A Participação da Marinha Grande no 18 de Janeiro de 1934

Portugal viveu um dos períodos mais sombrios da sua História no Século XX, com o regime autoritário liderado por António de Oliveira Salazar, que governou o país com «mão de ferro» durante mais de três décadas, concretamente entre 1933 e 1968, uma vez que se considera que há alteração de regime sempre que muda o referencial e a Constituição do Estado Novo é de 1933. Para além da ausência de democracia e liberdade, o povo português conviveu com a fome e a ignorância durante décadas, foi perseguido e torturado nas prisões continentais e ultramarinas, nomeadamente no Tarrafal, que se localiza no arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Em 18 de janeiro de 1934, o movimento operário português saiu à rua em várias cidades e vilas de Portugal, entre as quais a Marinha Grande. Na origem do movimento revolucionário esteve a decisão do Presidente do Conselho, através da Constituição de 1933, de impedir o funcionamento de sindicatos livres. Contudo, aquela que se previa ser unicamente uma greve geral contra a decisão do regime acabou por ir mais além, sobretudo na cidade vidreira, onde o quartel da GNR foi tomado, tal como a estação dos Correios, existindo ainda hoje dúvidas sobre a constituição de um soviete. Mais de sete décadas após o ato insurrecional continua muito por esclarecer. Esta Dissertação visa, precisamente, obter respostas a questões tão diversas como quem esteve realmente por detrás do 18 de janeiro de 1934 na Marinha Grande, que consequências teve para a política do Estado Novo e, finalmente, que importância teve na conjuntura. Importa ainda esclarecer por que razão esta derrota do movimento operário português é hoje recordada, com pompa e circunstância, na Marinha Grande, como se tivesse sido uma vitória. De facto, na atualidade, fala-se de uma jornada heroica, mas o Partido Comunista Português praticamente ignorou esse movimento até abril de 1974 e o seu líder à época, Bento Gonçalves (1971, p. 138), apelidou-o de “anarqueirada”.

Representaciones del estado nacional en tres novelas del período 1934 – 1962: Los sangurimas, Los hijos y El éxodo de Yangana

El presente trabajo es un esfuerzo de diálogo entre la literatura y las ciencias sociales ecuatorianas. Se realiza una lectura de las representaciones y propuestas sobre el Estado nacional ecuatoriano, en tres novelas del periodo 1934 a 1962: Los Sangurimas de José de la Cuadra, Los hijos de Alfonso Cuesta y Cuesta y El Éxodo de Yangana de Ángel F. Rojas. Describiremos, además, las transformaciones modernizadoras sociales de principios del siglo XX. En cuanto a las representaciones de la institución, se revisa los pasos iniciales de conformación del Estado nacional, los intentos modernizadores de su aparato estatal, y las tensiones entre el Estado y los sectores tradicionalmente excluidos que reclaman representatividad política. Se estudiará en las novelas una versión del concepto de Estado desarrollada por sociólogos e intelectuales ecuatorianos: el Estado nacional ecuatoriano. Por otro lado, las tres novelas evidencian la riqueza cultural expresada en la vida cotidiana de nuestras comunidades, pueblos y ciudades pequeñas en la primera mitad del siglo pasado; muestran también que la literatura anduvo, desde inicios del siglo XX, cerca de las realidades que las disciplinas sociales abordan. Las novelas ofrecen nuevos elementos de interpretación, tanto de la institución estatal (las alianzas y la normalización ejercida en relación con los poderes locales) como de las dinámicas de lo cotidiano, la organización de los grupos subalternos y los desafíos y posibilidades que trae la modernización.

Lecturas opuestas sobre la necesidad humana y los modelos de desarrollo: hacia una crítica del humanismo de Sen y Max Neef

En la actualidad se confrontan dos grandes corrientes alrededor del tema de la definición de la necesidad: la que define la necesidad humana como un valor relativo que depende de opciones individuales y de las posibilidades que cada persona y su familia tienen para adquirirlas en el mercado (corriente liberal); y la que define la necesidad como un proceso determinante de la vida, cuya realización se constituye de esa manera en un derecho humano inalienable, al que debe accederse bajo una distribución equitativa para todos/as los/as miembros de una sociedad, acceso que debe construirse solidariamente para el máximo bien común (corriente solidaria).

La máscara transgresora: análisis e interpretación de la obra poética de David Ledesma Vázquez (1934-1961)

La presente tesis de maestría tiene como finalidad el análisis e interpretación de la obra poética del escritor ecuatoriano David Ledesma Vázquez (1934-1961), desarrollada en los años cincuenta del siglo XX. Para ello, se ha buscado entretejer varios componentes de su producción lírica, desde la perspectiva de dos conceptos modernos: el enmascaramiento y la transgresión, que a su vez se encuentran atravesados por temas relacionados con lo erótico, lo ficcional y lo existencial. Y, además, de ponerlos en diálogo con la poesía de Ledesma para así poder identificar estos elementos dentro de la producción ledesmiana. Por tal razón se ha considerado pertinente desarrollar un análisis de la obra de Ledesma desde algunas categorías, la mayoría de ellas modernas, sin descuidar la distancia que las separa de la época del poeta, posibilitar una relectura de su creación y, a la vez, realizar una nueva interpretación de su poesía, la cual es catalogada como una de las más interesantes de las producidas en el siglo anterior.

