Dual mycorrhizal associations of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in a nurse-pot system

Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) plants, like many other eucalypts, can form symbiotic associations with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. To study this tripartite relationship we developed a novel nurse-pot system to allow us to investigate the extent and temporal colonisation dynamics of jarrah by two AM species (Rhizophagus irregularis (Błaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Schüßler comb. nov. and Scutellospora calospora Nicol. & Gerd.) and two putative ECM species (Austroboletus occidentalis Watling & N.M. Greg. and Scleroderma sp.) and their potential effects on jarrah growth and nutrition. Our nurse-pot system, using jarrah as both the nurse plant and test plant, was developed to establish extraradical hyphal networks of both AM and ECM fungi that act as single or dual inoculum for test plants. Mycorrhizal colonisation was described and quantified, and growth and nutritional effects measured and analysed. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased with time for the test seedlings exposed to hyphae networks from S. calospora and Scleroderma sp. The nurse-pot system was effective at initiating colonisation of functioning AM or (putative) ECM systems separately but the ECM symbiosis was inhibited where a dual AM + ECM inoculum (R. irregularis and Scleroderma sp.) was present. The presence of S. calospora, A. occidentalis and Scleroderma sp. individually significantly increased the shoot biomass of seedlings compared with non-mycorrhizal controls. The two AM isolates had different physiological effects on jarrah plants. S. calospora improved growth and micronutrient uptake of jarrah seedlings whereas no positive response was observed with R. irregularis. In addition, as an interesting observation, the non-responsive AM fungus R. irregularis suppressed the ECM symbiosis in dually inoculated plants where ECM structures, positive growth response and nutritional effects were absent. When inoculated individually, ECM isolates dominated the growth response and uptake of P and other nutrients in this dual symbiotic plant. Despite the positive growth response in the A. occidentalis treatment, ECM structures were not observed in either nurse or test seedlings. From the effects of A. occidentalis on jarrah we hypothesise that this fungus forms a functional mycorrhizal-type partnership even without forming archetypal structures in and on the root

The cooler side of mycorrhizas: their occurrence and functioning at low temperatures

Mycorrhizal associations occur in a range of habitats in which soils are subject to low temperature (≤15 °C) for a significant part of the year. Despite this, most of our understanding of mycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with their plant hosts is based on physiological investigations conducted in the range 20–37 °C using fungi of temperate origin. Comparatively little consideration has been given to the cold edaphic conditions in which many mycorrhizas survive and prosper, and the physiological and ecological consequences of their low temperature environments. In this review, we consider the distribution and persistence of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal mycorrhizal associations in cold environments and highlight progress in understanding adaptations to freezing resistance and nutrient acquisition at low temperature in mycorrhizal fungi.

Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities

Adaptive behaviour of plants, including rapid changes in physiology, gene regulation and defence response, can be altered when linked to neighbouring plants by a mycorrhizal network (MN). Mechanisms underlying the behavioural changes include mycorrhizal fungal colonization by the MN or interplant communication via transfer of nutrients, defence signals or allelochemicals. We focus this review on our new findings in ectomycorrhizal ecosystems, and also review recent advances in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. We have found that the behavioural changes in ectomycorrhizal plants depend on environmental cues, the identity of the plant neighbour and the characteristics of the MN. The hierarchical integration of this phenomenon with other biological networks at broader scales in forest ecosystems, and the consequences we have observed when it is interrupted, indicate that underground ‘tree talk’ is a foundational process in the complex adaptive nature of forest ecosystems.

