四川乌头属的修订

　毛茛科乌头属全世界约有300余种，主要分布在北半球温带地区，包括三个亚属，即牛扁亚属、乌头亚属和露蕊乌头亚属。我国西南横断山区是乌头属植物的重要分布区，已记载的种类达100余种，很多种都为地方特有。由于缺乏野外观察和标本不够丰富等原因，有些种类的分类处理尚不能令人满意，应予修订。乌头属的属下系统以及与近缘属之间的关系也不十分清楚，还需进一步研究。本文对我国乌头属植物的重要分布区四川的乌头属植物进行了分类修订，同时通过形态学、细胞学和分子系统学等方面的研究对乌头属的系统发育进行了探讨。结果如下： 　　1．分类修订 通过广泛的野外观察、文献查阅和标本研究，对乌头属的形态性状在居群间和居群内的变异式样进行了比较分析，发现叶分裂程度、上萼片的形状和花梗毛被等性状是较为可靠的分种依据，但是在个别情况，这些性状也会在同一种的同一居群内或不同居群间发生变化。花瓣和种子的特征对于属下划分有重要意义。 本文确认四川乌头属植物有45种、11变种，另有2种和1变种暂存疑。30种、22变种降为异名;作出新组合2个，其中包括1个改级新组合。紫乌头和保山乌头为四川新分布记录。对康定乌头、川鄂乌头和狭裂乌头进行了模式选定。初步澄清了东俄洛乌头和狭裂乌头等种类中长期存在的名实混乱。本文还给出了各个种的形态描述、地理分布图以及分亚属、分系和分种检索表。 　　2．细胞学 对国产14种乌头属植物进行了细胞学研究。染色体基数为x=8。研究的所有种都为二倍体（2n=16）。各个种的核型公式如下：狭盔高乌头2n=2m+10sm+4st; 赣皖乌头2n=2m+8sm+6st; 西南乌头2n=4m+10sm+2st; 镰形乌头2n=4m+12sm; 弯喙乌头2n=4m+12sm; 东俄洛乌头2n=2m+12sm+2st; 毛瓣乌头, 来自两个居群, 2n=2m+14sm(1sat)和2n=2m+14sm(2sat); 狭裂乌头2n=2m+10sm+4st; 大渡乌头2n=8m+8sm; 展毛大渡乌头2n=6m(1sat)+8sm(2sat)+2st; 贡嘎乌头2n=2m+14sm; 刷经寺乌头, 来自四个居群, 分别为2n=4m+10sm+2st, 2n=6m+10sm, 2n=2m+14sm, 2n=2m+14sm; 工布乌头，来自两个居群， 2n=2m+10sm+4st和 2n=6m+10sm; 岩乌头2n=2m+14sm; 美丽乌头2n=4m+12sm; 康定乌头2n=4m+12sm。其中赣皖乌头、弯喙乌头、东俄洛乌头、狭裂乌头、大渡乌头、展毛大渡乌头、贡嘎乌头、工布乌头和康定乌头9种的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。乌头属植物通常都有两对较大的染色体，即第一对为中部着丝点染色体，第二对为近中部着丝点染色体，其余染色体相对较小，为中部着丝点、近中部着丝点或近端部着丝点染色体。牛扁亚属的核型与乌头亚属在染色体大小、形态及不对称性等方面有明显的区别。随体的数目和位置在同一种内的不同居群中都有变化。核型不对称性表现有2B、3B、2C和3C型。 对国产乌头属植物的染色体数目资料进行了统计。国产61种乌头属植物已有染色体报道，占国产乌头属植物的41%。二倍体、四倍体、六倍体和八倍体都有发现，有5种乌头属植物表现为种内多倍性。横断山区分布的乌头亚属植物多为二倍体，多倍体通常在主要分布于华北和东北地区的乌头亚属的乌头系中观察到。横断山区的牛扁亚属植物多数为四倍体。少数种的染色体具有B-染色体。 　　3．分子系统学 通过对翠雀族23种植物两个DNA片段ITS和trnL-F进行简约分析和邻接法分析，构建了乌头属三个亚属之间及其与近缘属的系统关系树。结果如下：翠雀族作为单系类群得到了较强的支持;翠雀族中，与乌头属关系较近的是翠雀属;在乌头属中，乌头属作为单系类群未得到支持，除非将露蕊乌头亚属排除在外;牛扁亚属和乌头亚属均为单系群，二者互为姐妹群;新建的唐古特乌头亚属与乌头亚属聚在一起不能分开，其亚属的地位未得到支持。 采用ITS序列，选取代表乌头亚属植物不同组、系以及不同地理分布区的54个样品，进行了乌头亚属的系统发育研究。乌头亚属的单系发生得到了支持。多果乌头位于乌头亚属的基部，与其他乌头亚属植物构成姐妹群关系。岩乌头系和褐紫乌头系也各自成为分支, 但唐古特乌头系、圆叶乌头系、保山乌头系与短柄乌头系共同组成一个单系类群，而显柱乌头系、兴安乌头系、乌头系、蔓乌头系和准噶尔乌头系共同组成一个单系类群。从上述结果来看，这些系或组是否应当划分及其系统关系均应重新考虑。在ITS系统树中，中国北方分布的乌头亚属植物与欧洲、北美及东亚的乌头亚属植物有较近的关系;来自横断山区的种类外部形态差异显著，但遗传差异却很小，说明这一地区的种可能是近期形成的。本研究的ITS序列分析结果与种子和花瓣的形态相吻合，种子和花瓣的特征有可能在一定程度上反映了乌头亚属的系统发育关系。

