Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coatings sampled and surficial sediments collected in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coatings sampled (NSCSs) from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments (SSs) in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the similarities and difference in fractions of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) between NSCSs and SSs using the modified sequential extraction procedure (MSEP). The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fractions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase (76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs) and Fe-oxides phase (20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs). Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase (48.27%) and that in SSs present as residual phase (45.44%). Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions (>48%), and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution pattern implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter (OM), and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.

Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和As在草甸棕壤中垂直迁移规律的研究

本文运用土柱淋溶试验，研究了不同条件下Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和As等五种重金属元素在草甸棕壤中垂直迁移的规律。试验表明，一般情况下各重金属元素向下迁移的深度不超过10cm，绝大部分还是滞留在表层污染土中，因此在本试验条件下不会因淋溶迁移而导致地下水的污染。从不同重金属元素的迁移情况来看，Cd和Zn的迁移能力较强，Cu、Pb和As的迁移能力较弱。随着土壤pH值降低，Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的迁移加强，As的迁移减弱。加大淋溶水量，能促进各种重金属离子随土壤水溶液的迁移。在供试浓度下，各重金属元素对水稻的生长没有危害，但对紫花苜蓿的生长却有影响，水稻籽实（或糙米）和紫花苜蓿茎叶中各重金属元素的含量都有增加，甚至超标。土壤施用石灰，能抑制各重金属元素在草甸棕壤中的迁移及被作物的吸收，是降低土壤重金属污染危害的一个有效措施。但是利用施加腐殖酸来防治土壤重金属污染往往会因造成土壤pH值下降、增加某些重金属的可溶性而遭失败。试验还表明，Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的迁移在酸雨条件下会加剧，但As的迁移仅在弱酸性酸雨条件下增加，强酸性酸雨反而抑制As的迁移。