Piriformospora indica reduces Fusarium head blight disease severity and mycotoxin DON contamination in wheat under UK weather conditions

Piriformospora indica (Sebacinaceae) is a cultivable root endophytic fungus. It colonises the roots of a wide range of host plants. In many settings colonisation promotes host growth, increases yield and protects the host from fungal diseases. We evaluated the effect of P. indica on Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of winter (cv. Battalion) and spring (cv. Paragon, Mulika, Zircon, Granary, KWS Willow and KWS Kilburn) wheat and consequent contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) under UK weather conditions. Interactions of P. indica with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformis mosseae), fungicide application (Aviator Xpro) and low and high fertiliser levels were considered. P. indica application reduced FHB disease severity and incidence by 70%. It decreased mycotoxin DON concentration of winter and spring wheat samples by 70% and 80% respectively. P. indica also increased above ground biomass, 1000 grain weight and total grain weight. P. indica reduced disease severity and increased yield in both high and low fertiliser levels. The effect of P. indica was compatible with F. mosseae and foliar fungicide application. P. indica did not have any effects on plant tissue nutrients. These results suggest that P. indica might be useful in biological control of Fusarium diseases of wheat.

Intracellular trafficking, localization, and mobilization of platelet-borne thiol isomerases

OBJECTIVE: Thiol isomerases facilitate protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and several of these enzymes, including protein disulfide isomerase and ERp57, are mobilized to the surface of activated platelets, where they influence platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, and thrombus formation. In this study, we examined the synthesis and trafficking of thiol isomerases in megakaryocytes, determined their subcellular localization in platelets, and identified the cellular events responsible for their movement to the platelet surface on activation. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Immunofluorescence microscopy imaging was used to localize protein disulfide isomerase and ERp57 in murine and human megakaryocytes at various developmental stages. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation analysis were used to localize these proteins in platelets to a compartment distinct from known secretory vesicles that overlaps with an inner cell-surface membrane region defined by the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins calnexin and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to monitor thiol isomerase mobilization in activated platelets in the presence and absence of actin polymerization (inhibited by latrunculin) and in the presence or absence of membrane fusion mediated by Munc13-4 (absent in platelets from Unc13dJinx mice). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet-borne thiol isomerases are trafficked independently of secretory granule contents in megakaryocytes and become concentrated in a subcellular compartment near the inner surface of the platelet outer membrane corresponding to the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum of these cells. Thiol isomerases are mobilized to the surface of activated platelets via a process that requires actin polymerization but not soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment receptor/Munc13-4-dependent vesicular-plasma membrane fusion.

Immunohistochemical analysis of neuron types in the mouse small intestine

The definition of the nerve cell types of the myenteric plexus of the mouse small intestine has become important, as more researchers turn to the use of mice with genetic mutations to analyze roles of specific genes and their products in enteric nervous system function and to investigate animal models of disease. We have used a suite of antibodies to define neurons by their shapes, sizes, and neurochemistry in the myenteric plexus. Anti-Hu antibodies were used to reveal all nerve cells, and the major subpopulations were defined in relation to the Hu-positive neurons. Morphological Type II neurons, revealed by anti-neurofilament and anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies, represented 26% of neurons. The axons of the Type II neurons projected through the circular muscle and submucosa to the mucosa. The cell bodies were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and their terminals were immunoreactive for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) occurred in 29% of nerve cells. Most were also immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide, but they were not tachykinin (TK)-immunoreactive, and only 10% were ChAT-immunoreactive. Numerous NOS terminals occurred in the circular muscle. We deduced that 90% of NOS neurons were inhibitory motor neurons to the muscle (26% of all neurons) and 10% (3% of all neurons) were interneurons. Calretinin immunoreactivity was found in a high proportion of neurons (52%). Many of these had TK immunoreactivity. Small calretinin neurons were identified as excitatory neurons to the longitudinal muscle (about 20% of neurons, with ChAT/calretinin/+/- TK chemical coding). Excitatory neurons to the circular muscle (about 10% of neurons) had the same coding. Calretinin immunoreactivity also occurred in a proportion of Type II neurons. Thus, over 90% of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the mouse small intestine can be currently identified by their neurochemistry and shape.

