Areas críticas para la formulación de políticas de asentamiento humano en América Latina y el Caribe: una síntesis = Critical areas for the formulation of policies on human settlement in Latin America and the Caribbean: a synthesis

Incluye Bibliografía

Formulación de los planes de ordenamiento de recursos hídricos en América Latina y el Caribe = Formulation of plans for water resource management in Latin America and the Caribbean

Incluye Bibliografía

Reducing the conservatism of LMI-based stabilisation conditions for TS fuzzy systems using fuzzy Lyapunov functions

In this article, the fuzzy Lyapunov function approach is considered for stabilising continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems. Previous linear matrix inequality (LMI) stability conditions are relaxed by exploring further the properties of the time derivatives of premise membership functions and by introducing slack LMI variables into the problem formulation. The relaxation conditions given can also be used with a class of fuzzy Lyapunov functions which also depends on the membership function first-order time-derivative. The stability results are thus extended to systems with large number of rules under membership function order relations and used to design parallel-distributed compensation (PDC) fuzzy controllers which are also solved in terms of LMIs. Numerical examples illustrate the efficiency of the new stabilising conditions presented. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Anthelmintic efficacy of an oral formulation of Aurixazol against gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally and experimentally infected sheep

As a result of the need to develop new active principles for the control of endoparasites in ruminants, the present in vivo study evaluated a formulation containing 24% Aurixazol (48 mg/kg), a parasiticide molecule based on disophenolate of levamisole. Two experiments were conducted: one evaluating the anthelmintic efficacy of 24% Aurixazol (48 mg/kg) against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep, compared to an association of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) + albendazole (5.0 mg/kg) + levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) (IAL), and a second one which evaluated the persistent efficacy of the same formulation against immature stages (L4) and adults of Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected animals. In experiment I, against H. contortus, the formulation of Aurixazol and the IAL association reached efficacies (arithmetic means) of 99.32% and 96.11%, respectively. For Trichostrongylus colubriformis, the efficacy values were 88.92% and 98.08% for Aurixazol and the IAL association, respectively. Both formulations were totally effective against Oesophagostomum columbianum (100%). The results of the statistical analysis demonstrated that the mean parasitic burden of treated animals was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the average number of helminths diagnosed in animals from the control group for H. contortus, T. colubriformis and O. columbianum. Comparing only the treated groups, it was possible to verify that the average number of H. contortus recovered from animals treated with Aurixazol was different (P ≤ 0.05) when compared to the mean amount recovered from sheep treated with the IAL association. When evaluating the prevention of H. contortus infection in experiment II, Aurixazol did not present preventive efficacy. Up until 21 days after treatment the groups treated with Aurixazol contained less adults and L4 of H. contortus (P ≤ 0.05) when compared to the non-medicated control group. However, future studies will be necessary to assess the effectiveness of Aurixazol against nematode strains resistant to levamisole and disophenol, but the efficacy results described in this study allow to state that Aurixazol can, associated with other measures, become an important tool in the control of sheep nematodes. © 2013.

Estrategia de exportación: formulación y aplicación = Export strategy: formulation and implementation

Incluye Bibliografía

Population policy formulation: guidelines for the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Population policy formulation guidelines for the Caribbean

En los anos recientes el concepto de las interrelaciones entre la poblacion y la planificacion del desarrollo ha tomado gran significacion en los paises del Caribe. Los gobiernos de estos paises han desarrollado un creciente interes en la formulacion de politicas de poblacion. Jamaica fue el primer pais que formulo una politica explicita de poblacion, aceptada por el Parlamento en 1983. Actualmente el pais se encuentra en la fase de implementacion de esta politica. Siguiendo su experiencia, la Comunidad del Caribe ha desarrollado un modelo de politica de poblacion para 8 paises en 1984. La revision de los avances obtenidos refleja las diversas tareas realizadas en estos paises en la evaluacion de las tendencias demograficas, establecimiento de metas, revision y utilizacion de los datos, analisis del efecto de las politicas en el desarrollo, seleccion de medios para obtener los cambios deseados, etc. Se acompana una resena del contenido de una politica de poblacion, basada en la experiencia de estos paises.