Structural domains of IS10 transposase and reconstitution of transposition activity from proteolytic fragments lacking an interdomain linker.

All of the DNA cleavage and strand transfer events required for transposition of insertion sequence IS10 are carried out by a 46-kDa IS10-encoded transposase protein. Limited proteolysis demonstrates that transposase has two principal structural domains, a 28-kDa N-terminal domain (N alpha beta; aa 1-246) and a 17-kDa C-terminal domain (C; aa 256-402). The two domains are connected by a 1-kDa proteolytic-sensitive linker region (aa 247-255). The N-terminal domain N alpha beta can be further subdivided into domains N alpha and N beta by a weaker protease-sensitive site located 6 kDa (53 aa) from the N terminus. The N beta and N alpha beta fragments are capable of nonspecific DNA binding as determined by Southwestern blot analysis. None of the fragments alone is capable of carrying out the first step of transposition, assembly of a synaptic complex containing a pair of transposon ends. Remarkably, complete transposition activity can be reconstituted by mixing fragment N alpha beta and fragment C, with or without the intervening linker region. We infer that the structural integrity of transposase during the transitions involved in the chemical steps of the transposition reaction is maintained independent of the linker, presumably by direct contacts between and among the principal domains. Reconstitution of activity in the absence of the linker region is puzzling, however, because mutations that block strand transfer or affect insertion specificity alter linker region residues. Additional reconstitution experiments demonstrate that the N alpha region is dispensable for formation of a synaptic complex but is required for complexes to undergo cleavage.

Varia��ão sazonal do metabolismo energético no primeiro ciclo anual de lagartos teiú Tupinambis merianae: correlatos com atividades diárias, adiposidade e proteção antioxidante

Lagartos teiú eclodem no verão e enfrentam o desafio de crescer e armazenar substratos em um curto período de tempo, antes do início do período de jejum e depressão metabólica (≈80%) a temperaturas amenas durante o inverno (≈17 °C). No despertar, o aumento do metabolismo e a reperfusão de órgãos favoreceriam a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo. Na primeira parte do presente estudo investigou−se os ajustes que compatibilizam as demandas em teiús neonatos, especialmente na pré-hiberna��ão, por meio da grava��ão do comportamento em vídeo e da análise da massa dos corpos gordurosos abdominais e do nível plasmático de corticosterona (CORT) durante o primeiro ciclo anual. No início do outono a massa corpórea dos teiús foi 27 g e o comprimento rostro−cloacal 9,3 cm e aumentaram 40% e 20%, respectivamente, ao longo do outono, enquanto que as taxas diminuíram progressivamente até atingirem o valor zero no início do inverno. Na primavera, a massa corpórea dos teiús aumentou 80% em rela��ão ao despertar e dobrou em rela��ão ao final do verão; o comprimento acumulou um aumento de 27% em rela��ão ao final do verão. A massa relativa dos corpos gordurosos foi 3,7% no início do outono e diminuiu nos meses subsequentes; no despertar, este estoque acumulou uma perda de 63% da sua massa. No início do outono 74% dos teiús estavam ativos por 4,7 h e permaneceram 2 h assoalhando diariamente; ao longo do outono o número de animais ativos e o tempo em atividade diminuíram até que todos se tornaram inativos. Na primavera 83% dos teiús estavam ativos por 7 h e permaneceram 4 h assoalhando. Um padrão sazonal similar foi observado na atividade locomotora e na alimenta��ão. No outono, a alimenta��ão cessou antes da atividade diária e os teiús tornaram−se afágicos algumas semanas antes da entrada em hiberna��ão. Os maiores níveis de CORT foram observados no início do outono, reduzindo progressivamente até valores 75 e 86% menores na dormência e despertar, respectivamente; na primavera os níveis de CORT foram 32% menores em compara��ão com o início do outono. Este padrão sugere um papel da CORT nos ajustes que promovem a ingestão de alimento e a deposição de substratos energéticos no outono. A redução da atividade geral no final do outono contribuiria para a economia energética e manutenção da massa corpórea, apesar da redução da ingestão de alimento. O curso temporal das altera��ões fisiológicas e comportamentais em neonatos reforça a ideia de que a dormência sazonal nos teiús é o resultado da expressão de um ritmo endógeno. Na segunda parte do estudo foi investigada a hipótese de que ocorreriam ajustes das defesas antioxidantes durante a hiberna��ão, em antecipa��ão ao despertar. Foram analisados marcadores de estresse oxidativo e antioxidantes em vários órgãos de teiús em diferentes fases do primeiro ciclo anual. A CS, um indicador do potencial oxidante, não variou no fígado e foi menor no rim e no pulmão na hiberna��ão. As enzimas antioxidantes revelaram (1) um efeito abrangente de redução das taxas na hiberna��ão e despertar; por exemplo, GR e CAT foram menores em todos órgãos analisados e a GST tendeu a diminuir no fígado e no rim, embora constante no cora��ão e no pulmão. A G6PDH no fígado e no rim não variou. (2) No fígado, a GST, a Se−GPX e o teor de TBARS foram maiores na atividade de outono em rela��ão à primavera e a Se−GPX permaneceu elevada na hiberna��ão. (3) No fígado, a SOD foi maior na hiberna��ão e despertar em rela��ão ao outono e a Mn−SOD seguiu este padrão. Em contraste, no rim, cora��ão e pulmão a SOD foi menor na hiberna��ão e as taxas se recuperaram no cora��ão e pulmão no despertar. A Mn−SOD seguiu este padrão no pulmão. A concentra��ão e o estado redox da glutationa não variaram no fígado, rim e cora��ão; no pulmão o teor de Eq−GSH e GSH foi menor na hiberna��ão, com tendência à recupera��ão no despertar. O teor de PC no rim foi maior na hiberna��ão e diminuiu no despertar. No fígado, as altera��ões no jejum se assemelham às sazonais, como sugerem a inibição da CAT e GR e aumento da Se−GPX. Os efeitos do jejum na primavera no rim diferem dos efeitos sazonais, como sugerem a redução do teor de Eq−GSH e GSH e o aumento da razão GSSG:GSH, a redução da G6PDH e o aumento de PC. No conjunto, houve um efeito predominante de redução das taxas enzimáticas na hiberna��ão e no despertar, exceto pelas taxas aumentadas da SOD e Se−GPX no fígado e pela recupera��ão da SOD no cora��ão e da GR, SOD e Mn−SOD no pulmão no despertar. As elevadas taxas das enzimas antioxidantes no teiú em compara��ão a outros ectotermos e a ausência de evidências de estresse oxidativo no despertar sugerem que a atividade enzimática remanescente é suficiente para prevenir danos aos tecidos face às flutua��ões do metabolismo

