土壤活性有机碳

土壤活性有机碳是土壤中活跃的化学组分,能显著影响土壤化学物质的溶解、吸附、解吸、吸收、迁移乃至生物毒性等行为,近年来土壤活性有机碳已成为土壤、环境和生态科学领域所关注的焦点和研究的热点。本文从土壤活性有机碳的来源、组成、含量、影响因素以及环境意义等方面做了简要的论述。一般认为,土壤活性有机碳来源于植物凋落物的分解、根系分泌物、土壤有机质的水解、土壤微生物本身及其代谢产物,因为来源的不同土壤活性有机碳含量也不同;影响土壤活性有机碳的因素有很多,研究表明,土壤活性有机碳随季节和湿度的变化呈现十分强烈的变异趋势;土地利用方式改变对土壤活性有机碳的影响在不同的研究中有不同的结果;土地管理措施如耕作、施有机肥和化肥、改变土壤pH值等对土壤活性有机碳也有很大的影响。土壤活性有机碳的生态环境效应主要表现在它对调节土壤养分流有很大影响,与土壤内在的生产力高度相关;它作为重金属的有机配体,对土壤溶液中的微量重金属的可移动性和迁移过程以及金属复合物的形成过程有着重要作用;它的存在影响农药在土壤中的截留、增加农药的水溶性,并影响农药在土壤中的运动;它对温室气体的排放、水体富营养化、岩石圈溶蚀都有很重要的作用。同时指出了未来的研究方向。

Brittle-ductile transition of polypropylene/ethyllene-propylene-diene monomer blends induced by size, temperature, and time

To study the brittle-ductile transition (BDT) of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) blends induced by size, temperature, and time, the toughness of the PP/EPDM blends was investigated over wide ranges of EPDM content, temperature, and strain rate. The toughness of the blends was determined from the tensile fracture energy of the side-edge notched samples. The concept of interparticle distance (ID) was introduced into this study to probe the size effect on the BDT of PP/EPDM blends, whereas the effect of time corresponded to that of strain rate. The BDT induced by size, temperature, and time was observed in the fracture energy versus ID, temperature, and strain rate. The critical BDT temperatures for various EPDM contents at different initial strain rates were obtained from these transitions. The critical interparticle distance (IDc) increased nonlinearly with increasing temperature, and when the initial strain rate was lower, the IDc was larger. Moreover, the variation of the reciprocal of the initial strain rate with the reciprocal of temperature followed different straight lines for various EPDM contents. These straight lines were with the same slope.

用Procrustes旋转-相关光谱数据分解同时光度测定硝酸根和亚硝酸根的探讨

输入具有相同光谱轮廓但不同浓度试样的吸光度数据，通过对相关光谱的分解及Procrustes旋转，可在无需校正试样的情况下获得试样中的组分数、纯组分光谱轮廓和各组分的相对浓度等信息，本文探索将此方法应用于NO-2及NO-3的同时光度测定，获得较好的结果。

STUDIES ON THE SULFONATION OF POLY(PHENYLENE OXIDE) (PPO) AND PERMEATION BEHAVIOR OF CASES AND WATER-VAPOR THROUGH SULFONATED PPO MEMBRANES .1. SULFONATION OF PPO AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRODUCTS

Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO) was sulfonated to varying degrees using different sulfonating agents. Physical properties such as solubility, density, and thermal properties were studied for both PPO and sulfonated PPO (SPPO) with different degree

ENTANGLEMENT FLUCTUATION DURING PHASE-SEPARATION IN POLYMER BLENDS

For perhaps the first time, the dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation was studied by time-resolved mechanical spectrometry in order to establish the relationship between blends' properties and the phase structures during spinodal decomposition (SD). The selected system was chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). It was found that in the early and intermediate stage of SD, the storage modulus (G') and the loss modulus (G'') increase with time after the initiation of the isothermal phase separation; in the later stage, G' and G'' decrease as phase separation proceeds. An entanglement fluctuation model was presented to manifest this phenomenon; it was found that the rheological behavior agrees well with the expections of the model in the early stage. For the later stage, the reduction of G' and G'' can be attributed to the increment of phase-domain size. (C) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen gene (HBsAg) in Laminaria japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)

