Assessing the impact of adaptive accessibility on the optimal transport policy implementation by using an integrated land-use/transport model for Madrid

Accessibility is an essential concept widely used to evaluate the impact of land-use and transport strategies in transport and urban planning. Accessibility is typically evaluated by using a transport model or a land-use model independently or successively without a feedback loop, thus neglecting the interaction effects between the two systems and the induced competition effects among opportunities due to accessibility improvements. More than a mere methodological curiosity, failure to account for land- use/transport interactions and the competition effect may result in large underestimation of the policy effects. With the recent development of land-use and transport interaction (LUTI) models, there is a growing interest in using these models to adequately measure accessibility and evaluate its impact. The current study joins this research stream by embedding an accessibility measure in a LUTI model with two main aims. The first aim is to account for adaptive accessibility, namely the adjustment of the potential accessibility due to the effect of competition among opportunities (e.g., workplaces) as a result of improved accessibility. LUTI models are particularly suitable for assessing adaptive accessibility because the competition factor is a function of the number of jobs, which is related to land-use attractiveness and the number of workers which is related, among other factors, to the transport demand. The second aim is to identify the optimal implementation scenario of policy measures on the basis of the potential and adaptive accessibility and analyse the results in terms of social welfare and accessibility. The metropolitan area of Madrid is used as a case-study and two transport policy instruments, namely a cordon toll and bus frequency increase, have been chosen for the simulation study in order to present the usefulness of the approach to urban planners and policy makers. The MARS model (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) calibrated for Madrid was employed as the analysis tool. The impact of accessibility is embedded in the model through a social welfare function that includes not only costs and benefits to both road users and transport operators, but also costs and benefits for the government and society in general (external costs). An optimisation procedure is performed by the MARS model for maximizing the value of objective function in order to find the best (optimal) policy imp lementations intensity (i.e., price, frequency). Last, the two policy strategies are evaluated in terms of their accessibility. Results show that the accessibility with competition factor influences the optimal policy implementation level and also generates different results in terms of social welfare. In addition, mapping the difference between the potential and the adaptive accessibility indicators shows that the main changes occur in areas where there is a strong competition among land-use opportunities.

Optimización del peaje en autopistas interurbanas que compiten con carreteras convencionales libres de pago : una perspectiva de eficiencia y equidad

En algunos países, como por ejemplo España, es común que entre un origen y un destino existan dos carreteras paralelas en las que existen ciertas diferencias. La más importante es que una de las vías es una autopista que ofrece a los usuarios una mayor comodidad y un menor tiempo de viaje a cambio del pago de un peaje, el cual no es necesario abonar en la carretera convencional paralela. Así, el problema de la tarificación vial ha sido estudiado en diversas ocasiones. Existe un amplio consenso en que para lograr el máximo bienestar social, los usuarios deben internalizar las externalidades que producen y no perciben a través de un peaje. Sin embargo, dicho peaje puede perjudicar a los usuarios con bajos ingresos. Dependiendo del objetivo (por ejemplo, maximizar el bienestar, maximizar la equidad social, la amortización de la construcción de la carretera, etc) el peaje óptimo podría variar sustancialmente. La literatura académica acerca de los peajes, la eficiencia y la equidad es vasta y diversa. Sin embargo, hemos encontrado una deficiencia en dicha literatura sobre el peaje óptimo, en corredores donde una carretera y una autopista con diferentes características de calidad compiten para capturar el tráfico. Particularmente no se ha encontrado ninguna investigación acerca del establecimiento del peaje que maximice el bienestar social o la equidad para distintas distribuciones del valor del tiempo de viaje (VTT), caracterizadas por su media y varianza. Por ello, el principal objetivo de la investigación es estimar la influencia que tiene la distribución de la renta de una sociedad sobre el peaje óptimo. La presente tesis doctoral trata de obtener, por medio de una metodología robusta, las diferentes políticas de peajes que los planificadores de transporte deberían llevar a cabo según la riqueza y cohesión social de los potenciales usuarios del corredor, la demanda y el objetivo que se busque con dicha tarificación, esto es, maximizar el bienestar social o la equidad. Adicionalmente también se obtienen los peajes óptimos dependiendo de si el corredor se encuentra totalmente tarificado o únicamente se debe pagar un peaje por circular en la autopista. In some countries, such as Spain, it is very common that in the same corridor there are two roads with the same origin and destination but with some differences. The most important contrast is that one is a toll highway which offers a better quality than the parallel road in exchange of a price. The users decide if the price of the toll worth to pay for the advantages offered. The problem of road pricing has been largely studied. It is well acknowledged that in order to achieve the maximum social welfare, users must internalize the externalities they produce and do not perceive through a toll. However, that toll can harm users with low income. Depending on the objective (e.g. maximize welfare, maximize social equity, amortize the construction of the road, etc) the optimal toll might vary substantially. The academic literature about pricing, efficiency and equity is vast and diverse. However, as far as we have found, there is a gap in the literature regarding the optimal price where a road and a highway with different quality characteristics compete for capturing the traffic in a corridor. Particularly we did not find any research estimating the optimal welfare price or the optimal equity price for different Value of Travel Time (VTT) distributions characterized by different VTT average and variance. The objective of the research is to fill this gap. In this research a theoretical model in order to obtain the optimal price in a toll highway that competes for capturing the traffic with a conventional road is developed. This model is done from the welfare and equity perspective and for non‐usual users who decide over the expectation of free flow conditions. The model is finally applied to the variables we want to focus on: average value of travel time (VTT) which is strongly related with income, dispersion of this VTT, different kind of distributions of VTT and traffic levels, from free flow to congestion. Furthermore, we also obtain the optimal tolls with the corridor completely charged or with untolled alternative.