Minimiza��ão de resíduos do processamento do café solúvel através do reaproveitamento da borra para extra��ão de óleo utilizando solvente renovável

O principal resíduo da indústria de café solúvel é a borra de café, gerada após a extra��ão de sólidos solúveis com água, sendo usualmente queimada em caldeiras para gera��ão de energia para a própria indústria. Entretanto, este co-produto pode conter de 15 a 20 % de óleo, componente de grande interesse na indústria alimentícia. Em paralelo, na indústria de produção de óleos vegetais o solvente frequentemente utilizado é o hexano. Contudo, por este ser um derivado de combustíveis fósseis, alternativas para sua substituição por solventes mais amigáveis ao meio ambiente, que podem ser obtidos por via biotecnológica, estão sendo estudadas. Deste modo, o objetivo principal desta disserta��ão de mestrado foi a viabiliza��ão técnica do emprego de solventes alcoólicos no processo de extra��ão de óleo de borra de café proveniente da indústria de processamento de café solúvel. Foram realizadas extra��ões sólido-líquido em um estágio para estudar a influência das variáveis de processo temperatura (60 a 90 °C), tipo de solvente (etanol, ET ou isopropanol, IPA) e a hidrata��ão do solvente (absoluto ou azeotrópico) nas características das fases extrato e rafinado, em termos de rendimento de extra��ão de óleo, de ácidos clorogênicos (ACG), de carboidratos totais, teor de proteínas e índice de solubilidade de nitrogênio (ISN) da fase rafinado. Pré-tratamento enzimático ao processo de extra��ão também foi realizado para investigar a sua atua��ão sobre o rendimento de extra��ão de óleo e ACG, além do ISN das fases rafinado obtidas na temperatura de 70 °C. De forma geral, pode-se inferir que a temperatura favorece a extra��ão de compostos lipídicos, mas a hidrata��ão do solvente prejudica a extra��ão destes compostos pelo aumento da polaridade do solvente. Do mesmo modo, como o ET é mais polar que o IPA, o primeiro solvente proporcionou a obtenção de menores rendimentos de extra��ão de óleo. A temperatura de processo também influenciou a extra��ão de ACG, a qual foi beneficiada a temperaturas mais baixas pelo aumento da polaridade dos solventes utilizados. De tal forma, que a 60 °C, nos experimentos utilizando etanol azeotrópico obteve-se os menores rendimentos de extra��ão de óleo, porém maior rendimento de extra��ão de ACG. O pré-tratamento enzimático apresentou diferenças significativas nas características das fases extrato e rafinado. No entanto, somente os experimentos com etanol absoluto resultaram em rendimentos de extra��ão de óleo economicamente viáveis. De fato, será relevante um estudo mais aprofundado das variáveis de pré-tratamento enzimático para obter resultados mais expressivos em rela��ão à extra��ão de compostos lipídicos. Diante dos dados experimentais obtidos, conclui-se que é tecnicamente viável o emprego de solventes alcoólicos no processo de extra��ão de óleo de borra de café. Entretanto, nota-se que as condições de processo devem ser avaliadas minuciosamente com o objetivo de se obter altos rendimentos de extra��ão de óleo com maior teor de ACG.