Distribution of small Rho GTPases in the developing rat submandibular gland

During the rat submandibular gland (SMG) development, organogenesis and cytodifferentiation depend on the actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by small Rho GTPases. These proteins link cell surface receptors to pathways that regulate cell motility, polarity, gene expression, vesicular trafficking, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by immunohistochemistry, the distribution pattern of RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, Rac1 and Cdc42 during cytodifferentiation of the rat SMG and in male adults. All GTPases were found in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues throughout gland development. Rac1 appeared to be important for parenchyma expansion at the beginning of cytodifferentiation, while RhoC, Cdc42 and the inactive phosphorylated form of Rac1 seemed associated with lumen formation and cell polarization in terminal tubules. RhoA and RhoB labeling was evident throughout development. All GTPases were differentially expressed in the adult gland, suggesting that they play specific roles during differentiation and function of the rat SMG.

Effects of single or repeated amphetamine treatment and withdrawal on lung allergic inflammation in rats

The effects of single or repeated amphetamine (AMPH) treatment and those of AMPH withdrawals on immune-mediated lung inflammatory response were studied in rats. Two experiments were done. In the first, rats egg-albumin (OVA) sensitized were singularly or repeatedly (21 days, once daily) treated with AMPH (1.0 mg/kg) or with a similar number and volume of 0.9% NaCl. The OVA aerosol challenge was performed 12 h after the single or last repeated AMPH treatment and also 72 and 120 h after AMPH withdrawal. In the second experiment, the effects of reserpine (1.0 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days) on single AMPH actions on lung allergic response of rats were analyzed. Single and repeated AMPH treatment induced opposite actions on Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) cellularity of allergic rats: single treatment decreased and repeated treatment increased the total number of cells as well as those of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils. Our data also showed that single but not repeated AMPH treatment decreased the number of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and increased the total number of bone marrow cells in rats sensitized and challenged with OVA. Furthermore, it was shown that reserpine treatment precluded the effects of single AMPH treatment on cellular migration to the lung of OVA-sensitized and challenged rats. It was concluded that AMPH effects on lung inflammatory response and cell recruitment to the lung in allergic rats rely at least partially on corticosterone serum levels. The possible involvement of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) with these observed effects was discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Micelles and Vesicles on the Oximolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Diphenyl Phosphate: A Model System for Surfactant-Based Skin-defensive Formulations against Organophosphates

The rates of oximolysis of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate (PNPDPP) by Acetophenoxime; 10-phenyl-10-hydi-oxyiminodecanoic acid; 4-(9-carboxynonanyl)-1-(9-carboxy-1-hydroyiminononanyl) benzene; 1-dodecyl-2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium chloride (IV) and N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride were determined in micelles of N-hexadecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium propanesulfonate and dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) vesicles. The effects of CTAC micelles and DODAC vesicles on the rates of oxymolysis of O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (paraoxon) by oxime IV were also determined. Analysis of micellar and vesicular effects on oximolysis of PNPDPP, using pseudophase or pseudophase with explicit consideration of ion exchange models, required the determination of the aggregate`s effects on the pK(a), of oximes and on the rates of PNPDPP hydrolysis. All aggregates increased the rate of oximolysis of PNPDPP and the results were analyzed quantitatively. In particular, DODAC vesicles catalyzed the reaction and increased the rate of oximolysis of PNPDPP by IV several million fold at pH`s compatible with pharmaceutical formulations. The rate increase produced by DODAC vesicles on the rate of oximolysis paraoxon by IV demonstrates the pharmaceutical potential of this system, since the substrate is used as an agricultural defensive agent and the surfactant is extensively employed in cosmetic formulations. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:1040-1052, 2009

EVALUATION OF METAL TOXICITY BY A MODIFIED METHOD BASED ON THE FUNGUS GERRONEMA VIRIDILUCENS BIOLUMINESCENCE IN AGAR MEDIUM

