Permanencias culturales y culinarias del Manual de Cocina de Juan Pablo Sanz en Quito (Ecuador): protocolos, cocina tradicional y formas de preparación

La presente tesis analiza el primer Manual de Cocina realizado en Quito y escrito por Juan Pablo Sanz en el siglo XIX. Los objetivos principales de esta investigación son: A) Visibilizar las permanencias culturales y culinarias de este texto en la actualidad, a través del estudio de los diferentes protocolos alimenticios, recetas, artefactos y métodos culinarios. B) Presentar una clasificación de la cocina tradicional y definir sus elementos, a saber: barroca, ritual, festiva y cotidiana. C) Establecer un inventario de aquellas recetas del Manual de Sanz que existen en la cocina quiteña actual. Por otro lado, esta investigación desarrollará una categoría de análisis, tal es el caso del ethos protocolario, que ayudará al estudio social y cultural de la cocina tradicional de Quito y del Ecuador. Para finalizar, se analizarán dos tipos de preparaciones que se practican en los alimentos tradicionales quiteños y ecuatorianos, estas son: Alta Cocina Ecuatoriana y Cocina Tradicional Popular. Su principal finalidad es la diferenciación de los espacios físicos y sociales durante la preparación de estos alimentos.

Valle del Chota: fútbol, identidad y mercado

Al fútbol se le ha conferido varios sentidos y valor social: juego, deporte, ritual, opio, espectáculo, negocio, etc. Cada faceta responde a la apropiación que los grupos sociales han hecho de este deporte. En este sentido, podríamos decir que el fútbol también significa movilidad socioeconómica, inclusión real y simbólica, reconocimiento y visibilización, al menos, para el Valle del Chota. El Valle del Chota, conocido como la cantera de los mejores futbolistas del país, es una población afroecuatoriana que ha volcado sus expectativas en el fútbol. Para esta región, desatendida históricamente por el Estado y con escasa movilidad social, el fútbol se proyecta como la mejor o, tal vez, la única posibilidad real de inserción protagónica en el proceso social. Reflexionar sobre el importante papel que desempeña el fútbol en el Valle del Chota implica establecer la interrelación fútbol-cultura-mercado. El fútbol, una de las más grandes industrias culturales que circula en el mercado, ha logrado integrar a los mejores exponentes del fútbol ecuatoriano, los seleccionados afrochoteños, al sistema social. Estos futbolistas son propuestos como un nuevo modelo social, según el cual ser pobre o tener éxito depende, únicamente, de una elección personal. Ahora bien, los futbolistas afrochoteños se convirtieron en un modelo ejemplar durante el Mundial de fútbol Alemania 2006 cuando coadyuvaron al éxito de la selección nacional. Este hecho permitió que se pusieran en juego otras cuestiones como la identidad, el discurso y la representación. En cada uno de estos temas, los seleccionados afrochoteños y el Valle del Chota fueron colocados, transitoriamente, en el centro de la nación y de la sociedad.

Palabra – poder: el lugar de los ritos en las prácticas agrícolas de las comunidades kichwas del cantón Cotacachi

En los territorios de la parte alta del cantón Cotacachi habita una gran cantidad de pobladores de la etnia kichwa-otavalo. Allí se ha experimentado durante décadas un detrimento en la calidad de los suelos, en parte por la implementación de prácticas “modernas” de la llamada Revolución verde, las cuales han afectado la cotidianidad de las comunidades rurales mayoritariamente dedicadas a las labores agrícolas. Estas dinámicas entran en juego con visiones del territorio donde lo sagrado es un componente importante para la comprensión y el proceder frente al entorno. Algunas de las manifestaciones de lo sagrado para las comunidades se presentan en la realización de ritos a lo largo de los tiempos de cultivo. En este contexto, el presente trabajo explora cómo entran a jugar los ritos dentro de estas dinámicas agrícolas, señalando que las diferentes representaciones rituales, que oscilan entre los imaginarios católico y los llamados ancestrales, se han presentado a lo largo del tiempo como variables que intervienen en la obtención de frutos de los suelos. En esta búsqueda, se realiza un análisis de teorías sobre la naturaleza de los ritos y la relación de estos últimos con el eco-sistema. Dichos análisis se articulan con el trabajo etnográfico en la región, con el fin de contextualizar las acciones en las que se recurre a manifestaciones de tipo ritual.

