Influence of reconstruction parameters during filtered backprojection and ordered-subset expectation maximization in the measurement of the left-ventricular volumes and function during gated SPECT

A crucial method for investigating patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is the calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). It is, consequently, imperative to precisely estimate the value of LVEF--a process that can be done with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish and compare the estimation performance of the quantitative parameters of the reconstruction methods filtered backprojection (FBP) and ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM). Methods: A beating-heart phantom with known values of end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and LVEF was used. Quantitative gated SPECT/quantitative perfusion SPECT software was used to obtain these quantitative parameters in a semiautomatic mode. The Butterworth filter was used in FBP, with the cutoff frequencies between 0.2 and 0.8 cycles per pixel combined with the orders of 5, 10, 15, and 20. Sixty-three reconstructions were performed using 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 OSEM subsets, combined with several iterations: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 32, and 64. Results: With FBP, the values of end-diastolic, end-systolic, and the stroke volumes rise as the cutoff frequency increases, whereas the value of LVEF diminishes. This same pattern is verified with the OSEM reconstruction. However, with OSEM there is a more precise estimation of the quantitative parameters, especially with the combinations 2 iterations × 10 subsets and 2 iterations × 12 subsets. Conclusion: The OSEM reconstruction presents better estimations of the quantitative parameters than does FBP. This study recommends the use of 2 iterations with 10 or 12 subsets for OSEM and a cutoff frequency of 0.5 cycles per pixel with the orders 5, 10, or 15 for FBP as the best estimations for the left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction quantification in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.

Effects of the length and timing of nighttime naps on task performance and physiological function

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of the length and timing of nighttime naps on performance and physiological functions, an experimental study was carried out under simulated night shift schedules. METHODS: Six students were recruited for this study that was composed of 5 experiments. Each experiment involved 3 consecutive days with one night shift (22:00-8:00) followed by daytime sleep and night sleep. The experiments had 5 conditions in which the length and timing of naps were manipulated: 0:00-1:00 (E60), 0:00-2:00 (E120), 4:00-5:00 (L60), 4:00-6:00 (L120), and no nap (No-nap). During the night shifts, participants underwent performance tests. A questionnaire on subjective fatigue and a critical flicker fusion frequency test were administered after the performance tests. Heart rate variability and rectal temperature were recorded continuously during the experiments. Polysomnography was also recorded during the nap. RESULTS: Sleep latency was shorter and sleep efficiency was higher in the nap in L60 and L120 than that in E60 and E120. Slow wave sleep in the naps in E120 and L120 was longer than that in E60 and L60. The mean reaction time in L60 became longer after the nap, and faster in E60 and E120. Earlier naps serve to counteract the decrement in performance and physiological functions during night shifts. Performance was somewhat improved by taking a 2-hour nap later in the shift, but deteriorated after a one-hour nap. CONCLUSIONS: Naps in the latter half of the night shift were superior to earlier naps in terms of sleep quality. However performance declined after a 1-hour nap taken later in the night shift due to sleep inertia. This study suggests that appropriate timing of a short nap must be carefully considered, such as a 60-min nap during the night shift.

Impact of the background Region of Interest in the relative renal function

Renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) is performed with the aim of detect cortical abnormalities related to urinary tract infection and accurately quantify relative renal function (RRF). For this quantitative assessment Nuclear Medicine Technologist should draw regions of interest (ROI) around each kidney (KROI) and peri-renal background (BKG) ROI although controversy still exists about BKG-ROI. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the normalization procedure, number and location of BKG-ROI on the RRF in 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy.

Atendimento às mulheres vítimas de violência sexual: um estudo qualitativo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o funcionamento de serviços públicos de atendimento a mulheres vítimas de violência sexual. MÉTODOS: Estudo de natureza qualitativa realizado em dois serviços públicos de atendimento às mulheres vítimas da violência sexual. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 42 mulheres, sendo 13 que buscaram os serviços e 29 profissionais que trabalhavam nas equipes. A avaliação teve por referência as categorias: acolhimento, acesso, resolutividade e responsabilidade sanitária. RESULTADOS: A análise das entrevistas por categorias revelou haver acolhimento em ambos os serviços, dificuldade de acesso por falta de informação da existência desses serviços, resolutividade de qualidade com equipe multiprofissional. Quanto à responsabilidade sanitária, ela existe nesses serviços especializados, mas é deficiente nos pronto-socorros e unidades básicas de saúde. Muitas mulheres desconhecem os direitos que lhes garantem serviço especializado. Muitas vezes chegam tardiamente aos serviços comprometendo sua eficácia. Há deficiência na referência e contra-referência. CONCLUSÕES: As conclusões permitem ratificar a importância desses serviços de atendimento, a necessidade de sua ampliação descentralizada e a inserção da temática da violência sexual nas graduações dos cursos de saúde.

Solving MPCC problem with the hyperbolic penalty function

The main goal of this work is to solve mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC) using nonlinear programming techniques (NLP). An hyperbolic penalty function is used to solve MPCC problems by including the complementarity constraints in the penalty term. This penalty function [1] is twice continuously differentiable and combines features of both exterior and interior penalty methods. A set of AMPL problems from MacMPEC [2] are tested and a comparative study is performed.

Solving a signalized traffic intersection problem with an hyperbolic penalty function

Mathematical Program with Complementarity Constraints (MPCC) finds many applications in fields such as engineering design, economic equilibrium and mathematical programming theory itself. A queueing system model resulting from a single signalized intersection regulated by pre-timed control in traffic network is considered. The model is formulated as an MPCC problem. A MATLAB implementation based on an hyperbolic penalty function is used to solve this practical problem, computing the total average waiting time of the vehicles in all queues and the green split allocation. The problem was codified in AMPL.