Sistema autónomo para carga de baterías mediante una instalación fotovoltaica con aplicación directa al vehículo eléctrico y usos

La situación energética actual es insostenible y como consecuencia se plantea un escenario próximo orientado a conseguir un futuro energético sostenible que permita el desarrollo económico y el bienestar social. La situación ambiental actual está afectada directamente por la combustión de combustibles fósiles que en 2013 constituyeron el 81% de la energía primaria utilizada por el ser humano y son la principal fuente antropogénica de gases de efecto invernadero. Los informes del IPCC1, ponen de manifiesto que el cambio climático se ha consolidado durante los últimos años y en la conferencia de la ONU sobre cambio climático de París que se celebrará a finales de 2015, se pretende que los gobiernos suscriban un acuerdo universal para limitar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y evitar que el incremento de la temperatura media global supere los 2°C. Por otra parte, en el interior de las ciudades es especialmente preocupante, por su efecto directo sobre la salud humana, el impacto ambiental producido por las emisiones de NOx que generan el transporte de personas y mercancías. El sector del transporte fue responsable en 2012 del 27,9% del consumo final de energía. Una vez expuesto el escenario energético y ambiental actual, en esta tesis, se analiza la eficiencia de un sistema autónomo fotovoltaico para la carga de baterías de vehículos eléctricos y el uso del mismo con otras cargas, con el objetivo de aprovechar al máximo la energía eléctrica generada y contribuir a la utilización de energía limpia que no produzca impacto ambiental. Como primer paso para el desarrollo de la tesis se hizo un estudio de trabajos previos comenzando por las primeras aplicaciones de la energía fotovoltaica en los vehículos solares para después pasar a trabajos más recientes enfocados al suministro de energía a los vehículos eléctricos. También se hizo este estudio sobre las metodologías de simulación en los sistemas fotovoltaicos y en el modelado de distintos componentes. Posteriormente se eligieron, dentro de la amplia oferta existente en el mercado, los componentes con características técnicas más adecuadas para este tipo de instalaciones y para las necesidades que se pretenden cubrir. A partir de los parámetros técnicos de los componentes elegidos para configurar la instalación autónoma y utilizando modelos contrastados de distintos componentes, se ha desarrollado un modelo de simulación en ordenador del sistema completo con el que se han hecho simulaciones con distintos modos de demanda de energía eléctrica, según los modos de carga disponibles en el vehículo eléctrico para corriente alterna monofásica de 230 V. También se han simulado distintos tamaños del generador fotovoltaico y del sistema de acumulación de energía eléctrica para poder determinar la influencia de estos parámetros en los balances energéticos del sistema. Utilizando recursos propios el doctorando ha realizado la instalación real de un sistema fotovoltaico que incluye sistema de acumulación e inversor en un edificio de su propiedad. Para la realización de la tesis, La Fundación de Fomento e Innovación Industrial (F2I2) ha facilitado al doctorando un dispositivo que permite realizar la alimentación del vehículo eléctrico en modo 2 (este modo emplea un adaptador que incorpora dispositivos de seguridad y se comunica con el vehículo permitiendo ajustar la velocidad de recarga) y que ha sido necesario para los trabajos desarrollados. Se ha utilizado la red eléctrica como sistema de apoyo de la instalación fotovoltaica para permitir la recarga en el modo 2 que requiere más potencia que la proporcionada por el sistema fotovoltaico instalado. Se han analizado mediante simulación distintos regímenes de carga que se han estudiado experimentalmente en la instalación realizada, a la vez que se han hecho ensayos que se han reproducido mediante simulación con los mismos valores de radiación solar y temperatura con objeto de contrastar el modelo. Se han comparado los resultados experimentales con los obtenidos mediante simulación con objeto de caracterizar el comportamiento del sistema de acumulación (energía eléctrica suministrada y tensión de salida en las baterías) y del generador fotovoltaico (energía eléctrica fotovoltaica suministrada). Por último, se ha realizado un estudio económico de la instalación autónoma fotovoltaica ejecutada y simulada. En el mismo se ha planteado la utilización de fondos propios (como realmente se ha llevado a cabo) y la utilización de financiación, para determinar dos posibles escenarios que pudieran ser de utilidad a un propietario de vehículo eléctrico. Se han comparado los resultados