Ritualidad mortuoria de quichua hablantes de Otavalo y Cotacachi, Provincia de Imbabura - Ecuador

Esta tesis explora algunos aspectos del complejo ritual mortuoria de niños y adultos quichua hablantes de una zona de la Provincia de Imbabura - Ecuador a través de las imágenes del fotógrafo indígena Rafael Perez Anrango. Desde la idea de que las fotografías no necesariamente tienen capacidad discursiva por sí solas, se plantea la construcción de un contexto informativo que permita catalogar e interpretar los elementos o símbolos contenidos en cada foto para comprenderlas con más amplitud. En el presente estudio de caso, el contexto se alimenta de datos históricos, de fuentes escritas y de la recopilación de testimonios orales de algunos informantes claves de la comunidad.

La dimensión espiritual y política del canto de Enrique Males

Enrique Males es un músico kichwa Imbaya autor de una musicalidad con una dimensión espiritual y política que llaman a la sensibilidad y conciencia del ser humano desde la cultura y la sabiduría andina. Su arte se constituye en un referente cultural del país, al proyectar una sonoridad ancestral andina en el espectro sonoro contemporáneo, empleando instrumentos musicales que han viajado a través del tiempo para conformar un canto propio que identifica dignamente y con integridad al pueblo indígena. El presente trabajo pretende determinar los aportes del canto de Enrique Males en los ámbitos de lo cultural, lo social, lo político y lo espiritual; mediante un acercamiento desde los Estudios de la Cultura a su carrera musical. La investigación empleó metodológicamente el análisis bibliográfico y discográfico. En el trabajo de campo se empleó la entrevista en profundidad y la descripción etnográfica. La observación participante fue importante en las presentaciones del cantautor. El canto de Enrique Males es un canto comprometido con la lucha social e histórica de su pueblo. Debido a la discriminación y el racismo que ha palpado personalmente, su música aclama a la rebeldía y al levantamiento de un pueblo milenario por la transformación de un sistema excluyente, por la insurgencia ante una colonialidad impuesta, por el respeto a la vida, y por los derechos universales de la humanidad. Su práctica musical está cargada de un simbolismo que mantiene un sentido ritual y ceremonial. La espiritualidad que proyecta hace referencia a la cosmoexistencia y cosmoaudición del mundo andino; en el cual la música es un canal de comunicación y de interrelación entre el mundo exterior e interior del sujeto, entre la naturaleza y el ser humano. Su canto reafirma una manera de ser, de estar, de pensar y de sentir desde la diversidad; proveyendo de elementos constructores de identidad. Sus composiciones revitalizan la cultura andina permitiendo un ejercicio de interculturalidad musical, generando un espacio de resistencia ante un intento homogeneizante de una cultura etnocentrista.

The ship as symbol in the prehistory of Scandinavia and south-east Asia

The ship is the dominant element in the visual culture of the South Scandinavian Bronze Age, appearing in several different media, including rock carvings, decorated metalwork and above-ground monuments. Discussion has divided between those scholars who interpret this imagery in terms of long-distance exchange networks and those who emphasize its more local significance, including its deployment in mortuary ritual. A strikingly similar system is identified in Southeast Asia and part of Melanesia and can be interpreted through archaeological and ethnographic sources, but in this case there is no need to distinguish between 'practical' and 'symbolic' interpretations of the depictions of ships. This paper summarizes the evidence from this region and suggests that it can offer a fruitful source of comparison for archaeologists working in northern Europe.

