Effect of light-sticks and electralume attractors on surface-longline catches of swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1959) in the southwest equatorial Atlantic

Two experimental fishing trials were carried out off the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1999 and 2001, using a small artisanal longliner. In experiment 1, six-hook baskets with three chemical light-sticks on alternating hooks had significantly higher catch rates than those with zero or with a light-stick on every hook, with most swordfish accounted for by hooks with light-sticks. Analysis of the data from experiment 2 showed no significant difference between electralume attractors, consisting of AA lithium batteries protected by a solid cover and light-sticks that produce a fluorescent light when two chemical products are mixed. Significant differences were detected in mean CPUE by size class, with most swordfish belonging to class ‘b’ (125–170 cm lower jaw to fork length (LJFL)). No differences, however, were found for swordfish catches in classes ‘a’ (<125 cm LJFL) and ‘b’, and no evidence was found of interaction between the two factors (attractor and size class). Although there was no significant difference between the total length-frequency distributions of swordfish caught with light-sticks and electralume attractors, significant differences were found for fish smaller than 125 cm LJFL, with electralume catches consisting of smaller swordfish than those of gear using light-sticks.

Comportamento produtivo de muçuãs (Kinosternon scorpioides spp. Linnaeus, 1766) na ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará.

Avaliou-se o comportamento produtivo em populações de Kinosternon scorpioides spp mantidas em dois sistemas de criação em cativeiro (intensivo e extensivo), considerando duas épocas do ano (chuvosa e menos chuvosa). Dentre as categorias animais mantidas em conservação pela Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, escolheu-se apenas animais adultos (acima de 02 anos de idade ou peso superior a 200g) para serem subdivididos nos sistemas de criação, em que se diferenciam quanto ao manejo alimentar. O número total de observações colhidas no período de fevereiro de 2012 a março de 2013 foi de 4.485, distribuídos entre machos e fêmeas. Os resultados demonstraram que os animais possuem média de peso na época menos chuvosa, para machos e fêmeas nos dois sistemas de criação, superior às médias da época mais chuvosa. Este comportamento se deve ao fato do animal apresentar um ganho compensatório na época que seria adversa, ou seja, no período seco, em função de uma memória silvestre da hibernação. Os sistemas de criação, assim como as épocas do ano, associados ao manejo geral influenciaram significativamente o peso dos animais. Muçuãs criados em sistema de cativeiro intensivo apresentaram ganhos competitivos superiores quando comparado aos do sistema de cativeiro extensivo. O manejo alimentar empregado no sistema de criação intensivo melhorou o desempenho produtivo dos animais.

Quality of sausage elaborated using minced Nile Tilapia submmitted to cold storage

Filleting yield of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) is low (30%) and generates large amount of wastes that may turn into environmental and economic problem. However, these wastes can be used for the extraction of minced fish (MF) which can be used in the preparation of sausages. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of sausages prepared with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of MF from Nile tilapia filleting waste during storage at 0±0.3ºC. Alterations in the instrumental color (L*, a* and b*), lipid oxidation (TBARS), total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVB-N), pH, microbiological condition (pathogenic bacteria and aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria), and sensory attributes (color, odor, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) were evaluated for up to 40 days. The addition of MF to sausages increased TBARS values and decreases TVB-N, L*, a* and b* values. Acceptability of color attribute decreased with increasing MF; best flavor, texture and overall acceptability scores were registered for sausages containing 40 and 60% MF; best odor was registered for 100% MF. Pathogenic microorganisms were not detected, but decrease in pH and proliferation of aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria which, however, did not compromise sensory evaluation of sausages were registered throughout storage. Sausages prepared with MF from tilapia filleting waste have a shelf-life of 40 days when stored at 0±0.3ºC, and the maximum recommended MF inclusion to maintain good sensory quality is 60%.

Notas sobre o bicho-da-seda no folclore Chinês

Notas sobre o bicho-da-seda no folclore chinês. Duas lendas sobre o bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758) no folclore chinês são apresentadas: uma sobre a sua origem, a outra sobre os gatos como protetores do bicho-da-seda e da sericultura.

New tick records in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon

In the present study, we provide new tick records from Vilhena Municipality, in the Southeast of the State of Rondônia, Northern Brazil. Ticks collected from a capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus), were identified as Amblyomma romitii Tonelli-Rondelli (1 female), and Amblyomma sp. (1 larva). Ticks collected from a harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus), were identified as Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (16 nymphs) and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (1 nymph). Ticks collected from a yellow-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis denticulada (Linnaeus), were identified as Amblyomma rotundatum Koch (10 females, 2 nymphs), and Amblyomma sp. (2 larvae). The present record of A. romitii is the first in the State of Rondônia, and represents the southernmost record for this tick species, indicating that its distribution area is much larger than currently recognized. Although both A. cajennense and H. juxtakochi have been reported parasitizing various bird species, we provide the first tick records on a harpy eagle. A. rotundatum is widespread in the State of Rondônia, and has been previously reported on the yellow-footed tortoise. The present records increase the tick fauna of Rondônia to 26 species.