A transformation model for Laminaria japonica was established from 1993 to 1998, on the basis of which the transgenic kelp with heterologous gene encoding hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was obtained by using the micro-particle bombardment transformation method. Results of quantitative ELISA showed that HBsAg in transgenic kelp was 0.529 mug/mg soluble proteins on average and the highest value was 2.497 mug/mg, implying that recombinant HBsAg had natural epitope. Further support for the integration of HBsAg gene into kelp genome was obtained by PCR-Southern and total DNA hybridization. Prospect of kelp bio-reactor producing high value materials such as edible HBV vaccine was discussed as well.

Biochemical and electron microscopic characterization of the F1F0 ATP Synthase from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Aquifex aeolicus

The F1F0 ATP synthase has been purified from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Aquifex aeolicus and characterized. Its subunits have been identified by MALDI-mass spectrometry through peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS. It contains the canonical subunits alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon of F-1 and subunits a and c of F-0. Two versions of the b subunit were found, which show a low sequence homology to each other. Most likely they form a heterodimer. An electron microscopic single particle analysis revealed clear structural details, including two stalks connecting F-1 and F-0. In several orientations the central stalk appears to be tilted and/or kinked. It is unclear whether there is a direct connection between the peripheral stalk and the 6 subunit. (c) 2006 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A theoretical framework of tracer methods for marine sediment dynamics

A new theoretical framework of tracer methods is proposed in the present contribution, on the basis of mass conservation. This model is applicable for both artificial and natural tracers. It can be used to calculate the spatial distribution patterns of sediment transport rate, thus providing independent information and verification for the results derived from empirical formulae. For the procedures of the calculation, first, the tracer concentration and topographic maps of two times are obtained. Then, the spatial and temporal changes in the concentration and seabed elevation are calculated, and the boundary conditions required are determined by field observations (such as flow and bedform migration measurements). Finally, based upon eqs. (1) and (13), the transport rate is calculated and expressed as a function of the position over the study area. Further, appropriate modifications to the model may allow the tracer to have different densities and grain size distributions from the bulk sediment.

Geochemical anomalies of hydrothermal plume at EPR 13 degrees N

During the DY105-12, 14cruise (RN DAYANG YIHAO, November 2003) on East Pacific Rise (EPR) 12-13 degrees N, the submarine hydrothermal activity was investigated and the CTD hydrocast was carried out at EPR12 degrees 39 ' N - 12 degrees 54 ' N. From the temperature anomalies and the concentrations of magnesium, chlorine, bromine in seawater samples, we discover that magnesium depletes 9.3%-22.4%, chlorine and bromine enrich 10.3%-28.7% and 10.7%-29.0% respectively relative to normal seawater at the stations which have chemistry anomalies, moreover temperature and chemistry anomalies are at the same layer. The depletion of magnesium in the plume may be caused by a fluid lacking of magnesium which rises after the hydrothermal fluid reaches the equilibrium with ambient seawater, the enrichment of chlorine and bromine might be the result of inputting later brine which is generated by phase separation due to hydrothermal activity. In addition, the Br/CI ratio in the abnormal layers at the survey area is identical to that in seawater, which implies that halite dissolution (or precipitation) occurs neither when the fluid is vented nor when hydrothermal fluid entraining ambient seawater rises to form plume. From the abnormal instance at E55 station, it is very possible that there might exist a new hydrothermal vent site.

