Characteristics of sulfide corrosion products on 316L stainless steel surfaces in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria

It has been found that microbial communities play a significant role in the corrosion process of steels exposed in aquatic and soil environments. Biomineralization influenced by microorganisms is believed to be responsible for the formation of corrosion products via complicated pathways of electron transfer between microbial cells and the metal. In this study, sulfide corrosion products were investigated for 316L stainless steel exposed to media with sulfate-reducing bacteria media for 7 weeks. The species of inorganic and organic sulfides in the passive film on the stainless steel were observed by epifluorescence microscope, environmental scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The transformation from metal oxides to metal sulfides influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria is emphasized in this paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three phases of dark-recovery course from photoinhibition resolved by the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in soybean leaves under field conditions

The chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean leaves was observed by a portable fluorometer CF-1000 under field conditions. On clear days, F-0 increased while F, and F-v/F-m decreased gradually in the morning. At midday F-O reached its maximum while F-v and F-v/F-m reached their minimum. The reverse changes occurred in the afternoon. At dusk these parameters could return to levels near those at dawn. Following exposure to a strong sunlight for more than 3 h, the dark-recovery process displayed three phases: (1) slow increases in F-0, F-v and F-v/F-m within the first hour; (2) a faster decrease in F-0 and faster increases in F-v and F-v/F-m within subsequent two hours; (3) a slow decrease in F-0 and slow increases in F-v and F-v/F-m within the fourth hour. In comparison with darkness, weak irradiance had no stimulating effect on the recovery from photoinhibition. Hence the photoinhibition in soybean leaves is mainly the reflection of reversible inactivation of some photosystem 2 reaction centres, but not the result of D1 protein loss.

Study on synthesis of azo-coupling products of 3-aminotropolone

3-Acetamidotropolone 1 reacted with p-substitutedbenzenediazonium chloride in pyridine to afford 3-acetamido-5-(4-substitutedphenylazo)tropolones 2a similar tof. Hydrolysis of compounds 2a similar tof gave 3-amino-5-(4-substitutedphenylazo)tropolanes 3a similar tof which could not be obtained directly from reactions of 3-aminotropolone with p-substitutedbenzenediazonium chloride. The structure of these new compounds 2a, 2c similar tof, 3a, 3c similar tof were confirmed from the elemental analysis and spectral data.

Some by-products of missions, by Isaac Taylor Headland.

http://www.archive.org/details/somebyproductsof013993mbp

A Note On the Statistical Difference of Small Direct Products

We demonstrate that if two probability distributions D and E of sufficiently small min-entropy have statistical difference ε, then the direct-product distributions D^l and E^l have statistical difference at least roughly ε\s√l, provided that l is sufficiently small, smaller than roughly ε^{4/3}. Previously known bounds did not work for few repetitions l, requiring l>ε^2.