obtenidos en los dos escenarios propuestos del estudio económico del sistema, en cuanto a los parámetros de tiempo de retorno de la inversión, valor actual neto de la inversión y tasa interna de retorno de la misma. Las conclusiones técnicas obtenidas, permiten la utilización del sistema con los modos de carga ensayados y otro tipo de cargas que aprovechen la generación eléctrica del sistema. Las baterías ofrecen mejor comportamiento cuando el aporte fotovoltaico está presente, pero no considera adecuado la conexión de cargas elevadas a un sistema de acumulación de gel (plomo-acido) como el que se ha utilizado, debido al comportamiento de este tipo de baterías ante demandas de intensidad de corriente eléctrica elevadas. Por otra parte, el comportamiento de este tipo de baterías con valores de intensidad de corriente eléctrica inferiores a 10 A en ausencia de energía fotovoltaica, con el objetivo de utilizar la generación de energía eléctrica diaria acumulada en el sistema, sí resulta interesante y ofrece un buen comportamiento del sistema de acumulación. Las circunstancias actuales de mercado, que carece de sistemas de acumulación de litio con precios de compra interesantes, no han permitido poder experimentar este sistema de acumulación en la instalación autónoma fotovoltaica ejecutada, tampoco se ha podido obtener el favor de ningún fabricante para ello. Actualmente hay disponibles sistemas de acumulación en litio que no se comercializan en España y que serían adecuados para el sistema de acumulación de energía propuesto en este estudio, que deja abierta las puertas para futuros trabajos de investigación. Las conclusiones económicas obtenidas, rentabilizan el uso de una instalación autónoma fotovoltaica con consumo instantáneo, sin acumulación de energía eléctrica. El futuro de conexión a red por parte de estas instalaciones, cuando se regule, aportará un incentivo económico para rentabilizar con menos tiempo las instalaciones autónomas fotovoltaicas, esto también deja la puerta abierta a futuros trabajos de investigación. El sistema de acumulación de energía aporta el mayor peso económico de inversión en este tipo de instalaciones. La instalación estudiada aporta indicadores económicos que la hacen rentable, pero se necesitaría que los precios de acumulación de la energía en sistemas eficientes estén comprendidos entre 100-200 €/kWh para que el sistema propuesto en este trabajo resulte atractivo a un potencial propietario de un vehículo eléctrico. ABSTRACT The current energy situation is untenable; it poses a scenario next focused on reaching a sustainable energy future, to allow economic development and social welfare. The environmental current situation is affected directly by the combustion of fossil fuels that in 2013 constituted 81 % of the primary energy used by the human being and they are the principal source human of greenhouse gases. The reports of the IPCC2, they reveal that the climate change has consolidated during the last years and in the conference of the UNO on climate change of Paris that will be celebrated at the end of 2015, there is claimed that the governments sign a universal agreement to limit the emission of greenhouse gases and to prevent that the increase of the global average temperature overcomes them 2°C. On the other hand, inside the cities it is specially worrying, for his direct effect on the human health, the environmental impact produced by the NOx emissions that generate the persons' transport and goods. The sector of the transport was responsible in 2012 of 27,9 % of the final consumption of energy. Once exposed the scenario and present environmental energy, in this thesis, it has analyzed the efficiency of an autonomous photovoltaic system for charging electric vehicles, and the use of the same with other workloads, with the objective to maximize the electrical energy generated and contribute to the use of clean energy that does not produce environmental impact. Since the first step for the development of the thesis did to itself a study of previous works beginning for the first applications of the photovoltaic power in the solar vehicles later to go on to more recent works focused on the power supply to the electrical vehicles. Also this study was done on the methodologies of simulation in the photovoltaic systems and in the shaped one of different components. Later they were chosen, inside the wide existing offer on the market, the components with technical characteristics more adapted for this type of facilities and for the needs that try to cover. From the technical parameters of the components chosen to form the autonomous installation and using models confirmed of different components, a model of simulation has developed in computer of the complete system with