胶州湾悬浮颗粒物中脂肪酸的时空分布及其在初级生产者到初级消费者食物传递中的作用

研究初级食物供给与初级消费之间数量与质量的关系在海洋浮游生态系统食物网研究中占有基础地位。悬浮颗粒物及浮游动物中脂肪酸的组成和含量可以很好地为食物关系研究提供信息。当悬浮颗粒物在时空上存在数量和质量差异时，这种差异就可能在浮游动物中体现出来，而且通过脂肪酸的信息可以追踪到这种差异。本研究旨在阐明脂肪酸在悬浮颗粒物组成中的生物标记作用和在悬浮颗粒物到浮游动物食物传递过程中的营养指示作用，同时应用这一标记物研究胶州湾海域悬浮颗粒物的大体分布及其与浮游动物间的食物关系。 文章首先依据2005年3月－2006年2月胶州湾颗粒有机碳及叶绿素a的数据估测碳生物量的转化系数，发现该系数受时空环境差异的影响，平均为56，从而推导出胶州湾浮游植物有机碳浓度，进而探讨浮游植物对颗粒有机碳的贡献。对各参数分析结果显示胶州湾颗粒有机碳、叶绿素a和浮游植物有机碳年平均浓度分别为为0.47 mg.L-1、4.16 μg.L-1及0.23 mg.L-1，三者表现出相似的时空变化动态，即湾内沿岸水域较高，湾外较低，夏季较高秋冬季较低。浮游植物对颗粒有机碳的贡献较高，年平均接近37%。 对悬浮颗粒物的脂肪酸组成分析后发现饱和脂肪酸（SSFA）16:0，14:0，18:0及单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）Σ16:1(ω7+ω5+ω9)所占比例较高，多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）中EPA和DHA也相对较高。总脂肪酸在水体中的绝对浓度及在颗粒有机碳中的相对含量均存在着时空变异，二者的平均变动范围分别在4.7－60.2 μg . L-1及20.1－86.7 μg . mg-1之间，夏季高于秋冬季，空间分布上二者均在湾东部相对较高，而在湾外较低。不同脂肪酸组合的时空变化可以反映出悬浮颗粒物组成的时空动态，其中16:1ω7/18:1ω9、Σ16:1/18:1ω9、Σ16:1/Σ18:1、Σ16/Σ18、Σ16/ΣFA及20:5ω3/22:6ω3等脂肪酸组合在研究海域可以较好的指示硅藻组成，而Σ18/ΣFA 及22:6ω3/ΣFA可以指示甲藻组成，BSFA/ΣFA、Σ(Br+St)/ΣFA 、Br/St (15:0)及 Br/St (15:0+17:0)可以较好的指示细菌，SSFA/ΣFA及(24:0+26:0)/ΣFA可以示踪碎屑组分及其中的陆源成份。ω3系列脂肪酸在有机碳中的含量及在总脂肪酸中的比例以及不饱和指数可以表征悬浮颗粒物的食物质量。通过标志脂肪酸对悬浮颗粒物组成的指示发现冬季2月悬浮颗粒物组成中硅藻所占比例较高，多数月份湾内近岸水域尤其是湾东部细菌组成相对较高，而湾口至湾外水域碎屑含量相对较高。 浮游动物总平均干重生物量为72.6 mg.m-3，平面分布表现为湾内北部及中心区域生物量普遍较高，湾东部水域较低，季节变化表现为总生物量在春季4月及冬季12月形成峰值，总体上在春季5月、夏季7月及秋冬大部分月份相对较低，但不同粒径组成其动态不尽相同。浮游动物的脂肪酸组成与悬浮颗粒物存在一定差别，表现为MUFA比例下降，PUFA比例升高；SSFA中14:0的比例下降，18:0及20:0比例提高，MUFA中20:1ω9比例升高，PUFA中，EPA及DHA所占比例也相对较高。8月份总脂肪酸含量较高，9月与10月相对较小，各粒级内差别不大。 利用主成份分析发现悬浮颗粒物的组分在浮游动物中能够用相应脂肪酸指标进行示踪，当食物数量充分满足需求时，浮游动物脂肪酸特征与悬浮颗粒物组成一致性较高，同时通过脂肪酸示踪发现当潜在食物数量较丰富时，浮游动物的摄食存在选择性，这种选择可能受食物质量的调控，而当食物数量较低时，其选择性也降低。 悬浮颗粒物中EPA含量及不饱和指数是相对重要的食物质量指示物，通过对其指示特征的分析发现胶州湾总体上浮游动物的摄食会影响其食物质量组成；但在8月，浮游动物的生物量受悬浮颗粒物质量的调控，而浮游动物生物量对食物数量的摄食压力较小，认为该时期是食物质量限制对浮游动物生物量影响相对重要的时期，可以用特征脂肪酸进行清晰的分析。

