Global slowing of network oscillations in mouse neocortex by diazepam

SCHEFFZUK, C. , KUKUSHKA, V. , VYSSOTSKI, A. L. , DRAGUHN, A. , TORT, A. B. L. , BRANKACK, J. . Global slowing of network oscillations in mouse neocortex by diazepam. Neuropharmacology , v. 65, p. 123-133, 2013.

Theta-associated high-frequency oscillations (110–160 Hz) in the hippocampus and neocortex

TORT, A. B. L. ; SCHEFFER-TEIXEIRA, R ; Souza, B.C. ; DRAGUHN, A. ; BRANKACK, J. . Theta-associated high-frequency oscillations (110-160 Hz) in the hippocampus and neocortex. Progress in Neurobiology , v. 100, p. 1-14, 2013.

Selective Coupling between Theta Phase and Neocortical Fast Gamma Oscillations during REM-Sleep in Mice

TORT, A. B. L. ; SCHEFFER-TEIXEIRA, R ; Souza, B.C. ; DRAGUHN, A. ; BRANKACK, J. . Theta-associated high-frequency oscillations (110-160 Hz) in the hippocampus and neocortex. Progress in Neurobiology , v. 100, p. 1-14, 2013.

Le Blue Straggler Stars e le popolazioni multiple in quattro ammassi globulari galattici

In questo elaborato viene presentato lo studio fotometrico di quattro ammassi globulari galattici. I target di questa Tesi fanno parte della HST UV Legacy Survey degli ammassi globulari galattici (Piotto et al. 2015). Nell'ambito di questa survey sono stati osservati, in modo omogeneo, 57 ammassi globulari galattici con il telescopio spaziale Hubble e la camera WFC3, in tre bande fotometriche ultraviolette e blu. Un dataset così composto è adatto a numerosi scopi, tra cui lo studio delle popolazioni calde come le BSS e delle popolazioni multiple. Sono stati selezionati quattro ammassi particolarmente popolosi e tra i più densi del campione, allo scopo di mettere a punto indicatori di evoluzione dinamica e comprendere il ruolo di quest'ultima sulle proprietà delle popolazioni multiple presenti nei sistemi selezionati. Lo studio dell'evoluzione dinamica è stato effettuato tramite la distribuzione radiale delle BSS (Blue Straggler Stars), che è stato dimostrato esserne un efficiente indicatore (Ferraro et al. 2012). I risultati ottenuti evidenziano chiaramente che tutti gli ammassi selezionati si trovano in fasi avanzate di evoluzione dinamica, come suggerito dall'alta densità che li caratterizza. Anche lo studio delle proprietà delle popolazioni multiple, ovvero sottopopolazioni con differenti abbondanze chimiche di elementi leggeri, la cui presenza è stata recentemente osservata negli ammassi globulari, è stato effettuato tramite lo studio della loro distribuzione radiale. Tra i quattro casi analizzati, soltanto M 15 ha mostrato una separazione significativa tra le distribuzioni radiali delle due popolazioni.

Abbondanze chimiche delle Blue Straggler Stars dell'ammasso aperto NGC 188

My Thesis work is aimed at searching for evidence of CO-depletion in the atmosphere of these objects. To this end, I am analyzing high-resolution spectra recently acquired with the spectrograph HDS at the Subaru Telescope. The global sample is composed of 5 BSSs with hot WD companions, 3 additional binary BSSs with no a significant far-UV excess, and one "normal" stars (along the RGB star) needed for comparison. The analysis will provide us with the surface chemical abundances (especially of C and O) of the target stars. The final goal is to verify the expected {chemical signature} and put constraints on its characteristic time scale (for instance, a positive detection in the 5 BSSs with hot companions and a non-detection in the other 3 binary BSSs would imply that CO-depletion is a transient phenomenon, lasting approx 300 Myr only). The analysis will also provide us with the rotational velocities of each target, thus allowing to investigate their kinematical properties and shed new light on their evolutionary path.

