COMUNICAÇÃO EMPRESARIAL, INTERATIVIDADE E REDES SOCIAIS: ESTUDO DE CASO DA EMBRAPA SOLOS

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar como a interatividade e a transparência passaram a ser os novos paradigmas da comunicação empresarial e a forma como as empresas estão lidando com esta nova realidade, manifestada com o surgimento e proliferação das redes sociais. Não apenas a comunicação corporativa, mas o marketing e o atendimento ao cliente foram profundamente afetados pela Web 2.0 e este trabalho procura fazer uma reflexão deste novo momento, ao optar por um estudo qualitativo, onde foram aplicados questionários estruturados e semi-estruturados, além da observação participante. Trata-se de um estudo de caso na Embrapa Solos, o primeiro centro de pesquisa da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária a implantar blogs corporativos quando pouco se falava no assunto. Nos últimos cinco anos, desde que os primeiros posts foram publicados, muita coisa mudou na delicada balança de poder x informação/ empresa x consumidor. Este estudo conclui que apesar dos avanços que os blogs proporcionaram não só à Embrapa Solos, mas em outras empresas que adotaram esta e outras redes sociais, ainda há um longo caminho a ser percorrido, de horizontalização de estruturas e real democratização da informação.

Estudo comparativo de diferentes sistemas de injeção de vapor aplicados à remediação de solos contaminados por diesel

Among the potentially polluting economic activities that compromise the quality of soil and groundwater stations are fuel dealers. Leakage of oil derived fuels in underground tanks or activities improperly with these pollutants can contaminate large areas, causing serious environmental and toxicological problems. The number of gas stations grew haphazardly, without any kind of control, thus the environmental impacts generated by these enterprises grew causing pollution of soil and groundwater. Surfactants using various techniques have been proposed to remedy this kind of contamination. This study presents innovation as the application of different systems containing surfactant in the vapor phase and compares their diesel removal efficiencies of soil containing this contaminant. For this, a system that contains seven injection wells the following vaporized solutions: water, surfactant solution, microemulsion and nanoemulsion, The surfactants used were saponified coconut oil (OCS), in aqueous solution and an ethoxylated alcohol UNTL-90: aqueous solution , and nanoemulsion and microemulsion systems. Among the systems investigated, the nanoemulsion showed the highest efficiency, achieving 88% removal of residual phase diesel, the most ecologically and technically feasible by a system with lower content of active matter

Aplicação do Na2S2O8, H2O2 e ferro na remediação de solos (latossolo e areia destrófica) contaminados com diesel

Environmental liabilities from accidents in the retail petroleum industry, especially in urban areas, have represented a serious problem whose impact reaches the underground, people's health and even economic losses with the remediation process. In U.S.A. are estimated hundreds of billions of dollars invested in soil remediation processes. The results of the reports and investigative reports of liabilities in fuel stations distributed in the urban area of Natal-RN were used to estimate the local scenario of contamination. This database has been possible to determine the main contaminants (BTEX, PAHs, TOC), affected neighborhoods and types of potentially more impacted soils. Experiments were carried out in order to reverse contamination of this scenario, where the soil type was a factor in the planning, because it influences directly on the effectiveness of remediation techniques studied: Oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxidation by sodium persulphate. These oxidants are activated forming free radicals (HO•-, SO4 •-, HO2 • , O2 •-, S2O8 -2, etc) responsible for to mineralize the hydrocarbons and other organic compounds (releasing O2 e CO2). In the activation process, the ferrous ions (II) and ferric (III) were studied as well as hydrogen peroxide activation technique with sodium persulfate, the latter being presented the best efficiency among all the study, when activated with Fe+3. In addition to defining the most efficient technique, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different soils among oxidative techniques, characterizing the effect of the concentration of these oxidants and also the concentration of the catalysts. Exists in most scenarios evaluated the presence of intrinsic total iron soil matrix. The so-called latosols present microaggregates reddish indicating the presence of these reactive species like iron and clayey aspect. The kinetic study was conducted by experimental design and monitoring of the percentage of total carbon (SSM-5000A) in the solid and liquid phases, knowing that 82.4% of the diesel molecule is carbon. Yet organic carbon and pH of liquid samples were analyzed for technical, characterizing the influence of soil type and its operating condition. The Fenton-like technique H2O2 e Fe+2 presented satisfactory oxidation, including sandy soil, but well below the best result. The sodium persulphate only activated with temperature, even in the most favorable soil, did not provide good efficiency. The best technique in the study had the concentration profile with 2,2x10- 1mol.L-1 of Na2S2O8 activated with 6,53x10-1mol.L-1 of H2O2 and 2,5x10-2 Fe3+mol.L-1 which reduced in less than a day 96 contamination in red soil, initially with 66,667 mg of diesel per kg of clean soil

Aplicação de tratamentos eletroquímicos integrados para remediação de solos e águas contaminadas com petróleo e pesticidas