Estudo dos espectros vibracionais de poliacetilenos substituídos

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados a poli-2-etinilpiridina (P2EP), poli-4etinilpiridina (P4EP), o iodeto de poli(2-N-t-butilpiridiniumilacetileno) (P2EPtBu) e a poli-β-etinilnaftaleno (Pβ:EN), os quais são poliacetilenos substituídos. Estes polímeros, juntamente com o cloreto de poli(2-piridínio-2-piridilacetileno) (P2EPH), foram caracterizados por espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho e Raman. Estes polímeros apresentaram varia��ão na posição das bandas Raman com a energia da radia��ão excitante - chamada dispersão Raman ou fotosseletividade - da ordem de 10 cm-1, bem inferior ao apresentado pelo poliacetileno (cerca de 60 cm-1). Este deslocamento foi interpretado utilizando-se dois dos modelos existentes para descrever este fenômeno: o Modelo de Modo de Amplitude (AMM) e o Modelo de Coordenada de Conjuga��ão Efetiva (ECCM), os quais fornecem informa��ões sobre a estrutura polimérica e sobre seus níveis eletrônicos. Utilizando-se o AMM foi possível obter informa��ões sobre os níveis eletrônicos excitados de mesma simetria que o estado eletrônico fundamental. Por outro lado, o ECCM, com a ajuda de c��lculos DFT, mostrou diferenças na extensão da conjuga��ão e no grau de dimeriza��ão entre o P2EP na forma cis e trans e indicou que este polímero apresentava, predominantemente, a estrutura cis, fato este confirmado pelos espectros no infravermelho. A dopagem com I2 provocou efeitos diferentes na estrutura dos polímeros. Os espectros no infravermelho dos polímeros dopados indicaram que o P2EP e o P2EPH apresentaram aumento na quantidade de segmentos cis enquanto o P2EPtBu apresentou diminuição na quantidade desses segmentos. Os espectros Raman dos polímeros dopados confirmaram os dados dos espectros no infravermelho. Esta diferença foi interpretada como sendo devida à diferença no volume do substituinte, pois grupos volumosos favorecem o isômero trans-cisóide onde a distância entre os substituintes é maior. A dopagem também levou a um aumento na condutividade dos polímeros, porém os valores de condutividade obtidos foram bem inferiores que os apresentados pelo poliacetileno dopado (10-5 a 10-7 contra 102 S cm-1, tipicamente).

Singular Temperatures Connected to Charge Transport Mechanism Transitions in Perylene Bisimides from Steady-State Photocurrent Measurements

Perylene bisimides (PBIs) are n-type semiconducting and photogenerating materials widely used in a variety of optoelectronic devices. Particularly interesting are PBIs that are simultaneously water-soluble and liquid-crystalline (PBI-W+LC) and, thus, attractive for the development of high-performing easily processable applications in biology and “green” organic electronics. In this work, singular temperatures connected to charge transport mechanism transitions in a PBI-W+LC derivative are determined with high accuracy by means of temperature-dependent photocurrent studies. These singular temperatures include not only the ones observed at 60 and 110 °C, corresponding to phase transition temperatures from crystalline to liquid-crystalline (LC) and from LC to the isotropic phase, respectively, as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), but also a transition at 45 °C, not observed by DSC. By analyzing the photocurrent dependence simultaneously on temperature and on light intensity, this transition is interpreted as a change from monomolecular to bimolecular recombination. These results might be useful for other semiconducting photogenerating materials, not necessarily PBIs or even organic semiconductors, which also show transport behavior changes at singular temperatures not connected with structural or phase transitions.