Increase in Hippocampal Theta Oscillations during Spatial Decision Making

The processing of spatial and mnemonic information is believed to depend on hippocampal theta oscillations (5–12 Hz). However, in rats both the power and the frequency of the theta rhythm are modulated by locomotor activity, which is a major confounding factor when estimating its cognitive correlates. Previous studies have suggested that hippocampal theta oscillations support decision-making processes. In this study, we investigated to what extent spatial decision making modulates hippocampal theta oscillations when controlling for variations in locomotion speed. We recorded local field potentials from the CA1 region of rats while animals had to choose one arm to enter for reward (goal) in a four-arm radial maze. We observed prominent theta oscillations during the decision-making period of the task, which occurred in the center of the maze before animals deliberately ran through an arm toward goal location. In speed-controlled analyses, theta power and frequency were higher during the decision period when compared to either an intertrial delay period (also at the maze center), or to the period of running toward goal location. In addition, theta activity was higher during decision periods preceding correct choices than during decision periods preceding incorrect choices. Altogether, our data support a cognitive function for the hippocampal theta rhythm in spatial decision making

Slow Oscillations in the Mouse Hippocampus Entrained by Nasal Respiration

Different types of network oscillations occur in different behavioral, cognitive, or vigilance states. The rodent hippocampus expresses prominentoscillations atfrequencies between 4 and 12Hz,which are superimposed by phase-coupledoscillations (30 –100Hz).These patterns entrain multineuronal activity over large distances and have been implicated in sensory information processing and memory formation. Here we report a new type of oscillation at near- frequencies (2– 4 Hz) in the hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized mice. The rhythm is highly coherent with nasal respiration and with rhythmic field potentials in the olfactory bulb: hence, we called it hippocampal respiration-induced oscillations. Despite the similarity in frequency range, several features distinguish this pattern from locally generatedoscillations: hippocampal respiration-induced oscillations have a unique laminar amplitude profile, are resistant to atropine, couple differentlytooscillations, and are abolished when nasal airflow is bypassed bytracheotomy. Hippocampal neurons are entrained by both the respiration-induced rhythm and concurrent oscillations, suggesting a direct interaction between endogenous activity in the hippocampus and nasal respiratory inputs. Our results demonstrate that nasal respiration strongly modulates hippocampal network activity in mice, providing a long-range synchronizing signal between olfactory and hippocampal networks.

Resolved Stars' Insights into Galaxy Physics

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

MEG-measured visually induced gamma-band oscillations in chronic schizophrenia: Evidence for impaired generation of rhythmic activity in ventral stream regions

Background: Gamma-band oscillations are prominently impaired in schizophrenia, but the nature of the deficit and relationship to perceptual processes is unclear. Methods: 16 patients with chronic schizophrenia (ScZ) and 16 age-matched healthy controls completed a visual paradigm while magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data was recorded. Participants had to detect randomly occurring stimulus acceleration while viewing a concentric moving grating. MEG data were analyzed for spectral power (1-100 Hz) at sensorand source-level to examine the brain regions involved in aberrant rhythmic activity, and for contribution of differences in baseline activity towards the generation of low- and highfrequency power. Results: Our data show reduced gamma-band power at sensor level in schizophrenia patients during stimulus processing while alpha-band and baseline spectrum were intact. Differences in oscillatory activity correlated with reduced behavioral detection rates in the schizophrenia group and higher scores on the “Cognitive Factor” of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Source reconstruction revealed that extra-striate (fusiform/lingual gyrus), but not striate (cuneus), visual cortices contributed towards the reduced activity observed at sensorlevel in ScZ patients. Importantly, differences in stimulus-related activity were not due to differences in baseline activity. Conclusions: Our findings highlight that MEG-measured high-frequency oscillations during visual processing can be robustly identified in ScZ. Our data further suggest impairments that involve dysfunctions in ventral stream processing and a failure to increase gamma-band activity in a task-context. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of current theories of cortical-subcortical circuit dysfunctions and perceptual processing in ScZ.