Metal cation toxicity to basidiomycete fungi is poorly understood, despite its well-known importance in terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, there is no reported methodology for the routine evaluation of metal toxicity to basidiomycetes. In the present study, we describe the development of a procedure to assess the acute toxicity of metal cations (Na(+), K(+), Li(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Co(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), Cd(2+), and Cu(2+)) to the bioluminescent basidiomycete fungus Gerronema viridilucens. The method is based on the decrease in the intensity of bioluminescence resulting from injuries sustained by the fungus mycelium exposed to either essential or nonessential metal toxicants. The assay described herein enables LIS to propose a metal toxicity series to Gerronenia viridilucens based on data obtained from the bioluminescence intensity (median effective concentration [EC50] values) versus metal concentration: Cd(2+) > Cu(2+) > Mn(2+) approximate to Ni(2+) approximate to Co(2+) > Zn(2+) > Mg(2+) > Li(+) > K(+) approximate to Na(+) > Ca(2+), and to shed some li-ht on the mechanism of toxic action of metal cations to basidiomycete fungi. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:320-326. (C) 2009 SETAC

Endocytosis of prion protein is required for ERK1/2 signaling induced by stress-inducible protein 1

The secreted cochaperone STI1 triggers activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and ERK1/2 signaling by interacting with the cellular prion (PrPC) at the cell surface, resulting in neuroprotection and increased neuritogenesis. Here, we investigated whether STI1 triggers PrPC trafficking and tested whether this process controls PrPC-dependent signaling. We found that STI1, but not a STI1 mutant unable to bind PrPC, induced PrPC endocytosis. STI1-induced signaling did not occur in cells devoid of endogenous PrPC; however, heterologous expression of PrPC reconstituted both PKA and ERK1/2 activation. In contrast, a PrPC mutant lacking endocytic activity was unable to promote ERK1/2 activation induced by STI1, whereas it reconstituted PKA activity in the same condition, suggesting a key role of endocytosis in the former process. The activation of ERK1/2 by STI1 was transient and appeared to depend on the interaction of the two proteins at the cell surface or shortly after internalization. Moreover, inhibition of dynamin activity by expression of a dominant-negative mutant caused the accumulation and colocalization of these proteins at the plasma membrane, suggesting that both proteins use a dynamin-dependent internalization pathway. These results show that PrPC endocytosis is a necessary step to modulate STI1-dependent ERK1/2 signaling involved in neuritogenesis.

Efeito dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre alguns parâmetros do sistema glutamatérgico e de estresse oxidativo em cérebro de ratos

A deficiência da enzima desidrogenase de acil-CoA de cadeia curta (SCAD) é um erro inato do metabolismo potencialmente letal que afeta o último ciclo da oxidação de ácidos graxos. O bloqueio da rota na conversão de n-butiril-CoA a acetil-CoA resultante da deficiência enzimática leva ao acúmulo tecidual e aumento da concentração nos líquidos biológicos predominantemente dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico. Os pacientes afetados apresentam episódios de acidose metabólica intermitente, hiperamonemia, coma e acidose neonatal com hiperreflexia, miopatia por depósito de lipídios e hipotonia. Os sinais e sintomas dessa doença são variáveis, podendo aparecer em qualquer idade, do nascimento à vida adulta, e em combinações variáveis, freqüentemente levando a episódios ameaçadores à vida de descompensação metabólica depois de um período de ingesta inadequada de calorias e/ou doença intercorrente. Tendo em vista que a patogênese do dano cerebral na deficiência da SCAD é pouco conhecida, no presente estudo investigamos a ação dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre alguns parâmetros envolvendo o sistema glutamatérgico e a produção de estresse oxidativo em cérebro de ratos jovens. Observamos inicialmente que o ácido etilmalônico promoveu uma diminuição significativa na captação de L-[3H]glutamato por fatias de córtex nas concentrações de 0,01, 0,1 e 1,0 mM. Já nas técnicas relacionadas à união de L-[3H]glutamato em membranas sinápticas plasmáticas, o ácido provocou uma diminuição da ligação de L-[3H]glutamato às membranas na ausência de sódio em todas as concentrações testadas (0,01 – 1,0 mM) e, quando em presença de sódio, houve diminuição da união somente na concentração de 1,0 mM do ácido. Por outro lado, não foi verificado qualquer efeito desse ácido sobre a captação vesicular de L-[3H]glutamato nas concentrações utilizadas. O ácido metilsucínico comportou-se de forma semelhante ao ácido etilmalônico nos parâmetros de captação de L-[3H]glutamato por fatias e união de L-[3H]glutamato em membranas sinápticas plasmáticas. Houve uma diminuição da captação de glutamato por fatias de córtex cerebral, uma diminuição da união de L-[3H]glutamato na ausência de sódio em todas as concentrações e, na presença de sódio, uma diminuição da captação apenas na concentração de 1,0 mM. Por outro lado, distintamente do que ocorreu com o ácido etilmalônico, na captação vesicular observamos uma diminuição da captação em todas as concentrações testadas. Nossos resultados demonstram, desta forma, alterações importantes no sistema glutamatérgico pelos ácidos acumulados na deficiência da desidrogenase de acil-CoA de cadeia curta. A etapa seguinte foi investigar o efeito dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens: medida do potencial antioxidante total (TRAP), medida das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS) e medida de quimiluminescência. Foi verificado que os dois ácidos não afetam a lipoperoxidação, medida através do TBA-RS e quimiluminescência e tampouco as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas, medidas através do TRAP. Embora não tenhamos medido o efeito dos ácidos sobre as defesas enzimáticas antioxidantes representadas pelas enzimas superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase, os resultados dos parâmetros analisados no presente trabalho sugerem que os ácidos acumulados na deficiência da SCAD não produzem estresse oxidativo.