which simulations have been done by different manners of demand of electric power, according to the available manners of load in the electrical vehicle for single-phase alternating current of 230 V. Also there have been simulated different sizes of the photovoltaic generator and of the system of accumulation of electric power to be able to determine the influence of these parameters in the energy balances of the system. Using own resources the PhD student has realized a real installation of a photovoltaic system that includes system of accumulation and investing in a building of his property. For the accomplishment of the thesis, The Foundation of Promotion and Industrial Innovation (F2I2) it has facilitated to the PhD student a device that allows to realize the supply of the electrical vehicle in way 2 (this way uses an adapter that incorporates safety devices and communicates with the vehicle allowing to fit the speed of recharges) and that has been necessary for the developed works. The electrical network has been in use as system of support of the photovoltaic installation for allowing it her recharges in the way 2 that more power needs that provided by the photovoltaic installed system. There have been analyzed by means of simulation different rate of load that have been studied experimentally in the realized installation, simultaneously that have done to themselves tests that have reproduced by means of simulation with the same values of solar radiation and temperature in order the model contrasted. The experimental results have been compared by the obtained ones by means of simulation in order to characterize the behavior of the system of accumulation (supplied electric power and tension of exit in the batteries) and of the photovoltaic generator (photovoltaic supplied electric power). Finally, there has been realized an economic study of the autonomous photovoltaic executed and simulated installation. In the same one there has appeared the utilization of own funds (since really it has been carried out) and the utilization of financing, to determine two possible scenes that could be of usefulness to an owner of electrical vehicle. There have been compared the results obtained in both scenes proposed of the economic study of the system, as for the parameters of time of return of the investment, current clear value of the investment and rate hospitalizes of return of the same one. The technical obtained conclusions, they make the utilization of the system viable with the manners of load tested and another type of loads of that they take advantage the electrical generation of the system. The batteries offer better behavior when the photovoltaic contribution is present, but he does not consider to be suitable the connection of loads risen up to a system of accumulation of gel (lead - acid) as the one that has been in use, due to the behavior of this type of batteries before demands of intensity of electrical current raised. On the other hand, the behavior of this type of batteries with low values of intensity of electrical current to 10 To in absence of photovoltaic power, with the aim to use the generation of daily electric power accumulated in the system, yes turns out to be interesting and offers a good behavior of the system of accumulation. The current circumstances of market, which lacks systems of accumulation of lithium with interesting purchase prices, have not allowed to be able to experience this system of accumulation in the autonomous photovoltaic executed installation, neither one could have obtained the favor of any manufacturer for it. Nowadays there are available systems of accumulation in lithium that is not commercialized in Spain and that they would be adapted for the system of accumulation of energy proposed in this study, which makes the doors opened for future works of investigation. The economic obtained conclusions; they make more profitable the use of an autonomous photovoltaic installation with instantaneous consumption, without accumulation of electric power. The future of connection to network on the part of these facilities, when it is regulated, will contribute an economic incentive to make profitable with less time the autonomous photovoltaic facilities, this also leaves the door opened for future works of investigation. The system of accumulation of energy contributes the major economic weight of investment in this type of facilities. The studied installation contributes economic indicators that make her profitable, but it would be necessary that the prices of accumulation of the energy in efficient systems are understood between 100-200 € in order that the system proposed in this work turns out to be attractive to a proprietary potential of an electrical vehicle.