The audit of regional policy: 1934‐1939

This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of British regional policy during the 1930s. It takes issue with Correlli Barnett, who has argued that regional policy measures introduced from 1945 were already shown to be inefficient by the failure of similar assistance during the 1930s. The evolution of the main 1930s initiatives that influenced post-war policy is discussed and their effectiveness assessed. When account is taken of savings in government welfare payments these initiatives are shown to have been very cost-effective, producing an annual return to the exchequer of around 56%, or more.

Max Weber in the thought of Edward Shils (1910–1995) and Ernest Gellner (1925–1995): the paradox of two Weberian approaches to the understanding of nations and nationalism?

This article traces the paradoxical impact of Weber's oeuvre on two major scholars of nationalism, Ernest Gellner and Edward Shils. Both these scholars died in 1995, leaving behind a rich corpus of writings on the nation and nationalism, much of which was inspired by Max Weber. The paradox is that although neither scholar accepted Weber's sceptical attitude to the concept of ‘nation’, they both used his other major concepts, such as ‘rationality’, ‘disenchantment’, ‘unintended consequences’, the ‘ethic of responsibility’ and ‘charisma’, in their very analyses of the nation and nationalism. And they both saw, each in his own way, the nation and nationalism as constitutive elements of modern societies. However, the paradox ceases being a paradox if one sees the integration, by Shils and Gellner, of concepts of the nation and of nationalism in the analysis of modernity, as a development of Weber's ideas.

Decadal predictability of regional-scale peak winds over Europe using the Earth System Model of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology

The predictability of high impact weather events on multiple time scales is a crucial issue both in scientific and socio-economic terms. In this study, a statistical-dynamical downscaling (SDD) approach is applied to an ensemble of decadal hindcasts obtained with the Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) to estimate the decadal predictability of peak wind speeds (as a proxy for gusts) over Europe. Yearly initialized decadal ensemble simulations with ten members are investigated for the period 1979–2005. The SDD approach is trained with COSMO-CLM regional climate model simulations and ERA-Interim reanalysis data and applied to the MPI-ESM hindcasts. The simulations for the period 1990–1993, which was characterized by several windstorm clusters, are analyzed in detail. The anomalies of the 95 % peak wind quantile of the MPI-ESM hindcasts are in line with the positive anomalies in reanalysis data for this period. To evaluate both the skill of the decadal predictability system and the added value of the downscaling approach, quantile verification skill scores are calculated for both the MPI-ESM large-scale wind speeds and the SDD simulated regional peak winds. Skill scores are predominantly positive for the decadal predictability system, with the highest values for short lead times and for (peak) wind speeds equal or above the 75 % quantile. This provides evidence that the analyzed hindcasts and the downscaling technique are suitable for estimating wind and peak wind speeds over Central Europe on decadal time scales. The skill scores for SDD simulated peak winds are slightly lower than those for large-scale wind speeds. This behavior can be largely attributed to the fact that peak winds are a proxy for gusts, and thus have a higher variability than wind speeds. The introduced cost-efficient downscaling technique has the advantage of estimating not only wind speeds but also estimates peak winds (a proxy for gusts) and can be easily applied to large ensemble datasets like operational decadal prediction systems.

The effects of stocking density in physiological parameters and growth of the endangered teleost species piabanha, Brycon insignis (Steindachner, 1877)

This study investigated the effects of stocking density on the growth and fatty acid (FA) of Brycon insignis metabolism. Fingerlings (360) were distributed into eight ponds at two stocking densities (105 and 210 g/m(3)). The analysis of growth showed that the condition factor (K) and the coefficient of variation (CV) for body mass were not affected by stocking density. However, final body mass and length, specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain (WG) were higher in the low stocking density group, which also presented a higher feed efficiency (FE) and survival (S). By contrast, muscle protein levels were higher in the high stocking density group. The plasma and muscle lipid content were not affected by stocking density, but fish reared at lower stocking density presented higher lipid concentration in the liver, with no differences in hepatosomatic index values. Even with the differences observed in metabolic and growth parameters, plasma cortisol was not affected by stocking density. The FA profile in the muscle and liver neutral fraction were not affected by stocking density, but the FA in the polar fractions differed between the two stocking densities. In the liver, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA n - 3 increased in higher stocking density, mainly due to an increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, PUFA n - 6 were also increased in the higher stocking density group, mainly due to an increase in arachidonic acid (AA) and docosadienoic acid (22:2n - 6). In the muscle polar fraction, the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased in the animals from the higher stocking density group, and this reduction was compensated by an increase in PUFA n - 3 and PUFA n - 6, mainly the FA with 20-22 carbons (20:4n - 6: 22:4:n - 6; 22:5n - 6, 22:5n - 3, and 22:6n - 3). A different profile was observed for the C18 PUFAs, mainly 18:2n - 6 and 18:4n - 6, which were higher in the lower density stocking group. The data suggest that when living in high stocking density, B. insignis differentially utilizes the hepatic lipids as energy source and remodels the membrane fatty acids, with higher amounts of DHA in the polar muscle fraction compensated for by a decrease in MUFA. The zootechnical and physiological indices reveal that the lower stocking density group achieve overall better performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.