Efeito in vitro dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico sobre alguns parâmetros do sistema glutamatérgico em córtex cerebral de ratos e em astrócitos cultivados de córtex de ratos

A acidemia glutárica tipo I (AG I) é um erro inato do metabolismo de herança autossômica recessiva que se caracteriza bioquimicamente pela deficiência da atividade da enzima glutaril-CoA desidrogenase da rota de degradação dos aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina e triptofânio. O bloqueio da rota na conversão de glutaril-CoA à crotonil-CoA e resultante da deficiência enzimática leva ao acúmulo tecidual e aumento da concentração nos líquidos biológicos predominantemente dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico e, em alguns casos, do ácido glutacônico. Os pacientes afetados apresentam sintomas neurológicos especialmente após crises encefalopáticas, comuns no primeiro ano de vida, em que ocorre necrose bilateral dos gânglios da base, degeneração do globo pálido e da substância branca. Tendo em vista que a patogênese do dano cerebral na AG I é pouco conhecida e que as lesões do SNC dos pacientes muito se assemelham às lesões devido à excitotoxicidade, no presente estudo investigamos a ação dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico sobre alguns parâmetros neuroquímicos envolvendo o sistema glutamatérgico em córtex cerebral e astrócitos cultivados de córtex cerebral de ratos. Alguns desses parâmetros já haviam sido testados previamente com o ácido glutárico. Observamos que o ácido 3-hidroxiglutárico, em concentrações de 10 µM a 1 mM, não alterou a captação de L-[3H]glutamato por preparações sinaptossomais. Verificamos também que os ácidos glutárico e 3- hidroxiglutárico, nas mesmas concentrações, não alteraram a liberação do L- [3H]glutamato por estas estruturas em condições basais ou estimuladas (despolarizadas) por potássio (20 mM e 40 mM). Já nos ensaios de união do L- [3H] glutamato a membranas plasmáticas, o ácido 3-hidroxiglutárico inibiu a união do neurotransmissor em meio de incubação sem sódio e cloreto (sítios receptores), quando em baixas concentrações (1 µM a 100 µM), enquanto não alterou esta união em altas concentrações (500 µM a 2 mM). Na presença de alto sódio (sítios transportadores), ambos os ácidos inibiram a união de L- [3H]glutamato em todas as concentrações testadas (10 µM a 1 mM). Outros experimentos demonstraram que o ácido 3-hidroxiglutárico não alterou a captação vesicular de L-[3H]glutamato. Avaliamos também a influência dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico sobre a captação de L-[3H]glutamato por astrócitos cultivados de córtex cerebral. Inicialmente verificamos a viabilidade destas células na presença dos ácidos pelo teste do MTT que reflete a atividade das desidrogenases mitocondriais e também pela liberação de lactato desidrogenase para o meio de incubação. Na concentração de 1 mM , os ácidos glutárico e 3- hidroxiglutárico não se mostraram citotóxicos para estas células. Por outro lado, quando incubados por 60 minutos, nas concentrações de 50 µM e 1mM, aumentaram significativamente a captação de L-[3H]glutamato pelos astrócitos.