动物毒素与人类疾病——从单一成分到组学研究,从理化性质到疾病机理,从粗毒利用到理性药物设计

为了适应环境,很多动物在长期的进化过程中演化出了丰富的毒素及相关分泌物。这些物质中包含了高活性、作用专一的蛋白和多肽。由于它们作用的特异性和专一性,成为蛋白质多肽结构与功能研究的良好模型,也成为研究人类自身生理病理机制的工具和线索,同时也是开发临床诊断试剂和治疗药物的天然宝库。该文综述了中国科学院昆明动物研究所30多年来立足于我国丰富的有毒动物资源,对陆生有毒动物,包括蛇毒、两栖类皮肤分泌物及节肢动物唾液腺分泌物等的主要研究工作,总结了从单一成分到组学研究、从理化性质到人类疾病机理、从粗毒利用到理性药物设计等的发展历程,并对今后的研究提出一些建议。

Genetic diversity of Bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus,1758)) using AFLP markers in Persian Gulf

Platycephalus indicus is a large benthic fish that inhabits temperate and tropical coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific and found on sand or mud bottom in vary shallow area of estuary and near shore to depth of 25m. This species is dominant species of platycephalidae family, in Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces and mainly is captured by bottom trawl, gillnet and moshta in Hormozgan. This study was designed to evaluate population variation and differentiation of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1785))in the Iranian waters of Persian Gulf using the morphometric and meristic characters and by AFLP marker. . A total 180 fish specimens were collected by gill net from six station(khor mosa, bahrekan, shif, motaf, charak and bandar abbas) that was 30 individual related to every station in Iranian shores of Persian Gulf . 28 morphometric factors and 11meristic specialties were measured and morphometric factors was standardized with Beacham formula. Univariate analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) revealed significant differences with varying degrees between the means for 21 standardized morphometric measurements and 6 meristic counts that showed high significant differences between the six stations sampling. Discriminate function analysis (DFA) or the overall random assignment of individuals into their original groups was for morphometric and meristic characters was 47.9% and 53.9% respectively. The data were subjected to a principle component analysis (PCA) which grouped in eight and four factors for morphometric and meristic charactersrespectively.. Genetic diversity of six populations of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 118 reproducible bands amplified with ten AFLP primer combinations were obtained from 42 fishes that were collected from six different locations in the northern of Persian Gulf. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 57.06%. Average of Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.200±0.008, and Average of Shannon’s index was 0.300±0.011. The results of AMOVA analysis indicated that 66% of the genetic variation contained within populations and 34% occurred among populations and gene flow was 0.6454.The estimated level of population differentiation asmeasured by average Fst value across all loci was 0.327. Plotting discriminant functions 1 and 2 and UPGMA dendrograms based on Euclidian distance and genetic distance also showed at least five separate populations of bartail flathead in the northern Persian Gulf.

治疗神经损伤药物

本发明为一种用于治疗神经损伤的药物，主要由神经生长因子或神经营养因子配入人胚施旺氏细胞中共同培养，本发明的药物通过插管点滴，外涂或脊髓胞室、脑室注射，治疗神经，脊髓损伤导致的偏瘫、老年痴呆帕金森氏病，能产生延长神经细胞生命期，促进其神经纤维生长，细胞分裂及新陈代谢，延缓衰退期。有效率达80％以上。

SMBR-IVCW系统处理高浓度综合污水

为了提高污水处理的质量和效率,将高效的生物处理技术——膜-生物反应器(SMBR)与生态净化技术——复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)进行有效复合而成的SMBR-IVCW复合系统应用于高浓度综合污水的高效处理与回用中.通过对不同水力负荷组合条件下SMBR-IVCW系统对污染物净化效果的比较,得到了该复合系统的较好水力组合条件.结果表明,SMBR-IVCW具有良好的净化功效及稳定性,SMBR单元在有机物的去除、硝化作用中起到主要贡献,而IVCW单元在反硝化脱氮、深度除磷等方面进一步补充,两者的有机结合能充分发挥各

