Política urbana e cidadania: um estudo sobre a cidade no interior paulista (Franca, 1890-1996)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Origens sociais do empresariado: O caso de São Carlos, 1890 – 1950

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 2.36 TeV

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

O empreendedor possível na cafeicultura de Ribeirão Preto: Joaquim da Cunha Diniz Junqueira (1890-1915)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Iris Murdoch e Simone de Beauvoir: uma leitura feminista de A fairly honourable defeat e La femme rompue

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alexander Samuel Salley Letters - Accession 45 - M20 (30)

The Alexander Samuel Salley Letters consist of a 1930 letter concerning Salley’s comments on the exchange between South and North Carolina of two strips of land that led to the King’s Mountain becoming a part of South Carolina in 1772, eight years before the battle and a 1921 letter in which Salley addresses various historical songs of South Carolina and his reputation as an historian.

La regulación de los servicios de electricidad en Argentina y Brasil (1890-1962)

El artículo analiza la evolución de la regulación del sector eléctrico en Argentina y Brasil entre 1890 y 1960. Desde la instalación de las primeras usinas eléctricas a fines del siglo diecinueve hasta los años treinta, el control de las empresas concesionarias estuvo a cargo de las autoridades municipales en ambos países. No obstante, la similar estructura de los sistemas eléctricos en Argentina y en Brasil, la participación del estado en la regulación de este sector estratégico para el desarrollo económico, se produjo en diferentes coyunturas. Como resultado de la crisis de 1930, el gobierno brasileño transformó los principios jurídicos que reglamentaban la gestión de la electricidad aplicando un criterio de regulación discrecional; mientras que el estado argentino intervino una década más tarde, nacionalizando las empresas. Mediante la comparación de las trayectorias regulatorias en ambos países, se identifican las divergencias en las políticas eléctricas y su impacto en los sistemas eléctricos en los años de la segunda posguerra.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

La psicologia della Gestalt. Ricerche teoriche e sperimentali sulla percezione sonora e musicale (1890-1939)

The aim of the present work is a historical survey on Gestalt trends in psychological research between late 19th and the first half of 20th century with privileged reference to sound and musical perception by means of a reconsideration of experimental and theoretical literature. Ernst Mach and Christian von Ehrenfels gave rise to the debate about Gestaltqualität which notably grew thanks to the ‘Graz School’ (Alexius Meinong, Stephan Witasek, Anton Faist, Vittorio Benussi), where the object theory and the production theory of perception were worked out. Stumpf’s research on Tonpsychologie and Franz Brentano’s tradition of ‘act psychology’ were directly involved in this debate, opposing to Wilhelm Wundt’s conception of the discipline; this clearly came to light in Stumpf’s controversy with Carl Lorenz and Wundt on Tondistanzen. Stumpf’s concept of Verschmelzung and his views about consonance and concordance led him to some disputes with Theodor Lipps and Felix Krueger, lasting more than two decades. Carl Stumpf was responsible for education of a new generation of scholars during his teaching at the Berlin University: his pupils Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka and Max Wertheimer established the so-called ‘Berlin School’ and promoted the official Gestalt theory since the 1910s. After 1922 until 1938 they gave life and led together with other distinguished scientists the «Psychologische Forschung», a scientific journal in which ‘Gestalt laws’ and many other acoustical studies on different themes (such as sound localization, successive comparison, phonetic phenomena) were exposed. During the 1920s Erich Moritz von Hornbostel gave important contributions towards the definition of an organic Tonsystem in which sound phenomena could find adequate arrangement. Last section of the work contains descriptions of Albert Wellek’s studies, Kurt Huber’s vowel researches and aspects of melody perception, apparent movement and phi-phenomenon in acoustical field. The work contains also some considerations on the relationships among tone psychology, musical psychology, Gestalt psychology, musical aesthetics and musical theory. Finally, the way Gestalt psychology changed earlier interpretations is exemplified by the decisive renewal of perception theory, the abandon of Konstanzannahme, some repercussions on theory of meaning as organization and on feelings in musical experience.

Il "caso" Maroncelli. Organizzazione del consenso e vincoli massonici nell'Italia radicale e nella New York della Tammany Hall, 1840-1890

