Om du vill ha fred, förbered dig på krig : en studie i den militära styrkans betydelse

Denna uppsats kretsar kring att pröva hur en av de främsta företrädarna för den realistiska skolan, förklarar de amerikanska anfallen mot Afghanistan (2001) och Irak (2003). Hans namn är Robert Kagan och uppsatsen syftar till ge en realists tolkning till varför USA handlade som man gjorde. Man måste därför försöka uppfatta världen utifrån USA:s horisont och försöka tolka samt sätta sig in i den amerikanska positionen på den internationella arenan. Problemformuleringarna kretsar kring att få insikt i grundstenarna i Kagans teori, samt hur Kagans grundsyn skiljer sig gentemot den idealistiska. Vidare hur USA:s militära styrka, enligt Kagan, påverkar dess beteende på den internationella arenan, men även hur Kagan ser på USA:s kommande globala engagemang. Robert Kagans bok Om paradiset och makten USA och Europa i den nya världsordningen kommer att utgöra fundamentet i studien. I boken kretsar bl.a. Kagans resonemang kring att USA och Europa distanserar från varandra, men även kring militär styrka. Därför ger boken oss en väldigt bra bild av USA:s position på den internationella arenan. Kagans resonemang vävs sedan ihop med kritik, realism, idealism och geopolitik. Slutsatsen blir att grundstenarna i Kagans resonemang återfinns i den s.k. realismteorin, men även till viss del i geopolitiken. Han sätter stor vikt vid militära medel och ser staterna som de mest betydelsefulla aktörerna, samt ser världen som allmänt hotfull. Han realistiska resonemang grundas på amerikanska spelregler och ledarskap på den internationella arenan. Skillnaden mellan Kagans grundsyn och den idealistiska bottnar främst i idealisternas fokusering på integration mellan stater. Vidare att de sätter tilltro till internationell rätt, samt har ett mer multilateralt förhållningssätt till omvärlden. Kagan menar vidare att starka stater är mer villiga att använda tvång och hot i internationella relationer. De bedömer dessutom hot och risker annorlunda jämfört med svagare stater. Enligt Kagan beter sig USA som en internationell sheriff på den globala arenan och beteendet bottnar i militär styrka. Vidare anser Kagan att USA har haft samma kurs i flera århundraden. USA har expanderat in i Europa och Asien och aldrig dragit sig tillbaka. Man hade redan före den 11 september 2001 fokuserat på Kina som motspelare. Dessutom, menar Kagan, att USA varit villiga att satsa på ny militär teknik, vilken kan förändra krigföringen. Han skriver även att både Clinton och Bushadministrationen varit grundade på att USA är en nödvändig nation, samt att amerikaner vill beskydda och sprida det liberala systemet i världen.

Le Statut comparé de l'autofiction chez Benjamin Constant et Amélie Nothomb : une histoire de genre?

Le genre autobiographique, malgré une popularité qui ne se dément pas depuis deux siècles, ne bénéficie pas d’une définition claire. Cet article se propose de montrer que cela est sans doute dû à l’hybridité intrinsèque de ce genre qui se traduit aussi par un pacte autobiographique complexe. Plus précisément, en s’appuyant sur les cas de Constant et de Nothomb, sera démontré que la lecture qui est faite des écrits intimes détermine bien souvent le genre. En ce qui concerne en particulier ces deux auteurs, leur personnalité changeante, contradictoire voire affabulatoire repousse le genre autobiographique dans ses limites, illustrent l’adage selon lequel le roman est plus vrai que la réalité vécue.  

Fred: An approach to generating real, correct, reusable programs from proofs

In this paper we describe our system for automatically extracting "correct" programs from proofs using a development of the Curry-Howard process. Although program extraction has been developed by many authors, our system has a number of novel features designed to make it very easy to use and as close as possible to ordinary mathematical terminology and practice. These features include 1. the use of Henkin's technique to reduce higher-order logic to many-sorted (first-order) logic; 2. the free use of new rules for induction subject to certain conditions; 3. the extensive use of previously programmed (total, recursive) functions; 4. the use of templates to make the reasoning much closer to normal mathematical proofs and 5. a conceptual distinction between the computational type theory (for representing programs)and the logical type theory (for reasoning about programs). As an example of our system we give a constructive proof of the well known theorem that every graph of even parity, which is non-trivial in the sense that it does not consist of isolated vertices, has a cycle. Given such a graph as input, the extracted program produces a cycle as promised.

Otto Klitgord and Major Benjamin Namm

Otto Klitgord is depicted giving Benjamin H. Namm, chairman of the college's Board of Trustees a degree. Otto Klitgord was the first president of the New York City College of Technology. He was named director of the New York State Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences when it was formed in the 1946 and became president in the 1950s when the administration was reorganized. Klitgord served until 1960, making his tenure as president the longest in City Tech's history.