Status of Early 19th-Century Names Authored in Parallel by Wied and Schinz for South American Reptiles and Amphibians, with Designations of Three Nomina Protecta

Prince Maximilian zu Wied's great exploration of coastal Brazil in 1815-1817 resulted in important collections of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, many of which were new species later described by Wied himself The bulk of his collection was purchased for the American Museum of Natural History in 1869, although many ""type specimens"" had disappeared earlier. Wied carefully identified his localities but did not designate type specimens or type localities, which are taxonomic concepts that were not yet established. Information and manuscript names on a fraction (17 species) of his Brazilian reptiles and amphibians were transmitted by Wied to Prof. Heinrich Rudolf Schinz at the University of Zurich. Schinz included these species (credited to their discoverer ""Princ. Max."") in the second volume of Das Thierreich ... (1822). Most are junior objective synonyms of names published by Wied. However, six of the 17 names used by Schinz predate Wied's own publications. Three were manuscript names never published by Wied because he determined the species to be previously known. (1) Lacerta vittata Schinz, 1822 (a nomen oblitum) = Lacerta striata sensu Wied (a misidentification, non Linnaeus nec sensu Merrem) = Kentropyx calcarata Spix, 1825, herein qualified as a nomen protectum. (2) Polychrus virescens Schinz, 1822 = Lacerta marmorata Linnaeus, 1758 (now Polychrus marmoratus). (3) Scincus cyanurus Schinz, 1822 (a nomen oblitum) = Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus sensu Wied (a misidentification, non Linnaeus nec sensu Merrem) = Micrablepharus maximiliani (Reinhardt and Lutken, ""1861"" [1862]), herein qualified as a nomen protectum. Qualifying Scincus cyanurus Schinz, 1822, as a nomen oblitum also removes the problem of homonymy with the later-named Pacific skink Scincus cyanurus Lesson (= Emoia cyanura). The remaining three names used by Schinz are senior objective synonyms that take priority over Wied's names. (4) Bufo cinctus Schinz, 1822, is senior to Bufo cinctus Wied, 1823; both, however, are junior synonyms of Bufo crucifer Wied, 1821 = Chaunus crucifer (Wied). (5) Agama picta Schinz, 1822, is senior to Agama picta Wied, 1823, requiring a change of authorship for this poorly known species, to be known as Enyalius pictus (Schinz). (6) Lacerta cyanomelas Schinz, 1822, predates Teius cyanomelas Wied, 1824 (1822-1831) both nomina oblita. Wied's illustration and description shows cyanomelas as apparently conspecific with the recently described but already well-known Cnemidophorus nativo Rocha et al., 1997, which is the valid name because of its qualification herein as a nomen protectum. The preceding specific name cyanomelas (as corrected in an errata section) is misspelled several ways in different copies of Schinz's original description (""cyanom las,"" ""cyanomlas,"" and cyanom""). Loosening, separation, and final loss of the last three letters of movable type in the printing chase probably accounts for the variant misspellings.

Cryptic species, life cycles, and the phylogeny of Clytia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae)

Medusae and polyps of Clytia are abundantly found in coastal marine environments and one species in the genus-Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767)-has become an important experimental model. Yet, only 10 species in the genus have had their life cycle investigated. Most species of Clytia are also poorly described, and detailed life cycle and morphological studies are needed for accurate species-level identifications. Here, we investigated the life cycle of Clytia elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1914, a species described for the tropical western Atlantic and subsequently considered conspecific to the nearly-cosmopolitan species Clytia gracilis (Sars, 1850) and Clytia hemisphaerica, originally described for the temperate North Atlantic. Based on observations of mature medusae and multiple colonies from southeastern Brazil and the U. S. Virgin Islands (type locality), our results show that C. elsaeoswaldae is morphologically distinct from C. gracilis and C. hemisphaerica. The morphological results are corroborated by a multigene phylogenetic analysis of the genus Clytia, which shows that C. gracilis-like species form a polyphyletic group of several species. These results suggest that the nearly-cosmopolitan distribution attributed to some species of Clytia may be due to the non-recognition of morphologically similar species with more restricted ranges.