Questa tesi parte da un evento “minore” della storia del XIX secolo per tendere, poi, ad alcuni obiettivi particolari. L’evento è costituito da uno strano funerale postumo, quello di Piero Maroncelli, carbonaro finito alla Spielberg, graziato, poi emigrato in Francia e in America, il cui corpo viene sepolto a New York nell’estate del 1846. Quarant’anni dopo, nel 1886, i resti di Maroncelli vengono esumati e – attraverso una “trafila” particolare, di cui è protagonista la Massoneria, da una sponda all’altra dell’Atlantico – solennemente trasferiti nella città natale di Forlì, dove vengono collocati nel pantheon del cimitero monumentale, inaugurato per l’occasione. Gli eventi celebrativi che si consumano a New York e a Forlì sono molto diversi fra loro, anche se avvengono quasi in contemporanea e sotto regie politiche ispirate dal medesimo radicalismo anticlericale. E’ chiaro che Maroncelli è un simbolo e un pretesto: simbolo di un’italianità transnazionale, composta di un “corpo” in transito, fuori dello spazio nazionale, ma appartenente alla patria (quella grande e quella piccola); pretesto per acquisire e rafforzare legami politici, mercè mobilitazioni di massa in un caso fondate sul festival, sulla festa en plein air, nell’altro sui rituali del cordoglio per i “martiri” dell’indipendenza. L’opportunità di comparare questi due contesti – l’Italia, colta nella sua periferia radicale e la New York della Tammany Hall -, non sulla base di ipotesi astratte, ma nella concretezza di un “caso di studio” reale e simultaneo, consente di riflettere sulla pervasività dell’ideologia democratica nella sua accezione ottocentesca, standardizzata dalla Massoneria, e, d’altro canto, sui riti del consenso, colti nelle rispettive tipicità locali. Un gioco di similitudini e di dissomiglianze, quindi. Circa gli obiettivi particolari – al di là della ricostruzione del “caso” Maroncelli -, ho cercato di sondare alcuni temi, proponendone una ricostruzione in primo luogo storiografica. Da un lato, il tema dell’esilio e del trapianto delle esperienze di vita e di relazione al di fuori del proprio contesto d’origine. Maroncelli utilizza, come strumento di identitario e di accreditamento, il fourierismo; la generazione appena successiva alla sua, grazie alla Giovine Italia, possiede già un codice interno, autoctono, cui fare riferimento; alla metà degli anni Cinquanta, ad esso si affiancherà, con successo crescente, la lettura “diplomatica” di ascendenza sabauda. Dall’altro, ho riflettuto sull’aspetto legato ai funerali politici, al cordoglio pubblico, al trasferimento postumo dei corpi. La letteratura disponibile, al riguardo, è assai ricca, e tale da consentire una precisa classificazione del “caso” Maroncelli all’interno di una tipologia della morte laica, ben delineata nell’Italia dell’Ottocento e del primo Novecento. E poi, ancora, ho preso in esame le dinamiche “festive” e di massa, approfondendo quelle legate al mondo dell’emigrazione italiana a Mew York, così distante nel 1886 dall’élite colta di quarant’anni prima, eppure così centrale per il controllo politico della città. Dinamiche alle quali fa da contrappunto, sul versante forlivese, la visione del mondo radicale e massonico locale, dominato dalla figura di Aurelio Saffi e dal suo tentativo di plasmare un’immagine morale e patriottica della città da lasciare ai posteri. Quasi un’ossessione, per il vecchio triumviro della Repubblica romana (morirà nel 1890), che interviene sulla toponomastica, sull’edilizia cemeteriale, sui pantheon civico, sui “ricordi” patriottici. Ho utilizzato fonti secondarie e di prima mano. Anche sulle prime, quantitativamente assai significative, mi sono misurata con un lavoro di composizione e di lettura comparata prima mai tentato. La giustapposizione di chiavi di lettura apparentemente distanti, ma giustificate dalla natura proteiforme e complicata del nostro “caso”, apre, a mio giudizio, interessanti prospettive di ricerca. Circa le fonti di prima mano, ho attinto ai fondi disponibili su Maroncelli presso la Biblioteca comunale di Forlì, alle raccolte del Grande Oriente d’Italia a Roma, a periodici italoamericani assai rari, sparsi in diverse biblioteche italiane, da Milano a Roma. Mi rendo conto che la quantità dei materiali reperiti, sovente molto eterogenei, avrebbero imposto una lettura delle fonti più accurata di quella che, in questa fase della ricerca, sono riuscita a condurre. E’ vero, però, che le suggestioni già recuperabili ad un’analisi mirata al contenuto principale – le feste, la propaganda, il cordoglio – consentono la tessitura di una narrazione non forzata, nella quale il ricordo della Repubblica romana viaggia da una sponda all’altra dell’Atlantica, insieme ai resti di Maroncelli; nella quale il rituale massonico funge da facilitatore e da “mediatore culturale”; nella quale, infine, il linguaggio patriottico e la koinè democratica trans-nazionale riescono incredibilmente a produrre o a incarnare identità. Per quanto tempo? La risposta, nel caso forlivese, è relativamente facile; in quello della “colonia” italiana di New York, presto alterata nella sua connotazione demografica dalla grande emigrazione transoceanica, le cose appaiono più complesse. E, tuttavia, nel 1911, cinquantesimo dell’Unità, qualcuno, nella grande metropoli americana, si sarebbe ricordato di Maroncelli, sia pure in un contesto e con finalità del tutto diverse rispetto al 1886: segno che qualcosa, sotto traccia, era sopravvissuto.

The ocular motor features of adult-onset alexander disease: a case and review of the literature

A 51-year-old Chinese man presented with gaze-evoked nystagmus, impaired smooth pursuit and vestibular ocular reflex cancellation, and saccadic dysmetria, along with a family history suggestive of late-onset autosomal dominant parkinsonism. MRI revealed abnormalities of the medulla and cervical spinal cord typical of adult-onset Alexander disease, and genetic testing showed homozygosity for the p.D295N polymorphic allele in the gene encoding the glial fibrillary acidic protein. A review of the literature shows that ocular signs are frequent in adult-onset Alexander disease, most commonly gaze-evoked nystagmus, pendular nystagmus, and/or oculopalatal myoclonus, and less commonly ptosis, miosis, and saccadic dysmetria. These signs are consistent with the propensity of adult-onset Alexander disease to cause medullary abnormalities on neuroimaging.