Estudo geotécnico de dois taludes da formação serra geral, RS

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo sobre dois taludes coluvionares localizados na região nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, inseridos no contexto geológico da Formação Serra Geral. Estes taludes apresentam características e comportamento geotécnico distintos. O objetivo desta dissertação é obter parâmetros de condutividade hidráulica e resistência ao cisalhamento dos solos presentes nos dois taludes, a fim de entender os diferentes processos de ruptura observados. Um dos taludes, denominado talude de Canastra, apresenta um processo de rastejo; este talude tem uma inclinação bastante suave e apresenta uma camada de colúvio sobre um solo residual de basalto vesicular. O talude de Canastra apresenta uma camada de transição entre o colúvio e o solo residual; os ensaios de condutividade hidráulica realizados em campo mostraram que esta camada é menos permeável do que o colúvio e o solo residual, formando uma camada quase impermeável e criando condições para a formação de dois níveis freáticos neste talude. Nos solos deste talude foi detectada a presença significante de argila expansiva (montmorilonita). O outro talude estudado, denominado de talude da rodovia RS470, apresentou uma ruptura abrupta após um período de intensa chuva. Este talude apresenta uma inclinação bastante íngreme e um solo coluvionar assente diretamente sobre basalto alterado. A condutividade hidráulica deste colúvio é bastante elevada. O colúvio apresenta pouca argila expansiva, sendo formado essencialmente por caulinita. Os ensaios ring shear, realizados para a obtenção de parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento residual nos solos dos dois taludes, apresentaram valores muito baixos de φr, inferiores a 10° Valores semelhantes foram encontrados por Pinheiro (2000) e Rigo (2000) em solos residuais de basalto da Formação Serra Geral. Foram realizadas simulações numéricas de fluxo d’água e de estabilidade destes taludes, na tentativa de verificar as condições em que aconteceram os escorregamentos.

Ocorrência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e colonização radicular em pomares e viveiros de citros sob manejo orgânico e convencional

Os Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMAs) desempenham importante papel nos agroecossistemas. Quando bem manejados podem auxiliar na manutenção da qualidade do solo bem como promover melhor desenvolvimento e saúde aos vegetais. Em função disso os FMAs apresentam um grande potencial biotecnológico, mas para que seu emprego seja bem sucedido é necessário conhecermos como esses organismos respondem às práticas agrícolas. Com o objetivo de verificar a interação das comunidades de FMAs com diferentes sistemas produtivos, efetuou-se um levantamento em pomares e viveiros de citros com manejo convencional e orgânico no município de Montenegro/RS. O estudo foi realizado nos meses de agosto/2001, outubro/2001, março/2002 e agosto/2002. Foram coletadas um total de 88 unidades amostrais. Avaliou-se a colonização radicular, as estruturas presentes nas raízes e a ocorrência de espécies de FMAs, bem como, as características químicas do solo adjacente às raízes de citros. As comunidades de FMAs não diferiram em relação aos tipos de manejo, apesar das alterações químicas determinadas pela aplicações de adubos orgânicos, que elevou os valores de pH, MO, Ca e Mg. Porém o tempo de implantação e as regiões onde se localizaram os pomares e viveiros influenciaram as comunidades de FMAs. Isso se deve principalmente a estabilidade dos pomares mais antigos e as características evolutivas de cada local. Entre os elementos do solo a umidade afetou consideravelmente a micorrização. Os pomares localizados na várzea apresentaram baixos índices de estruturas e colonização por FMAs. Os demais pomares apresentaram altos índices de estruturas e colonização, independente dos teores de P que foram elevados em todos os pomares e viveiros.