Material properties and nondestructive evaluation of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from Pinus oocarpa and P. kesiya

This study aimed at evaluating the mechanical, physical and biological properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl (PO) and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (PK) and at providing a nondestructive characterization thereof. Four PO and four PK LVL boards from 22 randomly selected 2-mm thickness veneers were produced according to the following characteristics: phenol-formaldehyde (190 g/m(2)), hot-pressing at 150A degrees C for 45 min and 2.8 N/mm(2) of specific pressure. After board production, nondestructive evaluation was conducted, and stress wave velocity (v (0)) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (E (Md) ) were determined. The following mechanical and physical properties were then evaluated: static bending modulus of elasticity (E (M) ), modulus of rupture (f (M) ), compression strength parallel to grain (f (c,0)), shear strength parallel to glue-line (f (v,0)), shear strength perpendicular to glue-line (f (v,90)), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and permanent thickness swelling (PTS) for 2, 24, and 96-hour of water immersion. Biological property was also evaluated by measuring the weight loss by Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus ex Fries) Pilat (white-rot) and Gloeophyllum trabeum (Persoon ex Fries.) Murrill (brown-rot). After hot-pressing, no bubbles, delamination nor warping were observed for both species. In general, PK boards presented higher mechanical properties: E (M) , E (Md) , f (M) , f (c,0) whereas PO boards were dimensionally more stable, with lower values of WA, TS and PTS in the 2, 24, and 96-hour immersion periods. Board density, f (v,0), f (v,90) and rot weight loss were statistically equal for PO and PK LVL. The prediction of flexural properties of consolidated LVL by the nondestructive method used was not very efficient, and the fitted models presented lower predictability.

Morphological and biological notes on Polymorphus (Profilicollis) sphaerocephalus and Corynosoma stanleyi (Polymorphidae : Acanthocephala)

Polymorphus (Profilicollis) sphaerocephalus (Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819) Van Cleave, 1947 (Polymorphidae) cystacanths were recovered from 5 species of grapsid crabs (Paragrapsus gaimardii (Milne Edwards, 1837), Paragrapsus laevis (Dana, 1852), Paragrapsus quadridentatus (Milne Edwards, 1837), Brachynotus spinosus (Milne Edwards, 1853), and Cyclograpsus granulosus (Milne Edwards, 1853)) and 1 species of portunid crab (Nectocarcinus integrifrons (Linnaeus, 1766)) from intertidal zones in southern temperate waters of Australia. Cystacanths of Corynosoma stanleyi Smales, 1986 (Polymorphidae) were also recovered from P. gaimardii, P. quadridentatus, and C. granulosus. Polymorphus (P.) sphaerocephalus was the most prevalent (100%) in C. granulosus at Flinders I. and C. stanleyi was most prevalent (59.1%) in C. granulosus at Dunally Channel, Tasmania.

The genus Deretrema Linton, 1910 (Digenea : Zoogonidae) from southern Great Barrier Reef fishes, with a description of Deretrema woolcockae n. sp.

Two species of Deretrema (Zoogonidae) are reported from labrid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef. D. nahaense Yamaguti, 1942 is recorded from the gall-bladders of the labrids Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett), T. jansenii (Bleeker), T. lunare (Linnaeus) and T. lutescens (Lay & Bennett). This species is recognised, despite having been formerly synonymised with D. pacificum Yamaguti, 1942. In addition to morphological distinction, D. nahaense appears to have strict host-specificity for the genus Thalassoma. D. woolcockae n.sp. is described from the gall-bladder of Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch). The new species is close to D. acutum Pritchard, 1963 and D. plotosi Yamaguti, 1940, but differs slightly in the distribution of the vitelline follicles, the sucker-ratio and the position of the cirrus-sac. In addition, this species also appears to have a distinct host-specificity, being restricted to one labrid species.

Padrão de frugivoria por Tapirus terrestris na Mata Atlântica do norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil

A anta Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758), último representante da megafauna Pleistocênica na região Neotropical, representa um importante grupo funcional, pois dispersam uma grande variedade de espécies vegetais, especialmente frutos. No entanto, o padrão de frugivoria da espécie pode variar entre diferentes áreas. Dessa forma, nosso interesse foi investigar o grau de frugivoria da espécie em duas diferentes áreas no estado do Espírito Santo e a sua importância para a dinâmica florestal. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras fecais, através de busca ativa em diferentes ambientes na Reserva Biológica do Córrego do Veado (Rebio Córrego do Veado) e na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Recanto das Antas (RPPN Recanto das Antas), durante o período de janeiro de 2011 a novembro de 2013. Após a triagem do material biológico, as sementes foram individualizadas, classificadas quanto às características e grupos ecológicos e identificadas até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Foi obtido um esforço amostral de 130 dias, resultando em 325 amostras fecais coletadas, sendo 53,2% da Rebio Córrego do Veado e 46,8% da RPPN Recanto das Antas. Do total de amostras, 41,8% estavam depositadas dentro ou próximas a corpos d’água e 58,2% na serrapilheira/substrato seco. A dieta da anta foi composta por 94,1% de fibras e 5,9% de frutos. Foram encontradas duas vezes mais amostras contendo sementes na RPPN Recanto das Antas do que na Rebio Córrego do Veado. Das 30 morfoespécies encontradas nas amostras, 15 foram identificadas em nível específico, as quais estão distribuídas em oito famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae e Myrtaceae. As espécies mais freqüentemente encontradas nas amostras foram Spondias macrocarpa Engl. e S. venulosa (Engl.) Engl. Do total de sementes encontradas 60% apresentam dispersão zoocórica e 46,7% são sementes grandes e muito grandes e 50% possuem fruto do tipo carnoso. Das morfoespécies encontradas, sete foram registradas em ambas as unidades de conservação, 21 foram encontradas apenas na RPPN Recanto das Antas e duas foram encontradas na Rebio Córrego do Veado. Isso pode indicar que o ambiente na RPPN Recanto das Antas pode fornecer mais frutos que na Rebio Córrego do Veado, o que pode ser um resultado do histórico de perturbações da última reserva. Na década de 1980, 80% da Rebio Córrego do Veado foi queimada em um incêndio e, atualmente, o entorno da reserva é composto principalmente por pastagens. Ao contrário, a RPPN Recanto das Antas, apesar de sua área ter sofrido extração seletiva na década de 50, está inserida no maior remanescente de Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo. Ainda que a anta possua uma dieta composta por uma variedade de frutos nas áreas de estudo, ela aparenta ser menos frugívora do que em outras áreas da Mata Atlântica. Contudo, é evidente a importância de T. terrestris na dispersão de um grande número de espécies vegetais, especialmente as espécies com sementes grandes, aumentando o recrutamento de espécies de plantas que não são dispersadas por outras espécies animais.

Seletividade de inseticidas, recomendados para cucurbitáceas para Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em condições de laboratório

As brocas-das-cucurbitáceas Diaphania spp. são as principais pragas das cucurbitáceas, podendo ocasionar perdas de até 100% na produção. A fim de reduzir o uso de inseticidas, o controle biológico, aplicado com parasitoides do gênero Trichogramma, tem-se destacado. Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade dos ingredientes ativos abamectina, tiacloprido e clorfenapir, para Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Para isso, 20 fêmeas recém-emergidas de T. atopovirilla foram individualizadas, em tubos de vidro (2,5 cm de diâmetro x 8,5 cm de comprimento), e oferecidas cartelas com 30 ovos de Diaphania hyalinata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), previamente imersas por cinco segundos em calda química. Os ingredientes ativos abamectina, tiacloprido e clorfenapir não afetaram o parasitismo de T. atopovirilia. Clorfenapir reduziu a emergência. Abamectina e tiacloprido são os mais recomendados no manejo integrado de pragas, pois foram os que se mostraram mais seletivos a T. atopovirilia em ovos de D. hyalinata.

Catálogo das coleções entomológicas da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo - (2ª Série II): Culicidae

Subfamília ANOPHELINAE: Gênero Anopheles Meigen, 1818; Subfamília CULICINAE: Tribo AEDEOMYIINI: Gênero Aedeomyia Theobald, 1901; Tribo AEDINI: Gênero Aedes Meigen, 1818; Gênero Haemagogus Williston, 1896; Gênero Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827; Tribo CULICINI: Gênero Culex Linnaeus, 1758; Gênero Deinocerites Theobald, 1901; Tribo MANSONIINI: Gênero Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905; Gênero Mansonia Blanchard, 1901; Tribo ORTHO-PODOMYIINI: Gênero Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904; Tribo SABETHINI: Gênero Limatus Theobald, 1901; Gênero Phoniomyia Theobald, 1903; Gênero Runchomyia Theobald, 1903; Gênero Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827; Gênero Shannoniana Lane e Cerqueira, 1942; Gênero Trichoprosopon Theobald, 1901; Gênero Wyeomyia Theobald, 1901; Tribo URANOTAENIINI: Gênero Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891.

Contributo para o conhecimento dos problemas fitossanitários em diferentes espécies de cameleiras (Caméllia L.) na Ilha de São Miguel

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Agronómica, 16 de Junho de 2014, Universidade dos Açores.