东湖螅状独缩虫(纤毛门:寡膜纲)的异质性

以螅状独缩虫(Carchesium polypinumLinne,1785)为研究对象,利用RAPD技术对武汉市南湖、沙湖和东湖3个湖区的螅状独缩虫样本进行了DNA多态性比较分析,以确认种群并期望促进微型生物种群生态学研究。结果如下:(1)从120条随机引物中筛选到31条有清晰扩增条带的,其中20条引物扩增出172条条带清晰、多态性高的条带,片段大小为100~1600bp,而其余11个引物扩增出59条相对多态性差的清晰条带,片段大小为100~1500bp;(2)扩增产物经SPSS12.0与RAPDista

饲养条件下白豚微量元素的积累

中国科学院水生生物研究所留学归国人员基金资助项目(020102); 中国水产科学研究院首席科学家基金资助项目(1-105011)

稻田鱼腥藻返地克隆株的卫星再搭载研究

<正>稻田鱼腥藻(Anabaena oryza HB32)通过90105返回卫星搭载后出现性状分离,其中分离到AoSR16藻株,其固氮酶活力较对照(出发株)成倍提高,其光合和呼吸活性尚未发现明显差异.经2年的地面保持培养后,该藻株的固氮酶活性仍高于对照.1992年10月我们对AoSR16进行了卫星再搭载空间飞行.本文主要报道再搭载后,该藻株的性状分离情况及其再分离单克隆藻株固氮酶活性、生长速率、藻胆蛋白累积和氨排出的变化以及它们间的相互关系,并对固氮酶活性变化的原因及其生理生化效应进行了初步探讨.

Electromagnetic-thermal design optimization of the brushless doubly fed induction generator

In view of its special features, the brushless doubly fed induction generator (BDFIG) shows high potentials to be employed as a variable-speed drive or wind generator. However, the machine suffers from low efficiency and power factor and also high level of noise and vibration due to spatial harmonics. These harmonics arise mainly from rotor winding configuration, slotting effects, and saturation. In this paper, analytical equations are derived for spatial harmonics and their effects on leakage flux, additional loss, noise, and vibration. Using the derived equations and an electromagnetic-thermal model, a simple design procedure is presented, while the design variables are selected based on sensitivity analyses. A multiobjective optimization method using an imperialist competitive algorithm as the solver is established to maximize efficiency, power factor, and power-to-weight ratio, as well as to reduce rotor spatial harmonic distortion and voltage regulation simultaneously. Several constraints on dimensions, magnetic flux densities, temperatures, vibration level, and converter voltage and rating are imposed to ensure feasibility of the designed machine. The results show a significant improvement in the objective function. Finally, the analytical results of the optimized structure are validated using finite-element method and are compared to the experimental results of the D180 frame size prototype BDFIG. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

Influence of AlN buffer layer thickness on the properties of GaN epilayer on Si(111) by MOCVD

The effect of thickness of the high-temperature (HT) AlN buffer layer on the properties of GaN grown on Si(111) has been investigated. Optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are employed to characterize these samples grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The results demonstrate that the morphology and crystalline properties of the GaN epilayer strongly depend on the thickness of HT AlN buffer layer, and the optimized thickness of the HT AlN buffer layer is about 110 nm. Together with the low-temperature (LT) AlN interlayer, high-quality GaN epilayer with low crack density can be obtained. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of thermal radiation dependent performance of GaSb thermophotovoltaic cell based on an analytical absorption coefficient model

Applying the model dielectric function method, we have expressed the absorption coefficient of GaSb analytically at room temperature relating to the contribution of various critical points of its electronic band structure. The calculated absorption spectrum shows good agreement with the reported experimental data obtained by spectral ellipsometry on nominally undoped sample. Based on this analytical absorption spectrum, we have qualitatively evaluated the response of active absorbing layer structure and its photoelectric conversion properties of GaSb thermophotovoltaic device on the perturbation of external thermal radiation induced by the varying radiator temperature or emissivity. Our calculation has demonstrated that desirable thickness to achieve the maximum conversion efficiency should be decreased with the increment of radiator temperature and the performance degradation brought by any structure deviation from its optimal one would be stronger meanwhile. For the popular radiator temperature, no more than 1500 K in a real solar thermophotovoltaic system, and typical doping profile in GaSb cell, a reasonable absorbing layer structure parameter should be controlled within 100-300 nm for the emitter while 3000-5000 nm for the base.