Island colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae).

Numerous island-inhabiting species of predominantly herbaceous angiosperm genera are woody shrubs or trees. Such "insular woodiness" is strongly manifested in the genus Echium, in which the continental species of circummediterranean distribution are herbaceous, whereas endemic species of islands along the Atlantic coast of north Africa are woody perennial shrubs. The history of 37 Echium species was traced with 70 kb of noncoding DNA determined from both chloroplast and nuclear genomes. In all, 239 polymorphic positions with 137 informative sites, in addition to 27 informative indels, were found. Island-dwelling Echium species are shown to descend from herbaceous continental ancestors via a single island colonization event that occurred < 20 million years ago. Founding colonization appears to have taken place on the Canary Islands, from which the Madeira and Cape Verde archipelagos were invaded. Colonization of island habitats correlates with a recent origin of perennial woodiness from herbaceous habit and was furthermore accompanied by intense speciation, which brought forth remarkable diversity of forms among contemporary island endemics. We argue that the origin of insular woodiness involved response to counter-selection of inbreeding depression in founding island colonies.

Extended theory about the allocation of time: Description and application to the increase in the retirement age policies

This paper revises mainstream economic models which include time use in an explicit and endogenous manner, suggesting a extended theory which escape from the main problem existing in the literature. In order to do it, we start by presenting in section 2 the mainstream time use models in economics, showing their main features. Once this is done, we introduce the reader in the main problems this kind of well established models imply, within section 3, being the most highlighted the problem of joint production. Subsequently, we propose an extended theory which solves the problem of joint production; this is extensively described in section 4. Last, but not least, we apply this model to offer a time use analysis of the effect of a policy which increases the retirement age in a life-cycle perspective for a representative individual.

Birds from Nepal [by] Austin L. Rand [and] Robert L. Fleming.

v.41:no.1(1957)

Lithological studies : a description and classification of the rocks of the Cordilleras / by M.E. Wadsworth. With eight plates.

v.11:no.1 (1884)

A voyage to China and the East Indies,

2

A voyage to China and the East Indies,

1

Journal and orderly book : manuscript, 1758 May-Oct

Copied orders and narrative entries of a military expedition to Schenectady and the Oneida station.

New England and Eastern New York Railroads, 1849 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Railroad map of New England & eastern New York : compiled from the most authentic sources, by J.H. Goldthwait. It was published in 1849 by Redding & Co. and Clark, Austin, & Co. Scale [ca. 1:700,000]. Covers Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and portions of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as railroads completed and in progress, drainage, state, county, and town boundaries, and more. Includes inset: Boston & vicinity showing the Grand Junction R.R. Scale [ca. 1:170,000]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Description of the domains of Egypt : manuscript, undated

Title supplied by cataloger.