidéos sont dans des fichiers complémentaires à ce mémoire

Caractérisation génétique, phénotypique et formation de biofilm des souches de Candida albicans répondant ou non au farnésol

Candida albicans, le pathogène opportuniste le plus commun, peut subir des transitions morphologiques entre la forme levure et la forme hyphe, jouant un rôle dans la formation de biofilm. Le farnésol, un lipide endogène produit par C. albicans, est une molécule de quorum sensing qui inhibe cette transition morphologique. Certaines souches ne répondent pas au farnésol et nous avons vérifié les hypothèses que : 1) l’isolat clinique SC5314, la souche la mieux caractérisée, est un répondeur au farnésol; 2) la germination, la croissance et la formation de biofilm des non répondeurs diffèrent des répondeurs; 3) l’absence de la réponse au farnésol se manifeste en dehors de conditions de culture précises; 4) le farnésol agit via un récepteur nucléaire qui présente des altérations chez les non répondeurs; 5) la différence de la réponse au farnésol entre les souches s’explique par des variations au niveau transcriptionnel de certains gènes (CHK1, HST7, CPH1, GAP1, RAM2 et DPP3). Les non répondeurs produisent un plus grand nombre d’hyphes, forment 60% plus de biofilm et croissent 50% moins vite que les répondeurs. La souche SC5314 se comporte comme un répondeur. L’absence de la réponse au farnésol se manifeste indépendamment des conditions de culture. Cependant, elle ne s’explique pas par une différence dans le niveau d’expression des gènes proposés, excepté pour DPP3 qui est surexprimé chez le non répondeur ATTC® 36802, suggérant ainsi une surproduction de farnésol chez cette souche. De plus, si le farnésol agit via un récepteur nucléaire, il sera d’un type non décrit précédemment.

Actin cytoskeleton regulates pollen tube growth and tropism

La fertilisation chez les plantes dépend de la livraison des cellules spermatiques contenues dans le pollen à l’ovule. Au contact du stigmate, le grain de pollen s’hydrate et forme une protubérance, le tube pollinique, chargé de livrer les noyaux spermatiques à l’ovule. Le tube pollinique est une cellule à croissance rapide, anisotrope et non autotrophe; ainsi tout au long de sa croissance à travers l’apoplaste du tissu pistillaire, le tube pollinique puise ses sources de carbohydrates et de minéraux du pistil. Ces éléments servent à la synthèse des constituants de la paroi qui seront acheminés par des vésicules de sécrétion jusqu’à l’apex du tube. Ce dernier doit aussi résister à des pressions mécaniques pour maintenir sa forme cylindrique et doit répondre à différents signaux directionnels pour pouvoir atteindre l’ovule. Mon projet de doctorat était de comprendre le rôle du cytosquelette dans la croissance anisotrope du tube pollinique et d’identifier les éléments responsables de sa croissance et de son guidage. Le cytosquelette du tube pollinique est composé des microfilaments d’actine et des microtubules. Pour assurer une bonne croissance des tubes polliniques in vitro, les carbohydrates et les éléments de croissance doivent être ajoutés au milieu à des concentrations bien spécifiques. J’ai donc optimisé les conditions de croissance du pollen d’Arabidopsis thaliana et de Camellia japonica qui ont été utilisés avec le pollen de Lilium longiflorum comme modèles pour mes expériences. J’ai développé une méthode rapide et efficace de fixation et de marquage du tube pollinique basée sur la technologie des microondes. J’ai aussi utilisé des outils pharmacologiques, mécaniques et moléculaires couplés à différentes techniques de microscopie pour comprendre le rôle du cytosquelette d’actine lors de la croissance et le tropisme du tube pollinique. J’ai trouvé que le cytosquelette d’actine et plus précisément l’anneau d’actine localisé dans la partie sub-apicale du tube est fortement impliqué dans la croissance et le maintien de l’architecture du tube à travers le contrôle de la livraison des vésicules de sécrétion. J’ai construit une chambre galvanotropique qui peut être montée sur un microscope inversé et qui sert à envoyer des signaux tropistiques bien précis à des tubes polliniques en croissance. J’ai trouvé que les filaments d’actine sont impliqués dans la capacité du tube pollinique à changer de direction. Ce comportement tropistique dépend de la concentration du calcium dans le milieu de croissance et du flux de calcium à travers des canaux calciques. Le gradient de calcium établi dans le tube pollinique affecte l’activité de certaines protéines qui se lient à l’actine et dont le rôle est la réorganisation des filaments d’actine. Parmi ces protéines, il y a celles de dépolymérisation de l’actine (ADF) dont deux spécifiquement exprimées dans le gamétophyte mâle d’Arabidopsis (ADF7 et ADF10). Par marquage avec des proteins fluorescents, j’ai trouvé que l’ADF7 et l’ADF10 ont des expressions différentielles pendant la microsporogenèse et la germination et croissance du tube pollinique et qu’elles partagent entre elles des rôles importants durant ces différents stades.

Diversité des champignons endophytes mycorhiziens et de classe II chez le pois chiche, et influence du génotype de la plante

réalisé en cotutelle avec la Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar.