O que nos une, o que nos separa: do encontro e da distância na fotografia

A pesquisa desenvolvida parte de um diálogo entre a minha produção artística e uma reflexão teórica sobre fotografia. Reflexão que não se esgota neste trabalho, mas, ao contrário, abre novas brechas para imagens e palavras que virão. O fio condutor da minha produção fotográfica reflete uma forma específica de pensar a fotografia para além da imagem, que eleva a ideia de instante a uma potência de momento fotográfico. A expectação é pensada aqui como uma interação onde surge uma nova relação entre fotógrafo-fotografado. O interesse pelos olhares que atravessam a câmera, além daqueles que, mais tarde, pousarão na superfície da imagem, aproxima esta pesquisa da filosofia de Georges Didi-Huberman, que propõe um diálogo incessante entre o visível e o invisível na imagem e descortina o jogo entre o perto e o distante no olhar. Como a fotografia percorre as distâncias fazendo desse caminho também um encontro? A fotografia é tomada como um elo e também como objeto. Diferentes materialidades da imagem definem diferentes temporalidades. O tempo que ronda o ato fotográfico se alarga e se estreita em função de seus meios de produção. Mauricio Lissovsky aponta a expectação como fator determinante das imagens fotográficas. Suely Rolnik, em suas direções cartográficas sentimentais, guia essa trama fluida, que também se compõe pelo afeto. Miwon Kwon, ao pensar a sensação de instabilidade e não pertencimento, sugere novas formas de relação com o lugar estrangeiro. Hal Foster considera a inserção da arte na vida social uma dimensão intrínseca à prática artística contemporânea. Nesse contexto, localizo a minha pesquisa. Alguns trabalhos de Nan Goldin, Sophie Calle, Rosângela Rennó e Alexandre Sequeira, entre outros artistas e pesquisadores, são trazidos à cena, para compor e perpetuar o delicado jogo de olhares, distâncias, imagens e encontros

O léxico do Brasil em dicionários de língua portuguesa do século XIX

Esta tese estuda o registro do léxico brasileiro em dicionários de língua portuguesa do século XIX, numa perspectiva linguística e metalexicográfica. Foram analisados todos os títulos que integram o cânone da dicionarística portuguesa, de caráter geral e monolíngue, no período em questão, quanto à proposta lexicográfica explícita e quanto à microestrutura de uma seção da nominata (todos os brasileirismos iniciados pela letra c). A partir da análise comparativa dos dicionários, foi possível estabelecer, em termos quantitativos e qualitativos, quais edições são relevantes para o registro de termos brasileiros no século XIX: quatro edições do dicionário de Morais e a edição de Caldas Aulete. Embora amplamente utilizada, a marcação diatópica não é alvo de discussão nas obras lexicográficas estudadas. Depreende-se, pelo emprego da marca termo do Brasil, equivalente a brasileirismo, que se trata de um conceito geográfico que, às vezes, coincide com o de origem. Três dicionários de vocábulos brasileiros publicados entre 1852 e 1889 foram identificados como fontes de consulta dos dicionários gerais. Os itens lexicais brasileiros foram observados segundo parâmetros linguísticos e lexicográficos: etimologia, tipo de brasileirismo (lexical ou semântico), regionalismos brasileiros, campos semânticos e tipos de definição. Esses parâmetros permitiram identificar continuidades e rupturas na tradição dicionarística do século XIX e apontar para modos de observar a manutenção dessa tradição no século XX

Linguagem como modo de acontecimento de mundo em Martin Heidegger

O presente trabalho visa explorar alguns aspectos do pensamento de Martin Heidegger quanto a sua reflexão acerca da linguagem. Esta não será meditada como proferimento verbal de enunciados ou ainda qualquer forma gramatical. Menos claro seria, então, entender a linguagem como algo derivado do pensamento humano. Linguagem, nesse estudo, será meditada como acontecimento de irrupção do ser nas coisas, se por isto entendermos toda forma de realização das dimensões e possibilidades de as coisas virem a se tornar algo. Dessa feita, este estudo busca elucidar algumas palavras fundamentais do pensamento, palavras essas que desempenham, no interior da reflexão de Heidegger, um papel crucial a fim de se compreender a sua filosofia como um todo e, claro, a natureza do acontecimento que permite a realização da linguagem enquanto fenômeno articulador de todo mundo possível.

ExoU, uma proteína do sistema de secreção do tipo III de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, induz a secreção de eicosanóides por células epiteliais respiratórias. Papel dos corpúsculos lipídicos neste processo

Para pesquisar o papel de ExoU no desencadeamento de resposta inflamatória nas vias aéreas, células epiteliais respiratórias humanas (CERs) da linhagem BEAS-2B foram tratadas com AA radiomarcado e infectadas com a cepa PA103 de P. aeruginosa, que secreta ExoU, e com os mutantes PA103exoU (com deleção do gene exoU), PA103ΔUT/exoU (com deleção de exoU e complementação com o gene funcional) e PA103UT/S142A (com deleção de exoU e complementação com gene com mutagênese sítio-específica no domínio catalítico da enzima). Após 1 hora, a liberação de AA pelas culturas infectadas com as cepas produtoras de ExoU foi significativamente superior à observada em culturas infectadas pelas cepas não-produtoras ou por células controle. O tratamento das bactérias com MAFP, um inibidor de PLA2, resultou em significativa redução na liberação de AA. Células infectadas pelas cepas PA103 e PA103ΔUT/exoU secretaram PGE2 e LTB4 em concentrações significativamente maiores que as secretadas por células infectadas pelas demais cepas ou não infectadas. O tratamento com o MAFP reduziu significativamente a secreção de PGE2. A análise, por citometria de fluxo, de células infectadas e não infectadas tratadas com anticorpo anti-COX-2 mostrou que o percentual de células infectadas por PA103 marcadas foi significativamente superior ao percentual encontrado em culturas controle. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto ao percentual de células marcadas em culturas infectadas por PA103ΔexoU. O tratamento das culturas com NS-398 (um inibidor seletivo de COX-2) resultou na diminuição significativa da concentração de PGE2, secretada por células infectadas com PA103, mas não por células infectadas com PA103ΔexoU ou por células controle. Corpúsculos lipídicos (CLs) são domínios citoplasmáticos ricos em COX-2 e outras enzimas responsáveis pelo metabolismo do AA, sede da produção de eicosanóides. Como células infectadas pelas cepas produtoras de ExoU liberam AA livre, formulamos a hipótese de que a maior produção de eicosanóides por estas células seria dependente da indução do aumento no número dos CLs. No entanto, a análise por citometria de fluxo de células tratadas com uma sonda lipofílica com afinidade com os CLs mostrou que o percentual de células marcadas em culturas infectadas pelas cepas produtoras de ExoU foi significativamente inferior ao percentual em culturas controle ou infectadas pelas outras 2 cepas bacterianas. O tratamento das células com MAFP inibiu significativamente a redução do percentual de células contendo CLs. A análise, por citometria de fluxo, de células controle ou infectadas tratadas simultaneamente com a sonda lipofílica e com o anticorpo anti-PGE2, mostrou, em células infectadas com PA103, a redução da mediana da intensidade de marcação com a sonda lipofílica e o aumento da mediana da intensidade de marcação com o anticorpo anti-PGE2. Nossa hipótese é que a presença de ExoU nas células infectadas com a cepa PA103 resulte no metabolismo de glicerofosfolipídios presente nos CLs levando à diminuição da afinidade dos CLs pela sonda lipofílica e à síntese local de PGE2.

The design of multi-element airfoils through multi-objective optimization techniques

This paper presents the development and the application of a multi-objective optimization framework for the design of two-dimensional multi-element high-lift airfoils. An innovative and efficient optimization algorithm, namely Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS), has been selected as core of the framework. The flow-field around the multi-element configuration is simulated using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (cfd) suite Ansys cfx. Elements shape and deployment settings have been considered as design variables in the optimization of the Garteur A310 airfoil, as presented here. A validation and verification process of the cfd simulation for the Garteur airfoil is performed using available wind tunnel data. Two design examples are presented in this study: a single-point optimization aiming at concurrently increasing the lift and drag performance of the test case at a fixed angle of attack and a multi-point optimization. The latter aims at introducing operational robustness and off-design performance into the design process. Finally, the performance of the MOTS algorithm is assessed by comparison with the leading NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) optimization strategy. An equivalent framework developed by the authors within the industrial sponsor environment is used for the comparison. To eliminate cfd solver dependencies three optimum solutions from the Pareto optimal set have been cross-validated. As a result of this study MOTS has been demonstrated to be an efficient and effective algorithm for aerodynamic optimizations. Copyright © 2012 Tech Science Press.

An investigation of higher-order multi-objective optimisation for 3D aerodynamic shape design

We investigate the performance of different variants of a suitably tailored Tabu Search optimisation algorithm on a higher-order design problem. We consider four objective func- tions to describe the performance of a compressor stator row, subject to a number of equality and inequality constraints. The same design problem has been previously in- vestigated through single-, bi- and three-objective optimisation studies. However, in this study we explore the capabilities of enhanced variants of our Multi-objective Tabu Search (MOTS) optimisation algorithm in the context of detailed 3D aerodynamic shape design. It is shown that with these enhancements to the local search of the MOTS algorithm we can achieve a rapid exploration of complicated design spaces, but there is a trade-off be- tween speed and the quality of the trade-off surface found. Rapidly explored design spaces reveal the extremes of the objective functions, but the compromise optimum areas are not very well explored. However, there are ways to adapt the behaviour of the optimiser and maintain both a very efficient rate of progress towards the global optimum Pareto front and a healthy number of design configurations lying on the trade-off surface and exploring the compromise optimum regions. These compromise solutions almost always represent the best qualitative balance between the objectives under consideration. Such enhancements to the effectiveness of design space exploration make engineering design optimisation with multiple objectives and robustness criteria ever more practicable and attractive for modern advanced engineering design. Finally, new research questions are addressed that highlight the trade-offs between intelligence in optimisation algorithms and acquisition of qualita- tive information through computational engineering design processes that reveal patterns and relations between design parameters and objective functions, but also speed versus optimum quality. © 2012 AIAA.

Application of the multi-objective Alliance algorithm to a benchmark aerodynamic optimization problem

This paper introduces a new version of the multiobjective Alliance Algorithm (MOAA) applied to the optimization of the NACA 0012 airfoil section, for minimization of drag and maximization of lift coefficients, based on eight section shape parameters. Two software packages are used: XFoil which evaluates each new candidate airfoil section in terms of its aerodynamic efficiency, and a Free-Form Deformation tool to manage the section geometry modifications. Two versions of the problem are formulated with different design variable bounds. The performance of this approach is compared, using two indicators and a statistical test, with that obtained using NSGA-II and multi-objective Tabu Search (MOTS) to guide the optimization. The results show that the MOAA outperforms MOTS and obtains comparable results with NSGA-II on the first problem, while in the other case NSGA-II is not able to find feasible solutions and the MOAA is able to outperform MOTS. © 2013 IEEE.

Enhancing and developing the practical optimisation capabilities and intelligence of automatic design software

In the modern engineering design cycle the use of computational tools becomes a neces- sity. The complexity of the engineering systems under consideration for design increases dramatically as the demands for advanced and innovative design concepts and engineering products is expanding. At the same time the advancements in the available technology in terms of computational resources and power, as well as the intelligence of the design software, accommodate these demands and make them a viable approach towards the chal- lenge of real-world engineering problems. This class of design optimisation problems is by nature multi-disciplinary. In the present work we establish enhanced optimisation capabil- ities within the Nimrod/O tool for massively distributed execution of computational tasks through cluster and computational grid resources, and develop the potential to combine and benefit from all the possible available technological advancements, both software and hardware. We develop the interface between a Free Form Deformation geometry manage- ment in-house code with the 2D airfoil aerodynamic efficiency evaluation tool XFoil, and the well established multi-objective heuristic optimisation algorithm NSGA-II. A simple airfoil design problem has been defined to demonstrate the functionality of the design sys- tem, but also to accommodate a framework for future developments and testing with other state-of-the-art optimisation algorithms such as the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) and the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS) techniques. Ultimately, heav- ily computationally expensive industrial design cases can be realised within the presented framework that could not be investigated before. © 2012 by the authors. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.

Multi-objective shape optimisation for horizontal-axis wind turbine blades

We are developing a wind turbine blade optimisation package CoBOLDT (COmputa- tional Blade Optimisation and Load De ation Tool) for the optimisation of large horizontal- axis wind turbines. The core consists of the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS), which controls a spline parameterisation module, a fast geometry generation and a stationary Blade Element Momentum (BEM) code to optimise an initial wind turbine blade design. The objective functions we investigate are the Annual Energy Production (AEP) and the fl apwise blade root bending moment (MY0) for a stationary wind speed of 50 m/s. For this task we use nine parameters which define the blade chord, the blade twist (4 parameters each) and the blade radius. Throughout the optimisation a number of binary constraints are defined to limit the noise emission, to allow for transportation on land and to control the aerodynamic conditions during all phases of turbine operation. The test case shows that MOTS is capable to find enhanced designs very fast and eficiently and will provide a rich and well explored Pareto front for the designer to chose from. The optimised blade de- sign could improve the AEP of the initial blade by 5% with the same flapwise root bending moment or reduce MY0 by 7.5% with the original energy yield. Due to the fast runtime of order 10 seconds per design, a huge number of optimisation iterations is possible without the need for a large computing cluster. This also allows for increased design flexibility through the introduction of more parameters per blade function or parameterisation of the airfoils in future. © 2012 by Nordex Energy GmbH.

Enhancing and developing the practical optimisation capabilities and intelligence of automatic design software

In the modern engineering design cycle the use of computational tools becomes a necessity. The complexity of the engineering systems under consideration for design increases dramatically as the demands for advanced and innovative design concepts and engineering products is expanding. At the same time the advancements in the available technology in terms of computational resources and power, as well as the intelligence of the design software, accommodate these demands and make them a viable approach towards the challenge of real-world engineering problems. This class of design optimisation problems is by nature multi-disciplinary. In the present work we establish enhanced optimisation capabilities within the Nimrod/O tool for massively distributed execution of computational tasks through cluster and computational grid resources, and develop the potential to combine and benefit from all the possible available technological advancements, both software and hardware. We develop the interface between a Free Form Deformation geometry management in-house code with the 2D airfoil aerodynamic efficiency evaluation tool XFoil, and the well established multi-objective heuristic optimisation algorithm NSGA-II. A simple airfoil design problem has been defined to demonstrate the functionality of the design system, but also to accommodate a framework for future developments and testing with other state-of-the-art optimisation algorithms such as the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) and the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS) techniques. Ultimately, heavily computationally expensive industrial design cases can be realised within the presented framework that could not be investigated before. ©2012 AIAA.

Multi-objective shape optimisation for horizontal-axis wind turbine blades

We are developing a wind turbine blade optimisation package CoBOLDT (COmputa- tional Blade Optimisation and Load Deation Tool) for the optimisation of large horizontal- axis wind turbines. The core consists of the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS), which controls a spline parameterisation module, a fast geometry generation and a stationary Blade Element Momentum (BEM) code to optimise an initial wind turbine blade design. The objective functions we investigate are the Annual Energy Production (AEP) and the apwise blade root bending moment (MY0) for a stationary wind speed of 50 m/s. For this task we use nine parameters which define the blade chord, the blade twist (4 parameters each) and the blade radius. Throughout the optimisation a number of binary constraints are defined to limit the noise emission, to allow for transportation on land and to control the aerodynamic conditions during all phases of turbine operation. The test case shows that MOTS is capable to find enhanced designs very fast and efficiently and will provide a rich and well explored Pareto front for the designer to chose from. The optimised blade de- sign could improve the AEP of the initial blade by 5% with the same apwise root bending moment or reduce MY0 by 7.5% with the original energy yield. Due to the fast runtime of order 10 seconds per design, a huge number of optimisation iterations is possible without the need for a large computing cluster. This also allows for increased design flexibility through the introduction of more parameters per blade function or parameterisation of the airfoils in future. © 2012 AIAA.

A self-adaptive genetic algorithm applied to multi-objective optimization of an airfoil

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been used to tackle non-linear multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems successfully, but their success is governed by key parameters which have been shown to be sensitive to the nature of the particular problem, incorporating concerns such as the numbers of objectives and variables, and the size and topology of the search space, making it hard to determine the best settings in advance. This work describes a real-encoded multi-objective optimizing GA (MOGA) that uses self-adaptive mutation and crossover, and which is applied to optimization of an airfoil, for minimization of drag and maximization of lift coefficients. The MOGA is integrated with a Free-Form Deformation tool to manage the section geometry, and XFoil which evaluates each airfoil in terms of its aerodynamic efficiency. The performance is compared with those of the heuristic MOO algorithms, the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS) and NSGA-II, showing that this GA achieves better convergence.