O corpo em evidência nas lutas dos operários gaúchos (1890-1917)

A presente tese trata de demonstrar, tomando por base o Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 1890 à 1917, o fato dos operários terem buscado capacitar fisicamente seu corpo para os embates contra o capital, bem como o terem constituído em uma causa e uma arma da luta operária, aspectos todos estes pouco tratados ou não abordados pela historiografia. O trabalho trata, no primeiro capítulo, de algumas situações mais amplas que remetem aos contornos da industrialização no Rio Grande do Sul, à organização da produção e às condições trabalho vigentes nos estabelecimentos fabris, elementos estes que estão na base da problemática em estudo. No segundo capítulo é onde exponho o fato do corpo do operário ter se constituído em uma causa de sua luta e isto a partir dos conteúdos que animavam determinadas e importantes reivindicações operárias do estado no período. Já no capítulo seguinte exponho as circunstâncias que eu encontrei o operariado no Rio Grande do Sul buscando capacitar fisicamente seu corpo para melhor enfrentar o patronato e isto dando destaque para as lógicas que os levavam a tal empenho. No quarto e último capítulo é onde busco demonstrar, e isto considerando os métodos de luta do período – e que em boa parte ainda hoje se mantém – que o corpo do operário foi uma arma de luta operária, evidenciando, assim, que ele não foi só, como a historiografia tem apontado, um objeto de dominação e exploração do capital, mas também o avesso disso.

O lugar do tempo : experiência e tradição em Walter Benjamin

A presente dissertação versa sobre o conceito de experiência em Walter Benjamin. Discute, por conseguinte, a relação que esse conceito mantém com a tradição, a memória, a arte, o tempo, a história e a linguagem no corpus filosófico do autor em questão. Essa constelação de conceitos mantém estreita relação com a religião e a antropologia. Nesse sentido, o texto procura investigar, para além do conhecimento filosófico do autor, as referências antropológicas que constituiriam o substrato místico e político do pensamento benjaminiano sobre a experiência. Walter Benjamin é um pensador da modernidade, escreve a partir dela e para ela. A literatura, como forma de expressão histórica, é basicamente a modalidade artística por intermédio da qual o “filósofo da aura” lê o tempo, a história. A experiência estética, por seu turno, representa o termo em que se sintetiza no autor a modificação da experiência enquanto tal na era moderna. Como crítico cuidadoso da cultura, Benjamin é também seu maior protetor.

Guiando almas femininas: a educação protestante da mulher em impressos confessionais no Brasil e em Portugal (1890-1930)

This paper treats confessional printings as a non formal space for the female education. It reflects on the importance of the woman s role to the diffusion of Protestantism in general, and its Presbyterian trend in particular, besides commenting on the proliferation of printings at the First Republic and its relation with education. In this study, Brazilian Northeastern is seen as a relevant space to the diffusion of Protestantism in Brazil; especially on what concerns the relations between Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco. Thereby some fountains were fundamental, as the confessional printings, that is, newspapers, magazines, prospects and other materials recollected in archives located in Natal/RN and Recife/PE, and São Paulo. It was also provided a brief incursion on Portuguese confessional printings kept in Oporto, PT. New Cultural History was chosen as theoretic-methodological guide, franchising ways inside the history of book and reading with the help of concepts like Interdependence, Social Configuration (ELIAS, 1993, 1994) and Representation (CHARTIER, 1990), considering that the survey worked out culture-manufactured products that is, intentional materials. It is well known that publishing, or better, the dissemination of printed material used to be associated to Protestants missionary practices since Reform began and, as what concerns the investigated period, in Portuguese and Brazilian lands indistinctly. Printing material in general books, booklets, fragments, as well as the press itself played a central role in divulging reformed ideas, their social options and the means of being and intervening in the world. In this regard, the confessional printings established themselves as an educative, although non schooled, informal space, but, all considered, relevant, seen that they dialogue with another important demand of that social group: formal, literate education. Because it dealt with the diffusion of a printed culture supported by the written word, it required of that group a different modus operandi: formal education. The first letters schools at first, then the high schools later represented spaces established for the circulation of printing material in order that they should be read, divulged and comprehended. This survey intends at last to take a look at Protestantism which, in this context of self-affirmation, reserved a specific place to woman by working out a non formal educational proposal disseminated by printing material. Three models were highlighted in the reformed proposal: Christian education in itself, household education, whose references of motherhood and care towards the neighbor were present and, at last, education to the public space, with emphasis on the practice of teaching. This study also offers a brief dialogue between Brazil and Portugal because, when some periodic printing, book or something like that got to be published in one margin of the Atlantic Ocean, the other margin surely was affected by that feat, received it, divulged it, corroborating the argument in support of the circulation of these printings. It was not only the same language that survived in both maritime coasts; some protestant specificities also crossed out along that sea

A prelude of a 'little army'? São Paulo police force in the early years of the Republic (1890-1895)

This article analyzes the creation and development of the São Paulo police force during the early years of the republican regime. In a period of political change and turbulence, institutional upheaval (uprising of the Navy and federalist revolution), and social pressure, São Paulo's police force played an important role. As the state sought to organize the public sphere, the police force became a tool in the new government's hands. A more martial set of demands mobilized a large portion of the troops on behalf of the federal government against the Custodio de Mello uprising, and sought to defend São Paulo's borders. Despite official discourse that fomented a militarized response, São Paulo's police force found itself unable to dismiss old personnel and practices and dislodge entrenched interests.

A reestruturação do território da região fumageira de Alagoas (1890-2013)

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