Electrochemical technologies have been proposed as a promising alternative for the treatment of effluents and contaminated soils. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the treatment of contaminated soils and wastewaters using electrochemical technologies. Thus, the study regarding the scale-up of the electrochemical system with continuous flow treatment of wastewater of the petrochemical industry was investigated using platinum electrodes supported on titanium (Ti / Pt), and boron-doped diamond (BDD). The results clearly showed that under the operating conditions studied and electrocatalytic materials employed, the better removal efficiency was achieved with BDD electrode reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 2746 mg L-1 to 200 mg L-1 in 5 h consuming 56.2 kWh m-3 . The decontamination of soils and effluents by petrochemical products was evaluated by studying the effects of electrokinetic remediation for removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (HTP) from contaminated soil with diesel. The efficiency of this process was dependent on the electrolyte used Na2SO4 (96.46%), citric acid (81.36%) and NaOH (68.03%) for 15 days. Furthermore, the effluent after treatment of the soil was treated by electrochemical oxidation, achieving a good elimination of the organic polluting load dissolved. Depending on the physical behavior of wastewater contaminated with oil (emulsified state); atrazine emulsified effluents were investigated. The main characteristics of the effluent produced during the washing of contaminated soil were studied, being dependent on the surfactant dosage used; which determined its electrolytic treatment with BDD. The electrochemical oxidation of emulsified effluent of atrazine was efficient, but the key to the treatment is reducing the size of micelles.

Estratificação de solos em camadas horizontais utilizando evolução diferencial

This work's objective is the development of a methodology to represent an unknown soil through a stratified horizontal multilayer soil model, from which the engineer may carry out eletrical grounding projects with high precision. The methodology uses the experimental electrical apparent resistivity curve, obtained through measurements on the ground, using a 4-wire earth ground resistance tester kit, along with calculations involving the measured resistance. This curve is then compared with the theoretical electrical apparent resistivity curve, obtained through calculations over a horizontally strati ed soil, whose parameters are conjectured. This soil model parameters, such as the number of layers, in addition to the resistivity and the thickness of each layer, are optimized by Differential Evolution method, with enhanced performance through parallel computing, in order to both apparent resistivity curves get close enough, and it is possible to represent the unknown soil through the multilayer horizontal soil model fitted with optimized parameters. In order to assist the Differential Evolution method, in case of a stagnation during an arbitrary amount of generations, an optimization process unstuck methodology is proposed, to expand the search space and test new combinations, allowing the algorithm to nd a better solution and/or leave the local minima. It is further proposed an error improvement methodology, in order to smooth the error peaks between the apparent resistivity curves, by giving opportunities for other more uniform solutions to excel, in order to improve the whole algorithm precision, minimizing the maximum error. Methodologies to verify the polynomial approximation of the soil characteristic function and the theoretical apparent resistivity calculations are also proposed by including middle points among the approximated ones in the verification. Finally, a statistical evaluation prodecure is presented, in order to enable the classication of soil samples. The soil stratification methodology is used in a control group, formed by horizontally stratified soils. By using statistical inference, one may calculate the amount of soils that, within an error margin, does not follow the horizontal multilayer model.

Impacte ambiental da viticultura do Douro na qualidade dos solos, sedimentos e águas

A atividade vitícola praticada na região do Douro é uma das mais importantes atividades agrícolas do país, não só devido a fatores socioculturais, como também pelo seu valor económico. A Região Demarcada do Douro (RDD) é uma das regiões vitícolas mais antiga do mundo, onde é produzido um dos vinhos generosos mais famosos do mundo, o Vinho do Porto. Contudo, no cultivo intensivo da vinha, o uso recorrente a pesticidas para o controlo de pragas das vinhas pode ter repercussões a nível da qualidade dos solos e dos cursos de água na envolvente às vinhas. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido numa área-piloto da sub-região Baixo Corgo da RDD, com o intuito de averiguar os possíveis efeitos e estimar os prováveis riscos ambientais promovidos pela viticultura. Foram selecionadas três vinhas, com idades de plantação distintas, onde foram recolhidas amostras de solos à superfície, tendo-se ainda feito uma recolha de amostras de água, sedimentos e águas intersticiais dos rios e da barragem na envolvente da área de estudo. Diferentes parâmetros químicos e físico-químicos foram analisados para uma avaliação global da área e prováveis fontes dos elementos. Especial destaque foi dado ao Cu, C, P, N, NO3 e S quer pelos teores anómalos e elevada variação espacial, quer pela sua importância como traçadores das atividades vitícolas e alguns como potenciais contaminantes. O Cu é o elemento potencialmente contaminante com mais destaque, visto que os seus teores são consideravelmente elevados nos solos e, a par, o P e N tendem a apresentar teores mais elevados na vinha mais velha, o que pode indicar efeitos de acumulação. Já os nitratos são mais elevados na vinha mais nova, visto que os processos de acumulação são mais difíceis neste caso devido à sua alta solubilidade e mobilidade. Apesar da elevada aplicação de S nas vinhas, os teores nestes solos são mais baixos do que nos solos sem atividades vitícolas, o que pode dever-se à sua baixa temperatura de sublimação e migração para níveis mais profundos dos solos. As baixas concentrações determinadas nos sedimentos e águas permitem concluir que as práticas vitícolas não parecem estar a interferir na qualidade dos mesmos. Contudo, novas campanhas de amostragem, abrangendo períodos sazonais distintos e próximos de épocas de aplicação de fertilizantes e pesticidas, deverão ser realizadas para validação temporal destes resultados.