A life less ordinary: The ritualization of the domestic sphere in later prehistoric Europe

This article, which is based on the fourteenth McDonald Lecture, considers two tensions in contemporary archaeology. one is between interpretations of specific structures, monuments and deposits as the result of either 'ritual' 'practical' activities in the past, and the other is between an archaeology that focuses on subsistence and adaptation and one that emphasizes cognition, meaning, and agency. It suggests that these tensions arise from an inadequate conception of ritual itself. Drawing on recent studies of ritualization, it suggests that it might be more helpful to consider how aspects of domestic life took on special qualities in later prehistoric Europe. The discussion is based mainly on Neolithic enclosures and other monuments, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement sites and the Viereckschanzen of central Europe. it may have implications for field archaeology as well as social archaeology, and also for those who study the formation of the archaeological record.

The social life of ruins: sites of memory and the politics of a Zimbabwean periphery

This article explores conflicts over a series of ruins located within Zimbabwe's flagship National Park. The relics have long been regarded as sacred places by local African communities evicted from their vicinity, and have come to be seen as their ethnic heritage. Local intellectuals' promotion of this heritage was an important aspect of a defensive mobilization of cultural difference on the part of a marginalized minority group. I explore both indigenous and colonial ideas about the ruins, the different social movements with which they have been associated and the changing social life they have given the stone relics. Although African and European ideas sometimes came into violent confrontation - as in the context of colonial era evictions - there were also mutual influences in emergent ideas about tribe, heritage and history. The article engages with Pierre Nora's notion of 'sites of memory', which has usefully drawn attention to the way in which ideas of the past are rooted and reproduced in representations of particular places. But it criticizes Nora's tendency to romanticize pre-modern 'memory', suppress narrative and depoliticize traditional connections with the past. Thus, the article highlights the historicity of traditional means of relating to the past, highlighting the often bitter and divisive politics of traditional ritual, myth, kinship, descent and 'being first'. It also emphasizes the entanglement of modern and traditional ideas, inadequately captured by Nora's implied opposition between history and memory. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Another Proof of the Preceding Theory

Another Proof of the Preceding Theory was produced as part of a residency run by Artists in Archeology in conjunction with the Stonehenge Riverside project. The film explores the relationship between science, work and ritual, imagining archaeology as a future cult. As two robed disciples stray off from the dig, they are drawn to the drone of the stones and proceed to play the henge like a gigantic Theremin. Just as a Theremin is played with the hand interfering in an electric circuit and producing sound without contact, so the stones respond to the choreographed bodily proximity. Finally, one of the two continues alone to the avenue at Avebury, where the magnetic pull of the stones reaches its climax. Shot on VHS, the film features a score by Zuzushi Monkey, with percussion and theremin sounds mirroring the action. The performers are mostly artists and archeologists from the art and archaeology teams. The archeologists were encouraged to perform their normal work in the robes, in an attempt to explore the meeting points of science and ritual and interrogate our relationship to an ultimately unknowable prehistoric past where activities we do not understand are relegated to the realm of religion. Stonehenge has unique acoustic properties, it’s large sarsen stones are finely worked on the inside, left rough on the outside, intensifying sound waves within the inner horseshoe, but since their real use, having been built over centuries, remains ambiguous, the film proposes that our attempts to decode them may themselves become encoded in their cumulative meaning for future researchers.

Temps, memoire et monstres: le monde arthurien de Culhwch et Olwen

The Arthurian world of Culhwch and Olwen initially appears as a resolutely masculine, warrior-based society with little or no place for women. As a rule, the names of the mothers of the many characters remain unmentioned, and even the young hero clearly had no idea of his family ties on his mother’s side. It comes as news to him that Arthur is his cousin. The Arthurian world is equally afflicted with a form of wilful amnesia of the existence of relatives on the distaff side, allowing the giant Ysbaddaden to victimise Custennin and his family with impunity. The hair-cutting ritual represents an intrusion of female memory and a reminder of the biological imperative of reproduction, which means that in order to survive, Arthur’s clan has to be prepared to face destruction.