First record of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) undergoing sexual transition in the South Western Atlantic, Brazil

The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus historically exploited by fisheries is a marine species showing slow growth, late maturation and protogynous hermaphroditism. Currently, it is considered as endangered by the IUCN. Therefore, it is essential to increase the knowledge about its biology and ecology to help conservation of this species. The present study reports the first record of a dusky grouper individual undergoing sexual transition, from female to male, in the Atlantic Ocean based on histological analyses of gonads. The specimen with total length: 770 mm; total weight: 8.1 kg and age: 21 years was captured in a rocky bottom along the coastline of the southernmost in Brazil.

Efeitos da timectomia neonatal sobre o dimorfismo sexual esquelético e concentração plasmática de leptina em ratos

Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - FOA

Characterization of a polyubiquitin gene in T. thermophila and of ubiquitin gene expression during sexual reproduction and under stress conditions

A 5-unit polyubiquitin gene, TTU3, was isolated from a T. thermophila genomic library and sequenced. This gene presents an extra triplet coding for Phe, a AGAGA motif and a putative HSE element in its 5'-non-coding region. The ubiquitin gene expression in this ciliate was investigated by Northern blot hybridization in conjugating cells or cells under stress conditions. Exponentially growing cells express two ubiquitin mRNAs of 0.75 and 1.8 kb and a new species of 1.4 kb is induced under hyperthermic stress. During sexual reproduction of the cells (conjugation) the 1.8-kb mRNA is still transcribed whereas the steady-state population of the 0.75 mRNA transcripts is strongly diminished. Southern blot analysis suggests that ubiquitin in T. thermophila constitutes a large family of about ten members.

The Tetrahymena chaperonin subunit CCT eta gene is coexpressed with CCT gamma gene during cilia biogenesis and cell sexual reproduction

We report here the cloning and the characterization of the T. pyriformis CCT eta gene (TpCCT eta) and also a partial sequence of the corresponding T. thermophila gene (TtCCT eta). The TpCCt eta gene encodes a protein sharing a 60.3% identity with the mouse CCT eta. We have studied the expression of these genes in Tetrahymena exponentially growing cells, cells regenerating their cilia for different periods and during different stages of the cell sexual reproduction. These genes have similar patterns of expression to those of the previously identified TpCCt gamma gene. Indeed, the Tetrahymena CCT eta and CCT gamma genes are up-regulated at 60-120 min of cilia recovery, and in conjugation when vegetative growth was resumed and cell division took place. Our results seem to indicate that both CCT subunits play an important role in the biogenesis of the newly synthesized cilia of Tetrahymena and during its cell division.

Percepções de professores portugueses sobre educação sexual

OBJETIVO: Avaliar percepções e atitudes em relação à educação sexual entre professores portugueses do ensino básico e secundário. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 371 professores de ambos os sexos, do segundo e terceiro ciclos e do ensino secundário do continente Português, entre Fevereiro e Março de 2006. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de questionário, pela técnica bola de neve, constituído por duas partes; a primeira abordava dados sociodemográficos, caracterização profissional, crenças religiosas, formação e experiência em educação sexual em meio escolar. A segunda parte foi composta por escalas relativas a atitudes, importância atribuída a temas de educação sexual e nível de ensino para introduzir tópicos de educação sexual. A análise das diferenças entre géneros, entre professores com e sem experiência em educação sexual, e entre professores com e sem formação complementar na área foi efectuada pela análise de variância ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Os professores, no geral, revelaram quer atitude quer importância médias/altas em relação à educação sexual. Imagem corporal foi o único tópico que deveria ser introduzido no primeiro ciclo. As professoras [F(1;366)=7,772; p=0,006] por oposição aos professores, os professores com formação em educação sexual [F(1;351)=8,030; p=0,005], por oposição aos que não têm formação, e os com experiência em educação sexual em meio escolar [F(1;356)=30,836; p=0,000], por oposição aos sem experiência, revelaram uma atitude mais positiva em relação à educação sexual (M=39,5; 40,4; 41,3; respectivamente). Somente professores com mais formação atribuíram mais importância à educação sexual [F(1;351)=5,436;p=0,020] e as professoras propuseram introdução da educação sexual mais cedo [F(1;370)=5,412; p=0,021]. CONCLUSÕES: Os professores no geral são favoráveis à educação sexual em meio escolar. O fato de a maioria dos tópicos ficarem reservados para os segundo e terceiro ciclos pode não ser adequado, pois a educação sexual deve ser introduzida antes da manifestação de comportamentos sexuais.

Plano amostral da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids, 2005

OBJETIVO: Descrever o plano amostral e os métodos de estimação utilizados na coleta e análise dos dados da Pesquisa sobre o Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids da População Brasileira em 2005. MÉTODOS: São apresentadas as decisões adotadas quanto à definição do universo da pesquisa, estratos de interesse da pesquisa e do plano amostral, principais procedimentos para análise dos dados e desempenho da amostra no campo. RESULTADOS DA AMOSTRAGEM: Foi elaborado plano probabilístico, com 5.040 unidades amostrais, obtidas sobre a população brasileira: indivíduos com idades entre 16 e 65 anos, residentes nos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros. Trata-se de plano amostral complexo, distribuído em oito domínios principais de estimação, desenhado em múltiplos estágios, com um homem ou mulher entrevistada no último desses estágios. Cada unidade entrevistada e cada domicílio têm probabilidade específica de pertencer à amostra.