Ihmisen ja markkinavoimien monimuotoinen suhde

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Paikallisyhteisö resurssina ja tuhojen kohteena : Venäjän armeijan logististen ratkaisujen seuraukset Suomen sodassa 1808-1809

Min forskning hör till området militärhistoria. Undersökningen har en dubbel infallsvinkel, den krigförande arméns och det krigsdrabbade lokalsamhällets. Å ena sidan studerar jag lokalsamhället som en logistisk resurs under finska kriget 1808-09, å andra sidan ser jag på de materiella skador, krigsskador, som drabbade lokalsamhället. Den logistiska synvinkeln lyfts fram i avhandlingen. Beträffande krigsskadorna under finska kriget är det fråga om grundforskning, eftersom det inte tidigare har undersökts hur krigsskadorna fördelade sig inom rikets östra del. Det har också saknats en uppskattning om krigsskadornas storlek. Tillgången till även internationellt unika källor har erbjudit möjligheten att ge en exceptionellt detaljerad bild av de förluster som kriget förorsakade lokalsamhället. Krigsskadorna har undersökts i huvudsak inom finska krigets tyngdpunktsområde, d.v.s. Vasa län. För en djupanalys har jag valt två socknar, Kuortane och Närpes, i vilka krigsskadorna var störst inom länet. Krigsskadorna i tyngdpunktsområdet var främst kopplade till de ryska truppernas logistik. Förutsättningarna för lokalsamhällets materiella välstånd var i stort bundna till hur underhållet organiserades i det resursfattiga krigsområdet. Den näst viktigaste orsaken till krigsskadorna var de ryska truppernas hämndaktioner på grund av den beväpnade folkresningen. Tidigare forskning har inte tillräckligt lyft fram det möjliga sambandet mellan krigsskadorna och befolkningskrisens uppkomst. Inom forskningen har det tidigare bristfälligt undersökts vilken betydelse underhållets organisering hade för lokala resursfattiga områden under tidig modern tid, och för krigens slutresultat, och därmed även för staternas historia.

Railonvalmistusmenetelmät alumiinin hitsauksessa

Tämä kandidaatintyö liittyy Lappeenrannan teknillisessä yliopistossa 2008-2011 käynnissä olevaan Tekesin tutkimushankkeeseen ”Alumiiniveneen hitsauksen automatisointi”. Tällä hetkellä Suomessa pienemmät veneenrungot hitsataan käsin, sillä robottihitsauksessa tulee ongelmaksi hitsin luokse pääseminen, etenkin kokoonpanohitsauksessa. Automaatiohitsauksessa myös tarvitaan huomattavasti tarkemmat railotoleranssit kuin käsinhitsauksessa, koska hitsausrobotti on sokea hitsausliitosten poikkeamille. Hitsauksen automatisoinnilla pyritään nostamaan nykyistä tuotantokapasiteettia ja yleisesti parantamaan alumiinirakenteiden hitsien laatua. Työn tarkoituksena on tutkia erilaisia railonvalmistusmenetelmiä alumiinin hitsausta varten, sekä casena pohtia railonvalmistusmenetelmien soveltuvuutta robotisoituun MIG-hitsaukseen alumiinisessa veneenrungossa. Työssä pohditaan hitsauksen, sekä robotisoidun hitsauksen railonvalmistukseen soveltuvia leikkausmenetelmiä, railonvalmistusta yleisesti, toleransseja, alumiinin työstöominaisuuksia, sekä leikkausmenetelmien taloudellisuutta. Työssä käsitellään railovaatimuksia mm. MIG-, TIG-, plasma-, sekä laserhitsaukselle.

Katt-duett

Myös Gramophone 84065.