Assessing the accessibility impact of transport policy by a land-use and transport interaction model - The case of Madrid

Accessibility is an essential concept widely used to evaluate the impact of transport and land-use strategies in urban planning and policy making. Accessibility is typically evaluated by using separately a transport model or a land-use model. This paper embeds two accessibility indicators (i.e., potential and adaptive accessibility) in a land use and transport interaction (LUTI) model in order to assess transport policies implementation. The first aim is to define the adaptive accessibility, considering the competition factor at territorial level (e.g. workplaces and workers). The second aim is to identify the optimal implementation scenario of policy measures using potential and adaptive accessibility indicators. The analysis of the results in terms of social welfare and accessibility changes closes the paper. Two transport policy measures are applied in Madrid region: a cordon toll and increase bus frequency. They have been simulated through the MARS model (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator, i.e. LUTI model). An optimisation procedure is performed by MARS for maximizing the value of the objective function in order to find the optimal policy implementation (first best). Both policy measures are evaluated in terms of accessibility. Results show that the introduction of the accessibility indicators (potential and adaptive) influence the optimal value of the toll price and bus frequency level, generating different results in terms of social welfare. Mapping the difference between potential and adaptive accessibility indicator shows that the main changes occur in areas where there is a strong competition among different land-use opportunities.

Estratégia de diversificação e coordenação em cadeias da sociobiodiversidade

O presente trabalho trata da relação entre estratégias de diversificação junto a produção rural familiar e os incentivos decorrentes das diferentes estruturas de governança que determinam as relações sistêmicas de troca e divisão do trabalho. A necessidade de manutenção no nível de bem-estar social associado a renda familiar e as contingências do ambiente em que este segmento se insere leva a considerar o processo de inovação como fenômeno transitório onde a firma rural adote diferentes fontes de rendimento, dentro e fora da propriedade. A compreensão de como as variáveis transacionais (incerteza, especificidade dos ativos, frequência e interação entre transações) interferem na decisão de alocação de recursos pode ser útil no delineamento de políticas voltadas ao desenvolvimento local sustentável. Para isso, um modelo heurístico é proposto relacionando duas variáveis: complementariedade estratégica e mobilidade. Quatro comunidades fornecedoras de insumos da sociobiodiversidade brasileira ajudam a ilustrar a proposta analítica, a saber: Salvaterra, Bragança, Breves, no estado do Pará, e Palmeira do Piauí no estado do Piauí. A conclusão é que os atores econômicos agem conforme suas capacidades tecnológicas e gerenciais e combinação de incentivos externos a firma, o que reflete em sua capacidade de manter o nível de renda.

Salud materna y perspectiva de género en el primer franquismo: la colección «Al servicio de España y del niño español»

Se presenta un análisis de las publicaciones de la colección «Al Servicio de España y del Niño Español», aparecidas entre 1938 y 1952 en relación con la salud maternal, el discurso de género, el trabajo femenino y las prácticas del cuidado de niños. La mayor preocupación del régimen franquista en este ámbito fue la política pronatalista y combatir los elevados índices de mortalidad infantil, de los que la ignorancia femenina se consideraba una de las principales causas. Las campañas de divulgación sanitaria estuvieron dirigidas a mejorar la capacitación de las mujeres en la denominada «ciencia materna», culpabilizándolas de esas muertes. La salud de la mujer preocupó porque de ella dependía la salud del niño. El discurso de género favoreció el modelo ideológico de mujer de la Sección Femenina de Falange, Auxilio Social y de la Iglesia Católica.