四氟乙烯等离子体聚合反应的基础研究

[I] 等离子体聚四氟乙烯的ESCA表征 本研究采用外部电容耦合式聚合装置，频率为13.56MHz，合成了等离子体聚四氟乙烯（PPTFE）。应用ESCA表征了辉光压和非辉光压产物的结构，同时应用CNDO进到了理论计算。结果表明，在辉光压上非辉光压中制得的PPTFE结构差别很大。非辉光内淀积物结构亦现差异。辉光压内的PPTFE是高度支化交联的，在本实验的典型反应条件下，PPTFE的F/C比为1.42，Gs区五个峰确定归属后，各主要对应基团的相对组成约为：CF_3－21%、CF_2－32%、CF－22%、－C from | to | of — 20%，其余为少量的CFH、CH_2（II）、CH_2（I）。在非辉光压内可得到近於线线型的PPTFE，其F/C为2.08，端基CF_3约占15%，CF_2占78%，代表支化交联的基团CF、－C from | to | of －皆为零，另外应用X射线衍射法证实，在非辉光压中形成的PPTFE具有类似于聚四氟乙烯的（PTFE）结晶，这一实验结果至今未见文献报导。深入分析这一结果，并运用ESR、MS、~(19)F－NMR等表征手段，进一步提出四氟乙烯等离子体聚合反应机理。这方面在[II]中论述。本工作提出五类十三种模型化合物，并运用Siegbahn的电荷电位模型同时结合使用CNDO/2电子计算机程序；还运用Pauling价键模型，分别应用这两种理论方法，计算了PPTFE中ClS结合能位移（ΔEi），所得结果相近，从而为ClS区五个峰的归属提供理论依据。五个峰归属为：(1) 284.7(ev) － CH_2(I)，(2) 287.0(ev) － －C from | to | of －、CH_2(II)，(3) 289.0(ev) －CF、CFH，(4) 291.5(ev) － CF_2，(5) 293.6(ev) － CF_3。通过对模型化合物中ClS的ΔEi计算结果，推导出F作为α、β、γ位碳上的取代基对α位碳上IS电子结合能位移影响所产生的效应值，并初步总结出表达这种效应的经验式：ΔEi ＝ aα ＋ bβ ＋ cγ式中α、β、γ分别为2.23 ± 0.08(ev)、0.27 ± 0.02(ev)、0.20 ± 0.02(ev)，a、b、c为取代基F的个数。实验结果还证明，淀积位置、功率、压力、等离子气体如Ar、He、N_2等反应条件对PPTFE膜结构有影响，并应用能量梯度解释这种影响；另外发现，同功率、同压力但不同淀积位置上以及同淀积位置但不同功率或不同压力时的PPTFE膜结构所受能量梯度的影响。本工作根据等离子体聚四氟工烯结构的表征结果，并结合ESR、MS等有关分析数据，提出了PPTFE的结构模型。[II] 等郭子体聚四氟乙烯的反应机理 鉴于等离子体聚合反应的复杂性，目前对等离子体聚合反应机理争论较大，其焦点是：反应的活性中心是离子还是自由基；反应地点是在气相还是在反应体系的固体表面。本工作通过对等离子体聚四氟乙烯气相产物的研究证实：等离子体聚合反就是通过自由基历程，引发和初级链增长主要在气相，脱F和支化交联反应在表面上进行。聚合反应装置同[I]中所述，聚合条件是功率60瓦，压力1 * 10~(-1)乇。通过液氟冷阱收集气相生成物，然后制备成有机溶液和本体溶液。气相生成物的ESR分析结果表明，PPTFE膜中存在自由基浓度约在10~(18)自旋数／克，峰形为一条反对称吸收线，宽为175G，g值是2.005。气相生成物的丙酮、苯、环已烷、已烷等有机溶液的ESR谱相同，皆为20条精细结构分裂谱线。另外，通过一系列实验，检测了桔黄色本体溶液的ESR谱，终于得到具有160条超精细结构的分裂谱线，自由基浓度高达10~(20)自旋数／克。初步认为是几种自由基的混合物，固谱图十分复杂，目前解谱尚有困难，需进一步研究。等高子体气相生成物中有大量自由基并且得到其精细和超精细分裂谱线，这一实验结果至今未见文献报导。这个结果进一步证实了聚合反应的活性中心主要是自由基。考察了PPTFE膜的自由基在90 ℃时随时间变化的ESR谱，发现一开始衰减很快；研究了PPTFE膜的自由基在不同气氛下常温衰减情况，结果指出：辉光压和非辉光压的PPTFE膜中自由基在空气中衰减快，辉光压的PPTFE膜中自由基在真空中及单体气氛中衰减缓慢。气相生成物的有机溶液在90 ℃时随时间变化的ESR谱表明，各峰衰减速率不同，证实并非一种自由基，溶液的自由基能与吡啶反应生成棕红色物质，可能是吡啶盐。本实验用GC－MS联用对气相冷凝物本体溶液进行了分析，比文献上只用MS与聚合反应体系联用分析气相混合物的方法，对分析反应机理提供更为有说服力的实验结果。结果表明，四氟乙烯等离子体聚合的气相生成物是直链的全氟烷烃（分子中碳原子数为C_3－C_8），还有含碳原子数为C_4、C_5、C_6、C_8全氟环烷烃，也可能是括分子链两端是自由基的直链全氟烷烃，还有二氟卡宾。从TFE等离子体聚合的气相中产生齐聚物及其结构特征，可以推断气相中发生了链引发反应和初级增长反应，引发反应的历程首先是TFE单体分子中π键断裂，其次是C~σ-C的σ键均裂，然后通过自由基的复合或诱导反应进行链的初级增长反应。还进行了气相生成物有机溶液的~(19)F－NMR分析，其结果初步看来与GC－MS的结果相一致。还探索了不同条件下在非辉光压内得到的PPTFE膜，进一步表明，在顺着气流方向的淀积位置上的膜结构是接近线型的。这个结果与用质谱、核磁的表征结果相符：从不用方面证实了上述反应历程。此外，通过对PPTFE及PTFE在Ar等离子体系中的刻蚀实验，表明了聚合膜上发生六量脱F反应。由这个结果并结合PPTFE膜及气相产物的结构表征，可以推测到PPTFE膜的支化，交联是通过表面反应进行的。综合四氟乙烯等离子体聚合反应机理的讨论，本论文建议了TFE的等离子体聚合反应历程模型。