Atributos de qualidade de solos sob dois diferentes tipos de manejo no município de Ibiúna/SP, Brazil

Agricultural activity has direct consequences on the soil and water quality. Thus, assessing environmental impacts of this vital economic activity, through soil attribute analysis, is essential to the proposal of alternatives. The aim of this study was to analyze soil quality under different land management practices, conventional and organic. The study was carried out in a watershed of the Ibiuna municipality, SP, Brazil, an important supplier of agricultural products for the São Paulo metropolitan area. A hundred samples were collected, 20 in each type of land use: reforested areas, native vegetation, pasture, conventional cultivation and organic cultivation. The soil resistance to penetration, its pH (in water and KO), electrical conductivity, bulk density, particle density, porosity, soil color, soil texture and the percentages of carbon and nitrogen were analyzed. The data were statistically analyzed, searching for significant differences. The results of soil analysis showed great similarity between the organic and conventional culture, with no statistical differences. However, organic cultivation showed greater similarity to the soil of native vegetation in the percentage of carbon and nitrogen in soils compared to conventional culture. Thus, the discussion begins on a topic very little explored so far, and the results obtained should be further studied.

Efeito da associação do herbicida clomazone a nanoesferas de alginato/quitosana na sorção em solos

Agrochemicals constitute the class of products most commonly found in water resources. Their high level of concentration is due to the fact that less than 0.1% of pesticides applied to crops reach their target. The present work aims to study the sorption of clomazone herbicide (associated or not with nanoparticles). The sorption tests, performed with the 2(4) factorial design, showed that the form of herbicide is the main factor for sorption of clomazone. The application of nanoparticles as delivery system for agrochemicals is a pressing area of study and can contribute for decrease in effects of clomazone in the environment.

Contribuição à gestão ambiental de lodo de esgoto em solos tropicais: determinação da fração de mineralização de compostos nitrogenados.

As quantidades de lodo de esgoto a serem aplicadas a solos agrícolas são determinadas em função de diversos critérios. Um desses critérios considera a quantidade de nitrogênio inorgânico que o resíduo poderá gerar no solo, como nitrato, durante sua mineralização. A prática vigente atualmente no Brasil para definição de dosagens de lodo de esgoto a aplicar em solos agrícolas é determinada pelo CONAMA - Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Na Resolução 375, publicada em 2006 por esse órgão, recomenda-se a utilização do valor de 20% de disponibilização de N para lodos de esgoto que passem pelo tratamento anaeróbio. Esse valor, entretanto, baseia-se em dados obtidos para solos em climas temperados. Em solos tropicais, já se dispõe de dados de pesquisa, que preconizam índices de disponibilização de N superiores aos da atual legislação. Como o nitrato é altamente lixiviável no perfil do solo, se for gerado em quantidades superiores às absorvidas pelas plantas, torna-se um poluente potencial de águas subsuperficiais. Por essa razão, há necessidade de pesquisas com maior número de solos, dada a grande extensão do território brasileiro, visando-se o estabelecimento e validação de índices locais de disponibilização de N em solos tratados com lodos de esgoto. Porém, ainda não se dispõe de um protocolo específico para a determinação da fração de mineralização de compostos nitrogenados de lodos de esgoto utilizados na agricultura. Visando contribuir para isso, foi estabelecido neste trabalho um protocolo para a determinação da fração de mineralização de compostos de N presentes em lodos de esgoto, quando aplicados em solos agrícolas. Nele, são estabelecidas, passo a passo, as etapas para a estimativa desse índice, utilizando-se as metodologias usuais no Brasil em análises de solo e de resíduos. São apresentados ao final do protocolo resultados experimentais que mostram taxas de mineralização de nitrogênio superiores a estipulada na atual legislação.

Álgebra de mapas de atributos de solos para estimativa da aptidão agrícola das terras.

The land suitability evaluation is used to establish land zonings for agriculture activities. Geographic information systems (GIS) are useful for integrating different attributes necessaries to define apt and not apt lands. The present study had as main objective to describe procedures to define land suitability using GIS tools, soils maps and data soils profiles data, emphasizing procedures to define soil atributes. The area studied was the watershed of Córrego Espraiado, Ribeirão Preto-SP, located on the recharging area of the Guarani Aquifer, with approximately 4,130 ha and predominance of sugar cane culture. The database project was developed using the GIS Idrisi 32. The land suitability evaluation was done considering the intensive agricultural production system predominant in the watershed, adjusted for the vulnerability of the areas of recharge and for the methodology of GIS tools. Numerical terrain models (NTM) had been constructed for cation exchange capacity, basis saturation, clay content and silt+clay content using kriging (geostatistical interpolator), and for aluminum saturation using the inverse-square-distance. Boolean operations for handling geographic fields (thematic maps and NTM) to produce information plans are described and a land suitability map obtained by GIS tools is presented, indicating that 85% of watershed lands are apt to annual cultures.

Microbiologia do ciclo do nitrogênio em solos do cerrado

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, 2016.