Nutrición y salud pública: políticas de alimentación escolar en la España contemporánea (1931-1978)

El trabajo aborda los antecedentes históricos de las políticas de alimentación escolar en la España del siglo XX, a través del análisis del corpus normativo y de los textos y materiales que generaron organismos nacionales e internacionales que participaron en su implementación. La investigación muestra el impacto que tuvo el contexto internacional y en particular los acuerdos que se alcanzaron durante el primer franquismo con los Estados Unidos y con la FAO y UNICEF, en el desarrollo de dichas políticas. El carácter filantrópico de las primeras cantinas fue sustituido por una creciente implicación del ámbito público, al incorporar la alimentación de los escolares como objetivo de las políticas sanitarias y educativas de la Segunda República. La Ley de Educación Primaria de 1945 permitió la gradual institucionalización de la alimentación escolar. La creación en 1954 del Servicio Escolar de Alimentación y Nutrición y la necesidad de coordinar la ayuda norteamericana facilitaron la implementación de programas como el de Productos Lácteos pro Bienestar Infantil y Social o el de Educación en Alimentación y Nutrición, lo cual permitió implantar el complemento alimenticio en escolares y llevar a cabo un conjunto de actividades educativas coordinadas encaminadas a mejorar su alimentación.

La opinión pública internacional y el Estado del Bienestar

Esta investigación efectúa una revisión de los proyectos internacionales de opinión pública que estudian, de forma comparada, las opiniones y valores relacionados con la provisión del bienestar social. Las dificultades metodológicas que plantea la comparación entre diferentes países es elevada. No obstante, de dicho estudio exploratorio se pueden extraer varias conclusiones relevantes. Así, la opinión pública entiende que la obligación de proveer de bienestar social es del gobierno y de la administración pública. No es una responsabilidad de la sociedad civil o de las organizaciones que la vertebran. El papel que se atribuye a las instituciones de caridad o del sector privado es mínimo. La reducción de la intervención del estado en el bienestar, es valorada de forma negativa en todos los países considerados. En la atención a la pobreza y la reducción de desigualdades también se atribuye el papel central al gobierno y el estado. En general, tanto los planteamientos individualistas, donde cada individuo debe resolver sus problemas por sí solo, como el planteamiento que traslada a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil la responsabilidad de la protección social, no tienen acogida en la opinión pública de los países considerados. La opinión sobre la necesidad de que el gobierno intervenga para reducir las diferencias en los ingresos, debe interpretarse en un contexto general donde la impresión más extendida afirma que la desigualdad se acentúa e incrementa en los últimos años. Una desigualdad considerada como un problema grave, e importante para la democracia en el país. En cierto sentido la desigualdad, la pobreza y la responsabilidad del gobierno para atenuar una y evitar la otra, son más que evidentes, así como su lectura desde la óptica de la legitimación democrática del sistema. Nos encontramos en una situación paradójica donde, si bien queda perfectamente claro que la responsabilidad de la lucha contra la pobreza es de los gobiernos, como veremos, en general la confianza en que estos gobiernos van a actuar e intervenir correctamente es bastante baja. La crisis iniciada en 2007 y el desmantelamiento del estado de bienestar que se efectúa en varias sociedades del sur de Europa se producen en este contexto.

Essays in dynamic optimal taxation: working experience, unemployment scarring and poverty

This thesis investigates the design of optimal tax systems in dynamic environments. The first essay characterizes the optimal tax system where wages depend on stochastic shocks and work experience. In addition to redistributive and efficiency motives, the taxation of inexperienced workers depends on a second-best requirement that encourages work experience, a social insurance motive and incentive effects. Calibrations using U.S. data yield higher expected optimal marginal income tax rates for experienced workers for most of the inexperienced workers. They confirm that the average marginal income tax rate increases (decreases) with age when shocks and work experience are substitutes (complements). Finally, more variability in experienced workers' earnings prospects leads to increasing tax rates since income taxation acts as a social insurance mechanism. In the second essay, the properties of an optimal tax system are investigated in a dynamic private information economy where labor market frictions create unemployment that destroys workers' human capital. A two-skill type model is considered where wages and employment are endogenous. I find that the optimal tax system distorts the first-period wages of all workers below their efficient levels which leads to more employment. The standard no-distortion-at-the-top result no longer holds due to the combination of private information and the destruction of human capital. I show this result analytically under the Maximin social welfare function and confirm it numerically for a general social welfare function. I also investigate the use of a training program and job creation subsidies. The final essay analyzes the optimal linear tax system when there is a population of individuals whose perceptions of savings are linked to their disposable income and their family background through family cultural transmission. Aside from the standard equity/efficiency trade-off, taxes account for the endogeneity of perceptions through two channels. First, taxing labor decreases income, which decreases the perception of savings through time. Second, taxation on savings corrects for the misperceptions of workers and thus savings and labor decisions. Numerical simulations confirm that behavioral issues push labor income taxes upward to finance saving subsidies. Government transfers to individuals are also decreased to finance those same subsidies.