L'influence des oscillations en delta sur la sélection d'une action

Résumé : La capacité de décider parmi plusieurs possibilités d'actions, grâce à l'information sensorielle disponible, est essentielle à un organisme interagissant avec un environnement complexe. Les modèles actuels de sélection d'une action soutiennent que le cerveau traite continuellement l'information sensorielle afin de planifier plusieurs possibilités d'action en parallèle. Dans cette perspective, ces représentations motrices, associées à chaque possibilité d'action, sont en constante compétition entre elles. Afin qu'une alternative puisse être sélectionnée pour le mouvement, une valeur de pondération, intégrant une multitude de facteurs, doit être associée à chacun des plans moteurs afin de venir moduler la compétition. Plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux différents facteurs modulant la sélection de l'action, tels que la disposition de l'environnement, le coût des actions, le niveau de récompense, etc. Par contre, il semble qu'aucune étude n'ait rapporté ce qu'il advient lorsque la valeur de pondération de chacune des actions possibles est identique. Dans ce contexte, quel est l'élément permettant de venir moduler la sélection de l'action? De ce fait, l'objectif principal de mon projet de maitrise est d'investiguer le facteur permettant au cerveau de sélectionner une action lorsque tous les facteurs rapportés dans la littérature sont contrôlés. De récentes données ont montré que les oscillations corticales lentes dans la bande delta peuvent servir d'instrument de sélection attentionnelle en modulant l'amplitude de la réponse neuronale. Ainsi, les stimuli arrivant dans le cortex pendant une phase en delta de forte excitabilité sont amplifiés, tandis que ceux arrivant lors d'une phase en delta de faible excitabilité sont atténués. Ceci dit, il est possible que la phase en delta dans laquelle se trouve le cerveau au moment d'effectuer la sélection d'une action puisse influencer la décision. Utilisant une tâche de sélection de main, cette étude teste l'hypothèse que la sélection de la main est associée à la phase en delta des ensembles neuronaux codant le mouvement de chacune des mains, lorsque tous les facteurs connus influençant la décision sont contrôlés. L'électroencéphalographie (EEG) fut utilisée afin d'enregistrer les signaux corticaux pendant que les participants effectuaient une tâche de sélection de main dans laquelle ils devaient, à chaque essai, atteindre une cible visuelle aussi rapidement que possible en utilisant la main de leur choix. La tâche fut conçue de façon à ce que les facteurs spatiaux et biomécaniques soient contrôlés. Ceci fut réalisé enidentifiant premièrement, sur une base individuelle, l'emplacement de la cible pour laquelle les mains droite et gauche avaient une probabilité équivalente d'être choisies (point d'égalité subjective, PSE). Ensuite, dans l'expérience principale, les participants effectuaient plusieurs mouvements d'atteinte vers des cibles positionnées près et loin du PSE, toujours avec la main de leur choix. L'utilisation de cinq cibles très près du PSE a permis de collecter de nombreux essais dans lesquels la main droite et la main gauche furent sélectionnées en réponse à un même stimulus visuel. Ceci a ainsi permis d'analyser les signaux des deux cortex dans des conditions d'utilisation de la main droite et gauche, tout en contrôlant pour les autres facteurs pouvant moduler la sélection de la main. Les résultats de cette recherche révèlent que l'hémisphère cortical se trouvant dans la phase la plus excitable en delta (près du pic négatif), lors de l'apparition du stimulus, est associé à la fois à la main qui sera sélectionnée ainsi qu'au temps de réaction. Ces résultats montrent que l'excitabilité corticale momentanée (phase du signal) pourrait agir comme un facteur modulant la sélection d'une action. Dans cette optique, ces données élargissent considérablement les modèles actuels en montrant que la sélection d'une action est en partie déterminée par l'état du cerveau au moment d'effectuer un choix, d'une manière qui est indépendante de toutes les variables de décision connues.

The role of nuclear physics in supernovae and the evolution of neutron stars, Neutrino Opacities, Equation of State, Transport Coefficients, and Dark Matter Production

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Global slowing of network oscillations in mouse neocortex by diazepam

SCHEFFZUK, C. , KUKUSHKA, V. , VYSSOTSKI, A. L. , DRAGUHN, A. , TORT, A. B. L. , BRANKACK, J. . Global slowing of network oscillations in mouse neocortex by diazepam. Neuropharmacology , v. 65, p. 123-133, 2013.

Theta-associated high-frequency oscillations (110–160 Hz) in the hippocampus and neocortex

TORT, A. B. L. ; SCHEFFER-TEIXEIRA, R ; Souza, B.C. ; DRAGUHN, A. ; BRANKACK, J. . Theta-associated high-frequency oscillations (110-160 Hz) in the hippocampus and neocortex. Progress in Neurobiology , v. 100, p. 1-14, 2013.