xero, kline & coma

xero, kline & coma is an artist run project space at 258 Hackney Road, London. It’s program, curated by Pil and Galia Kollectiv, focuses primarily on solo exhibitions by internationally established as well as emerging artists. Work by recent graduates King Conny Wobble and David Steans is being shown alongside projects like the Museum of American Art – Berlin, previously included in the Venice and Istanbul Biennales, Jeffrey Vallance, whose recent solo exhibition was at the Warhol Museum, and Plastique Fantastique, whose work has been shown at Tate Britain and the Pratt Manhatten Gallery, New York, with the aim of raising the profile of lesser known artists and allowing others to experiment with work that more institutional contexts don’t always permit. Some of the themes this program has explored have included fictional identities, a-chronological art histories and the mediation of ritual in time-based media. A commitment to critically engaged art is also central to the ethos of the space, and future shows include an exploration of unionism in art by Sophie Carapetian. As well as displaying new work, the gallery hosts events, talks and screenings. Most recently these have included meetings of the Political Currency of Art research group, a discussion and film screening dealing with the theme of ‘hostile objects’ led by Evan Calder Williams and Marina Vishmidt, a book launch for New Lines of Alliance, New Spaces of Liberty by Antonio Negri and Felix Guattari and an event dedicated to the theatre work of Slovenian art collective NSK, featuring a screening of unreleased documentation and a discussion about the future of total performance.

Geoarchaeology and taphonomy of plant remains in early urban environments in the Ancient Near East

A number of recent articles emphasize the fundamental importance of taphonomy and formation processes to interpretation of plant remains assemblages, as well as the value of interdisciplinary approaches to studies of environmental change and ecological and social practices. This paper examines ways in which micromorphology can contribute to integrating geoarchaeology and archaeobotany in analysis of the taphonomy and context of plant remains and ecological and social practices. Micromorphology enables simultaneous in situ study of diverse plant materials and thereby traces of a range of depositional pathways and histories. In addition to charred plant remains, also often preserved in semi-arid environments are plant impressions, phytoliths and calcitic ashes. These diverse plant remains are often routinely separated and extracted from their depositional context or lost using other analytical techniques, thereby losing crucial evidence on taphonomy, formation processes and contextual associations, which are fundamental to all subsequent interpretations. Although micromorphological samples are small in comparison to bulk flotation samples of charred plant remains, their size is similar to phytolith and pollen samples. In this paper, key taphonomic issues are examined in the study of: fuel; animal dung, animal management and penning; building materials; and specific activities, including food storage and preparation and ritual, using selected case-studies from early urban settlements in the Ancient Near East. Microarchaeological residues and experimental archaeology are also briefly examined.

Architecture, sedentism, and social complexity at Pre-Pottery Neolithic A WF16, Southern Jordan

Recent excavations at Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) WF16 in southern Jordan have revealed remarkable evidence of architectural developments in the early Neolithic. This sheds light on both special purpose structures and “domestic” settlement, allowing fresh insights into the development of increasingly sedentary communities and the social systems they supported. The development of sedentary communities is a central part of the Neolithic process in Southwest Asia. Architecture and ideas of homes and households have been important to the debate, although there has also been considerable discussion on the role of communal buildings and the organization of early sedentarizing communities since the discovery of the tower at Jericho. Recently, the focus has been on either northern Levantine PPNA sites, such as Jerf el Ahmar, or the emergence of ritual buildings in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the southern Levant. Much of the debate revolves around a division between what is interpreted as domestic space, contrasted with “special purpose” buildings. Our recent evidence allows a fresh examination of the nature of early Neolithic communities.

Croig Cave: a late Bronze Age ornament deposition and 3,500 years of coastal foraging in NW Mull, Scotland

Activity within caves provides an important element of the later prehistoric and historic settlement pattern of western Scotland. This contribution reports on a small-scale excavation within Croig Cave, on the coast of north-west Mull, that exposed a 1.95m sequence of midden deposits and cave floors that dated bewteen c 1700 BC and AD 1400. Midden analysis indicated the processing of a .... 950 BC, a penannular copper bracelet a discrete ritual episode within the cycle of otherwise potentially mundane activities. Lead isotope analysis indicates an Irish origin for the copper ore. A piece of iron slag within later midden deposits, dated to c 400 BC, along with high frequencies of wood charcoal, suggest that smithing or smelting may have occurred within the cave. High zinc levels in the historic levels of the midden c AD 1200 might indicate intensive processing of seaweed.