Long-Term Lamivudine Treatment of Children with Chronic Hepatitis B: Durability of Therapeutic Responses and Safety

Lamivudine has been demonstrated safe and efficacious in the short term in a large cohort of children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but optimal duration of treatment has not been elucidated and limited data on the safety of long-term lamivudine administration have been reported. In addition, the durability of favourable therapeutic outcomes after lamivudine therapy in children has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the safety of lamivudine and the durability of clinical responses in a group of children who received up to 3 years of treatment for CHB. One hundred and fifty-one children from centres in nine countries who had previously received lamivudine in a large prospective trial were enrolled. During the first year, children had been randomized to either lamivudine or placebo treatment. Subsequently, in a separate extension study, those who remained hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive were given lamivudine for up to 2 years and those who were HBeAg negative were observed for additional 2 years. Results of these studies have been previously reported. In this study, these children were followed for 2 additional years. Data gathered from medical record review included weight, height, signs and symptoms of hepatitis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, serologic markers, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels and serious adverse events (SAEs). Other pharmacological treatments for CHB were allowed according to the practices of individual investigators and were documented. Subjects were divided into two groups for analysis, those who had achieved virological response (VR), defined as HBeAg negative and undetectable HBV DNA by the bDNA assay by the end of the extension study at 3 years, and those who had not. In those who had achieved VR by the end of the extension study, long-term durability of HBeAg seroconversion was 82% and >90% in those who had received lamivudine for 52 weeks and at least 2 years respectively. This compares to 75% for those who had achieved seroconversion after placebo. In those who had not achieved VR by the end of the extension study, an additional 11% did so by the end of the study; they had all received lamivudine in the previous trial, and none had received further treatment during the study. Eight children lost hepatitis B surface antigen during the study and all had received lamivudine at some point during the previous trials. Evaluation of safety data revealed no SAEs related to lamivudine. There was no effect of treatment on weight or height z scores. Clinically benign ALT flares (>10 times normal) were seen in 2% of children. Favourable outcomes from lamivudine treatment of CHB in children are maintained for at least several years after completion of treatment. Up to 3 years of lamivudine treatment is safe in children.

Waddlia chondrophila Infects and Multiplies in Ovine Trophoblast Cells Stimulating an Inflammatory Immune Response.

BACKGROUND: Waddlia chondrophila (W. chondrophila) is an emerging abortifacient organism which has been identified in the placentae of humans and cattle. The organism is a member of the order Chlamydiales, and shares many similarities at the genome level and in growth studies with other well-characterised zoonotic chlamydial abortifacients, such as Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus). This study investigates the growth of the organism and its effects upon pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a ruminant placental cell line which we have previously utilised in a model of C. abortus pathogenicity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using qPCR, fluorescent immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, we characterised the infection and growth of W. chondrophila within the ovine trophoblast AH-1 cell line. Inclusions were visible from 6 h post-infection (p.i.) and exponential growth of the organism could be observed over a 60 h time-course, with significant levels of host cell lysis being observed only after 36 h p.i. Expression of CXCL8, TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-1β were determined 24 h p.i. A statistically significant response in the expression of CXCL8, TNF-α and IL-1β could be observed following active infection with W. chondrophila. However a significant increase in IL-1β expression was also observed following the exposure of cells to UV-killed organisms, indicating the stimulation of multiple innate recognition pathways. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: W. chondrophila infects and grows in the ruminant trophoblast AH-1 cell line exhibiting a complete chlamydial replicative cycle. Infection of the trophoblasts resulted in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner similar to that observed with C. abortus in previous studies, suggesting similarities in the pathogenesis of infection between the two organisms.

Same Performance Changes after Live High-Train Low in Normobaric vs. Hypobaric Hypoxia.

PURPOSE: We investigated the changes in physiological and performance parameters after a Live High-Train Low (LHTL) altitude camp in normobaric (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) to reproduce the actual training practices of endurance athletes using a crossover-designed study. METHODS: Well-trained triathletes (n = 16) were split into two groups and completed two 18-day LTHL camps during which they trained at 1100-1200 m and lived at 2250 m (P i O2 = 111.9 ± 0.6 vs. 111.6 ± 0.6 mmHg) under NH (hypoxic chamber; FiO2 18.05 ± 0.03%) or HH (real altitude; barometric pressure 580.2 ± 2.9 mmHg) conditions. The subjects completed the NH and HH camps with a 1-year washout period. Measurements and protocol were identical for both phases of the crossover study. Oxygen saturation (S p O2) was constantly recorded nightly. P i O2 and training loads were matched daily. Blood samples and VO2max were measured before (Pre-) and 1 day after (Post-1) LHTL. A 3-km running-test was performed near sea level before and 1, 7, and 21 days after training camps. RESULTS: Total hypoxic exposure was lower for NH than for HH during LHTL (230 vs. 310 h; P < 0.001). Nocturnal S p O2 was higher in NH than in HH (92.4 ± 1.2 vs. 91.3 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001). VO2max increased to the same extent for NH and HH (4.9 ± 5.6 vs. 3.2 ± 5.1%). No difference was found in hematological parameters. The 3-km run time was significantly faster in both conditions 21 days after LHTL (4.5 ± 5.0 vs. 6.2 ± 6.4% for NH and HH), and no difference between conditions was found at any time. CONCLUSION: Increases in VO2max and performance enhancement were similar between NH and HH conditions.