胶州湾典型增养殖海域有害赤潮生消过程及关键因子研究

有害赤潮（Harmful algal blooms, HAB）已成为全球性的海洋灾害，对我国近海养殖业危害尤为巨大，研究赤潮发生、发展的主要环境影响因子，对于控制赤潮的发生以及加强赤潮的防治具有十分重要的意义。本文根据国家自然科学基金“九五”重大项目“中国沿海典型增养殖区有害赤潮发生动力学防治对策研究”项目组近年来对胶州湾东北部养殖海域的监测资料，分析了该海区营养状况，结合该区自然环境特点，探讨了发生于1998年7月和1999年6月两次硅藻赤潮的主要影响因子；并应用胶州现场海水进行了室内模拟培养实验，对影响有害赤潮生消过程的关键环境因子进行了分析探讨。对1998和1999年赤潮多发季节胶州湾东北部增养殖水域海水的营养状况进行了分析，并参照潜在性富营养化的概念，应用NQI指数对该海域的富营养化水平进行了评价。结果表明：（1）胶州湾东北部增养殖海域赤潮多发季节TIN、DIP和活性硅酸盐的含量均较高，远高于同期胶州湾大面观测站各营养盐的平均含量；该海域有机污染物含量相对营养盐含量不高。（2）该海域春季氮、磷营养盐含量充足，水域属富营养化平；夏季该海域具有较高的生物具，磷酸盐水平相对较低，海域多数时间属于磷限制潜在性富营养化水平；但这种限制极易为外界补充所改变，如陆源输入、养殖废水的排放等。（3）该海域为典型增养殖区，养殖废水对海域营养盐的补充有重要意义，因此应当加强对该海域养殖业的综合管理。对分别于1998年7月和1999年6月在胶州湾东北部增养殖海域发生的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）赤潮和浮动弯角藻（Eucampia zoodiacus）赤潮生消过程中环境因子的变化进行了探讨。发生赤潮生物量的升高常伴随海水pH值、溶解氧（DO）含量的升高以及各营养盐（氮、磷、硅）含量的降低；认为在该海域较高营养盐含量和较高生物量的情况下，赤潮发生前大规模的降雨过程及随后的气候条件为赤潮生物的快速生长繁殖创造了有利条件；无机磷和活性硅酸盐含量相对于无机氮显得较低，对该海域硅藻赤潮的生消过程起着控制作用。采集胶州湾现场海水进行了实验室模拟培养实验，对影响赤潮生消过程的主要环境因素进行了研究和探讨。结果表明，现场海水进行模拟培养时，排除了潮流、风以及水团间交流混合等因素对水体中浮游生物的影响，培养水体中的浮游植物生物量都存在增高的现象；在氮、磷、硅等营养盐含量充足的条件下，浮游植物可快速进入指数增长期，并较快发展形成赤潮，高浓度的营养盐常导致培养水体中浮游植物的较高的生长速率，浮游植物对氮磷营养盐的吸收受到环境中营养盐含量的影响；初始环境下营养盐的限制可抑制浮游植物的进一步增殖，发生赤潮水体中某种营养盐的含量降低最终导致了赤潮的消亡。