Software Test Process Development

In this thesis, the components important for testing work and organisational test process are identified and analysed. This work focuses on the testing activities in reallife software organisations, identifying the important test process components, observing testing work in practice, and analysing how the organisational test process could be developed. Software professionals from 14 different software organisations were interviewed to collect data on organisational test process and testing‐related factors. Moreover, additional data on organisational aspects was collected with a survey conducted on 31 organisations. This data was further analysed with the Grounded Theory method to identify the important test process components, and to observe how real‐life test organisations develop their testing activities. The results indicate that the test management at the project level is an important factor; the organisations do have sufficient test resources available, but they are not necessarily applied efficiently. In addition, organisations in general are reactive; they develop their process mainly to correct problems, not to enhance their efficiency or output quality. The results of this study allows organisations to have a better understanding of the test processes, and develop towards better practices and a culture of preventing problems, not reacting to them.

Forest Biomass Resources and Technological Prospects for the Production of Second-generation Biofuels in Finland by 2020

Introduction of second-generation biofuels is an essential factor for meeting the EU’s 2020 targets for renewable energy in the transport sector and enabling the more ambitious targets for 2030. Finland’s forest industry is strongly involved in the development and commercialising of second-generation biofuel production technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide a quantified insight into Finnish prospects for reaching the 2020 national renewable energy targets and concurrently becoming a large-scale producer of forest biomass based second-generation biofuels feeding the increasing demand in European markets. The focus of the paper is on assessing the potential for utilising forest biomass for liquid biofuels up to 2020. In addition, technological issues related to the production of second-generation biofuels were reviewed. Finland has good opportunities to realise a scenario to meet 2020 renewable energy targets and for large-scale production of wood based biofuels. In 2020, biofuel production from domestic forest biomass in Finland may reach nearly a million ton (40 PJ). With the existing biofuel production capacity (20 PJ/yr) and national biofuel consumption target (25 PJ) taken into account, the potential net export of biofuels from Finland in 2020 would be 35 PJ, corresponding to 2–3% of European demand. Commercialisation of second-generation biofuel production technologies, high utilisation of the sustainable harvesting potential of Finnish forest biomass, and allocation of a significant proportion of the pulpwood harvesting potential for energy purposes are prerequisites for this scenario. Large-scale import of raw biomass would enable remarkably greater biofuel production than is described in this paper.

Developing markets of energy biomass – local and global perspectives

The thesis explores global and national-level issues related to the development of markets for biomass for energy. The thesis consists of five separate papers and provides insights on selected issues. The aim of Paper I was to identify methodological and statistical challenges in assessing international solid and liquid biofuels trade and provide an overview of the Finnish situation with respect to the status of international solid and liquid biofuels trade. We found that, for the Finnish case, it is possible to qualify direct and indirect trade volumes of biofuels. The study showed that indirect trade of biofuels has a highly significant role in Finland and may be a significant sector also in global biofuels trade. The purpose of Paper II was to provide a quantified insight into Finnish prospects for meeting the national 2020 renewable energy targets and concurrently becoming a largescale producer of forest-biomass-based second-generation biofuels for feeding increasing demand in European markets. We found that Finland has good opportunities to realise a scenario to meet 2020 renewable energy targets and for large-scale production of wood-based biofuels. The potential net export of transport biofuels from Finland in 2020 would correspond to 2–3% of European demand. Paper III summarises the global status of international solid and liquid biofuels trade as illuminated by several separate sources. International trade of biofuels was estimated at nearly 1 EJ for 2006. Indirect trade of biofuels through trading of industrial roundwood and material by-products comprises the largest proportion of the trading, with a share of about two thirds. The purpose of Paper IV was to outline a comprehensive picture of the coverage of various certification schemes and sustainability principles relating to the entire value-added chain of biomass and bioenergy. Regardless of the intensive work that has been done in the field of sustainability schemes and principles concerning use of biomass for energy, weaknesses still exist. The objective of Paper V was to clarify the alternative scenarios for the international biomass market until 2020 and identify the underlying steps needed toward a wellfunctioning and sustainable market for biomass for energy purposes. An overall conclusion drawn from this analysis concerns the enormous opportunities related to the utilisation of biomass for energy in the coming decades.

Vapaudenajan poliittinen kieli

Kirjallisuusarvostelu