Vies de saints, en français.

Contient : Vie de S. Laurent, en vers. « Maistre, a cest besoing vus dreciez... » ; Assomption Notre-Dame, par Hermann de Valenciennes (attribuée ici à « Willemme »), en vers. « Seignors, or escutez, que Deu vus beneïe... » ; Vision de S. Paul, en vers. « Seignors freres, ore escoutez... » ; Vie de Ste Marie l'Égyptienne, en vers. « Oez, seignors, une raisun. ». ; Vie de S. Alexis, en vers. « Bons fu li siecles al tens ancienor... » ; Vie de S. Jean l'Évangéliste, en prose. « Le secunt travail as Crestiens, après Nerun... » ; Vie de S. Jean-Baptiste, en prose. « Al tens Herode le rei de Judée fu un proveire... » ; « Vie de S. Barthélemy. « Ceo cuntent ceus qui sevent deviser les parties del munde... » ; Passion de S. Pierre et S. Paul, en prose. « Al tens Nerun Cesar esteient a Rome... » ; Du jugement de Dieu, en vers. « Seignors, oez raisun gloriose et saintisme... » ; Sermon, en sixains, sur le jugement de Dieu ; Évangile de Nicodème. « Ceo avint al quinzime an que Tyberie Cesar aveit esté enpereor... » ; Sermon du siècle, de Guichart de Beaulieu, en vers. « Entendez vers mei, les pétiz et les granz... » ; Vie de Ste Marie-Madeleine, en vers, par « Willieme » ; Enseignement sur le Pater, en prose. « A son treschier frere. Mun cher frere, sachez ke home tant cum il entent... » ; De la confession, en prose. « Ki voldra bien e beau vestu aparer devant la face Jhesu... » ; Vie de Notre-Dame, par « Guillame, » en vers ; Dit du besant de Dieu, par « Guillame », en vers. « Pur ceo que jeo ne voil muscier... » ; Des trois ennemis de l'homme, par Guillaume, en vers. « [T]reis moz qui me sont enchargez... » ; Histoire de Tobie, dédiée à « Guillelme... del iglise Sainte Marie de Keneille wourthe en Ardene », en vers. « [C]il qui seme bone semence... » ; Vie de Ste Marguerite, en vers ; Sermons, en prose ; I « Donavit illi nomen quod est super omne nomen, etc. Seint Pol li apostre dit de nostre Salveor... » ; II « Dixit Dominus ad Jesum filium Naue... Dist nostre Seignor a Jesu le fiz Nave, qui ert ministre Moysi... » ; III « Misit Deus exploratores in abscondito... Ceo fait a entendre en romanz que Jesu Nave, enveiad... » ; IVCum autem esset Jesus in agro urbis Jerico... Ceo conte l'estoire de la lei, quand Jesu fud en champ de Jerico... » ; V « Tulit autem unus ex filiis Israel aliquid de anathemate Jerico... Ceo dit l'estoire que uns hoem de la mesnée Israel... » ; La Passion, extraite de la Bible en vers de Hermann de Valenciennes ; Chanson, avec musique notée. « Margot, Margot, greif sunt ly mau d'amer, très duce Margot... »

Ethical space in a secondary school: a case study /

Discourse in the provincial education system that includes Aboriginal peoples is a convoluted one-sided affair. This has contributed to the limited academic success for Aboriginal secondary students in the provincial school system. The Office of the Auditor General (2004) announced a 27-28 year gap in Academic success compared to non- Aboriginal students (p. I). Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal stakeholders are fiiistrated and confused with the lack of support for long-term solutions to address academic success for Aboriginal students. The boundaries in education that exist between the dominant society of Canada and Aboriginal peoples in education are hindering the development of ethical space in which to negotiate and apply "concrete arguments and concepts" (Ermine, 2000, p. 140) for 'best' solutions across the cultural divide. Recent literature suggests a gap in knowledge to address this cultural divide. This study reveals racism is still prevalent and the problem lies in the fallacy of Euro-Western pedagogical beliefs. There is a need to design ethical space that will assist transformation of cross-relations in education for inclusion of Aboriginal voices and content. I submit that ethical space involves physical and abstract space. This report is a qualitative, exploratory, and single case study of one northern Ontario secondary school attended by First Nations and Metis peoples who comprise 35% of the school population. Twenty-six stakeholders volunteered to participate in six interviews. The volunteers in this study are Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal. Aboriginal peoples are firom two First Nations, and Metis peoples. It is an Aboriginal designed and delivered study that a) describes an Aboriginally-designed research method to gather data across cultural divides in a secondary school, b) reviews Tri-Council Policy Section 6 (TCPS) regarding 'good practices' in ethical research involving Aboriginal peoples, and c) summarizes stakeholder perspectives of the 'best educational environment' for one secondary school.

Futbol americano

UANL

La reforma educativa en la facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de la U.A.N.L. [por] Everardo Chapa Cantú

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Memorias

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Modelo de desarrollo de la investigación científica en la U.A.N.L.

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Introducción a la filosofía antología

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Contabilidad administrativa

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Apuntes de apoyo M - 2

UANL