多元统计学方法在光度分析中同时测定多组份体系应用的研究

本论文通过对计算方法的筛选，把目前被认为是最有前途的多元统计学方法－－主组份回归法（PCR）和偏最小二乘法（PLS）以及人们使用较多的CPA矩阵法固较为成熟的，且普遍使用的光度分析有机地结合在一起，对多组份混合体系进行了同时测定的应用研究。并详细阐述了多元线性回归方法（MLR）、PLS、PCR方法的基本数学原理，继而又以运行速度较快的FORTRAN语言分别编制了CPA矩阵法，PCR法，PLS法的计算机程序，实现了对光谱数据矩阵和校准浓度矩阵的计算机全处理过程，获得了预期的效果。经过它们处理计算的几个多组份混合体系的同时测定，也都取得了满意的结果。本文还通过对CPA矩阵法，PCR法和PLS法的计算测定的比较，归纳总结了它们各自的优缺点，并在校准样品的系列统计设计。以交叉证实法（Cross-Validation)确定最佳校准模型的因子数，不相容因子（DF）判定检查结果的可靠性等方面都作了较系统的有益探索，并提出了些新颖的观点和看法，证明了其具有广阔的应用前景。即使对有交互作用较强的药物样品的定量分析，仍取得了较满意的结果。本论文共作了如下四方面的探讨。1.CPA矩阵法在光度分析中进行多组份体系同时测定的研究。2.偏最小二乘法（PLS）在分光光度定量分析中的应用。它是以因子分析为基础的多元统计学方法。3.主组份回归法（PCR）同时计算测定钨、钼、钒。它是因子分析（FA）和MLR相结合的产物。故兼容了FA和多元线性回归法中的经典最小二乘法（CLS）和逆最小二法（ILS）的优点。4.多元统计学方法在光度分析中应用的研究。本文将较为优异的计算方法，PCR和PLS分别进行了多方面的分析测定研究。总之，PCR和PLS法都是因子分析（FA）和多元线性回归法（MLR）相结合的产物。在目前的计算方法中，被认为是最有前途的多元统计学方法。

Les tribulations parisiennes de l’officier écrivain : l’oeuvre autobiographique de Yasmina Khadra et son accueil en France

This article describes Yasmina Khadra’s autobiographical work composed of two books: "L’écrivain" and "L’imposture des mots" and its reception in France. The main purpose of this study was to establish the literary genre of these books, which implies determining whether Khandra’s work represents an autobiography or an autofiction with reference to P. Lejeune’s and V. Colonna’s theoretical studies. The dividing line between two genres in Khandra’s works refl ects his inner split between being either a solder or a writer. The presentation will also help to understand the controversy resulting from Khandra’s participation in Algerian civil war. Moreover the analysis is related to modern Algerian history.