Kyoto, Japan, 1852 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Kaei kaisei shinsen Kyo ezu, Morikawa Yasuyuki gazu genko ; Haga Shunsui hozu kosei. It was published by Koto Shorin Takehara Yoshibe hanmoto in Kaei 5-nen [1852]. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. Covers Kyoto, Japan. Map in Japanese.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Tokyo Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 53N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

New Orleans, Louisiana Census tracks and blocks, 1960 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New Orleans, Louisiana, by census tracts and blocks: 1960. It was published by The Census Bureau ca. 1960. Scale [ca. 1:17,500]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Louisiana State Plane Coordinate System, South NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as Census block and tract numbers and boundaries, roads, canals, drainage, and more. Includes inset and legend. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

New Orleans, Louisiana Census tracks and blocks, 1960 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New Orleans, Louisiana, by census tracts and blocks: 1960. It was published by The Census Bureau ca. 1960. Scale [ca. 1:17,500]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Louisiana State Plane Coordinate System, South NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as Census block and tract numbers and boundaries, roads, canals, drainage, and more. Includes inset and legend. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1882 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Milwaukee : engraved from original drawings & surveys, Milwaukee Lith & Eng. Co. It was published by Silas Chapman in 1882. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Wisconsin South State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 4803). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, street railways, railroads and stations, drainage, selected buildings, city ward boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by contours and hachures. Includes index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Liverpool, England, 1854 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the borough of Liverpool : with Parliamentary boundaries, ecclesiastical divisions and a part of the Cheshire coast. It was published by engraved and published by H. Hilliar in 1854. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. Covers portions of Liverpool and Birkenhead, England. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings and industries, canals, docks, wharves, city districts, ground cover, parks and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Vienna, Austria, 1720 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Wien die Welt berühmte Kayserls. Resid. Stadt : nach ihrem porspect u. grund riss samt anstossender Gegend und Neuen Linieun um die Vor-städte, versertigt und verlegts Matth. Seütter in Augsp. It was published by Matth. Seütter in [1720]. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. Map in German. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the MGI 3-Degree Gauss Kruger coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, fortifications, and more. Includes index and view: Prospect der Kayserl. Residen-stadt Wien wie solche von Mitternacht anzusehen. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Warsaw, Poland, 1831 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Warsaw = Warszawa, drawn by W.B. Clarke, Arch. ; engraved by T.E. Nicholson. It was published by Published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge [by] Baldwin & Cradock in 1831. Scale [ca. 1:17,000] Covers Warsaw, Poland. Map in English and Polish.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'Pulkovo 1942 Adjust 1958 Poland Zone II' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map.This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, ground cover, city district boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes profile views of selected buildings.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Tokyo, Japan, 1907 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: The revised map of Tokyo, S. Nishinomiya. It was published by S. Nishinomiya in 1907. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. Covers Tokyo, Japan. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Tokyo UTM Zone 54N coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroad and street railway lines and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, city and county boundaries, parks, cemeteries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes insets: [Tokyo and environs] -- Tsukiji Foreign Settlement. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1846 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan of Boston comprising a part of Charlestown and Cambridge, published by George G. Smith, engraver, 1846. Scale [ca. 1:7,310]. Covers Boston proper (Shawmut Peninsula and Boston Neck) with small portions of Charlestown, Cambridge, and South Boston. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, wharves, drainage, churches, schools, selected public buildings, parks, cemeteries, city ward boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes insets: Plan of South Boston from a drawing by S.P. Fuller. Scale [ca. 1:17,600] -- Plan of East Boston from actual survey by R.H. Eddy. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. Includes also indexes to points of interest and streets. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1851 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan of Boston comprising a part of Charlestown and Cambridge, published by George G. Smith, engraver, 1851. Scale [ca. 1:7,380]. Covers Boston proper (Shawmut Peninsula and Boston Neck) with small portions of Charlestown, Cambridge, and South Boston. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, signal stations, wharves, drainage, churches, schools, selected public buildings, parks, cemeteries, city ward boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes insets: Plan of South Boston from a drawing by S.P. Fuller. Scale [ca. 1:17,600] -- Plan of East Boston from actual survey by R.H. Eddy. Scale [ca. 1:17,000]. Includes also indexes to points of interest and streets. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.