Debt composition and exchange rate balance sheet effects in Brazil: A firm level analysis

In this paper we study the interaction between macroeconomic environment and firms’ balance sheet effects in Brazil during the 1990’s. We start by assessing the influence of macroeconomic conditions on firms’ debt composition in Brazil. We found that larger firms tend to change debt currency composition more in response to a change in the exchange rate risk than small firms. We then proceed to investigate if and how exchange rate balance sheet effects affected the firms’ investment decisions. We test directly the exchange rate balance sheet effect on investment. Contrary to earlier findings (Bleakley and Cowan, 2002), we found that firms more indebted in foreign currency tend to invest less when there is an exchange rate devaluation. We tried different controls for the competitiveness effect. First, we control directly for the effect of the exchange rate on exports and imported inputs. We then pursue an alternative investigation strategy, inspired by the credit channel literature. According to this perspective, Tobin’s q can provide an adequate control for the competitiveness effect on investment. Our results provide supporting evidence for imperfect capital markets, and for a negative exchange rate balance sheet effect in Brazil. The results concerning the exchange rate balance sheet effect on investment are statistically significant and robust across the different specifications. We tested the results across different periods, classified according to the macroeconomic environment. Our findings suggest that the negative exchange rate balance sheet effect we found in the whole sample is due to the floating exchange rate period. We also found that exchange rate devaluations have important negative impact on both cash flows and sales of indebted firms. Furthermore, the impact of exchange rate variations is asymmetric, and the significant effect detected when no asymmetry is imposed is engendered by exchange rate devaluations.

Some benefits of cyclical monetary policy

In this paper, we present a simple random-matching model of seasons, where di§erent seasons translate into di§erent propensities to consume and produce. We Önd that the cyclical creation and destruction of money is beneÖcial for welfare under a wide variety of circumstances. Our model of seasons can be interpreted as providing support for the creation of the Federal Reserve System, with its mandate of supplying an elastic currency for the nation.

The contagion effect of public debt on monetary policy: the brazilian experience

This paper attempts to explain why the Brazilian inter-bank interest rate is so high compared with rates practiced by other emerging economies. The interplay between the markets for bank reserves and government securities feeds into the inter-bank rate the risk premium of the Brazilian public debt.

Debt ceiling and fiscal sustainability in Brazil: a quantile autoregression approach

In this paper we investigate fiscal sustainability by using a quantile autoregression (QAR) model. We propose a novel methodology to separate periods of nonstationarity from stationary ones, which allows us to identify various trajectories of public debt that are compatible with fiscal sustainability. We use such trajectories to construct a debt ceiling, that is, the largest value of public debt that does not jeopardize long-run fiscal sustainability. We make out-of-sample forecast of such a ceiling and show how it could be used by Policy makers interested in keeping the public debt on a sustainable path. We illustrate the applicability of our results using Brazilian data.

New models of old(?) payment questions

Is private money feasible and desirable? In its absence, is there a central bank policy that partially or fully substitutes for private money? In this paper, some recent modeling ideas about how to address these questioned are reviewed and applied. The main ideas are that people cannot commit to future actions and that their histories are to some extent unknown - are not common knowledge. Under the additional assumption that the private monies issued by diferent people are distinct, a strong recognizability assumption, it is shown that there is a role for private money.

What happens after the central bank of Brazil increases the target interbank rate by 1%?

I start presenting an explicit solution to Taylorís (2001) model, in order to illustrate the link between the target interest rate and the overnight interest rate prevailing in the economy. Next, I use Vector Auto Regressions to shed some light on the evolution of key macroeconomic variables after the Central Bank of Brazil increases the target interest rate by 1%. Point estimates show a four-year accumulated output loss ranging from 0:04% (whole sample, 1980 : 1-2004 : 2; quarterly data) to 0:25% (Post-Real data only) with a Örst-year peak output response between 0:04% and 1:0%; respectively. Prices decline between 2% and 4% in a 4-year horizon. The accumulated output response is found to be between 3:5 and 6 times higher after the Real Plan than when the whole sample is considered. The 95% confidence bands obtained using bias-corrected bootstrap always include the null output response when the whole sample is used, but not when the data is restricted to the Post-Real period. Innovations to interest rates explain between 4:9% (whole sample) and 9:2% (post-Real sample) of the forecast error of GDP.

Endogenous time-dependent rules and the costs of disinflation with imperfect credibility

This paper examines the output effects of monetary disinflation in a model with endogenous time-dependent pricing rules and imperfect credibility of the disinflation policy. We find that these features interact to generate an additional effect on top f the ones obtained with either endogenous time-dependent rules (Bonomo and Carvalho, 2003) or imperfect credibility (Ball, 1995) in isolation. This results in higher output costs of monetary disinflation.

Depósitos do Tesouro: no Banco Central ou nos bancos comerciais?

Este trabalho inicia-se explicitando o canal pelo qual a elevada liquidez e movimentação dos Depósitos do Tesouro no Banco Central implica num aumento das dificuldades operacionais do Banco Central no balizamento das variações de curto prazo das taxas de juros. Em seguida, discutem-se as alternativas ao problema, levantando-se algumas questões a serem objeto de outros estudos, relativas à transferência total ou parcial) da função de caixa de Tesouro do Banco Central para os bancos comerciais. Por ultimo algumas particularidades do caso brasileiro, que dificultam a aplicação dos mecanismos c1assicos de condução de política monetária, são discutidos na ultima seção. Em particular, destaca-se, na breve formalização efetuada, a importância da sensibilidade juros das reservas totais dos bancos comerciais na determinação das oscilações de curto prazo da taxa de juros. Quanto maior este coeficiente, menores as oscilações dos juros decorrentes das variações da oferta de liquidez primária.

Impactos da Nova Lei de Pisos Salariais Estaduais

Em 2000, o governo federal fixou uma lei que permitia as Unidades Federativas fixarem pisos salariais acima do salário mínimo, representando uma oportunidade privilegiada de avaliação dos seus impactos. A nova lei oferece uma fonte de variabilidade potencialmente exógena além de isolar os efeitos de mudanças do salário mínimo sobre a demanda de trabalho dos impactos fiscais exercidos no contexto brasileiro. Inicialmente, testamos a efetividade da lei, utilizando logits multinomiais aplicados a PNAD/IBGE a fim de calcular a probabilidade de acumulação de massa de salários abaixo, igual e acima dos pisos estaduais. Posteriormente, aplicamos regressões quantílicas para diferenças de salários e de ocupação antes e depois da aplicação da lei comparando grupos de tratamento e controle através de dados longitudinais da PME/IBGE. Os resultados demonstram uma baixa efetividade e um alto descumprimento da lei nos estados aonde foi aplicada.