Recursos hídricos superficiais vs subterrâneos na Várzea da Nazaré : implicações na qualidade da água

Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Hidrogeologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016

Stigmatisation of EU mobile citizens: a ticking time bomb for the European project. EPC Commentary, 24 January 2014

The 2013 European Year of Citizens was profoundly marked by escalating attacks against one of the EU’s major achievement for EU citizens: freedom of movement. In April 2013, Home Affairs Ministers from Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK were party to a letter claiming that “a significant number of new immigrants draw social assistance in the host countries, frequently without genuine entitlement, burdening host societies’ social welfare systems”. This letter laid the groundwork for a “battle plan”, presented by David Cameron in November, which aimed to make the free movement of persons “less free” and put forward the idea of capping “EU migration”. Furthermore, in December, the German conservative Christian Social Union (CSU) took up a similar petty political discourse. After the end of the transitional period for Romania and Bulgaria on 1 January 2014, the debate continues with Chuka Umunna (British Labour Party) proposing to restrict the freedom of movement to highly skilled EU citizens and to citizens in possession of a firm job offer. Alongside this, the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel announced the formation of a committee to investigate “poverty migration” in Germany. This wave of resentment has been more recently followed by the UK Prime Minister David Cameron, expressing his intention to re-negotiate EU law in order to be able to withdraw child benefits from EU citizens working in the UK, citing Polish citizens working in the UK as an example. Seeing this as a stigmatisation of the Polish population, the Polish foreign minister, Radosław Sikorski, qualified Cameron’s discourse as “unacceptable”. The debate over limiting freedom of movement has continuously escalated and reached a worrying level. With the EP elections approaching in May 2014, this debate is likely to become worse.

Services in European Policies. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefing 16/2007

This paper’s objective is twofold. Firstly, it presents the case for services-related policies in the current European Union (EU). The services economy is frequently misunderstood, due to old and new myths that stem from the classic economic tradition. These myths obscure the role of the services economy in economic development. Nonetheless, the European services economy faces specific problems, such as lack of market integration, which amplifies arguments that justify policy actions toward services within a framework where market and systemic failures do apply. Secondly, this paper focuses on existing services-policies at the EU level, paying special attention to the internal market for services policies and to the complementary role of primarily non-regulatory policies. Within a comprehensive policy framework, each individual policy will have a higher impact, improved implementation and easier acceptance. Synergies among services-related policies should be promoted; the internal market policies, enterprise and industrial policies, competition policies and regional policies may take the lead in such a framework. Since the Lisbon Strategy, services have begun to gain recognition in EU policy agendas. This paper attempts to increase their visibility and to highlight their crucial role in European integration and in economic growth and social welfare.

Preferential trade agreements and antidumping actions against members and nonmembers

In a three-country oligopoly model, this paper analyzes a country's decisions concerning antidumping (AD) action against two foreign countries and the relationship between those decisions and regional trade agreements (RTAs). An RTA intensifies product-market competition in the markets of member countries and lowers product prices, while it raises export prices of goods subject to tariff reductions. This effect widens the dumping margin of the non-member firm and narrows the dumping margin of the member firm. If the government is more concerned with domestic firm profit in its AD decision, the RTA may invoke the member's AD action against the nonmember. If the governments attach a sufficiently high value on social welfare, however, the RTA may promote the AD action against the member. If the governments' weight on the domestic firm's profit is neither high nor low, an RTA may block the AD actions against both countries.

Americans with Disabilities Act : annotated bibliography of resources /

"Grant #93-CR-CX-0001"--P. [2] of cover.

Democracy,

Natural rights of man.--Principles of democracy.--The Constitution.--Political economy.--Social welfare.--Religion.--Foreign affairs.--Appendix: 1. Axioms and dicta. II. Opinion of contemporaries. III. Select bibliography (p. 283-285)