A generalized theory of electrical characteristics of schottky barriers for amorphous materials

In the present paper, we discuss a generalized theory of electrical characteristics for amorphous semiconductor (or insulator) Schottky barriers, considering: (i) surface states, (ii) doping impurity states at a single energy level and (iii) energetically distributed bulk impurity states. We also consider a thin oxide layer (≈10 Å) between metal and semiconductor. We develop current versus applied potential characteristics considering the variation of the Fermi level very close to contact inside the semiconductor and decrease in barrier height due to the image force effect as well as potential fall on the oxide layer. Finally, we discuss the importance of each parameter, i.e. surface states, distributed impurity states, doping impurity states, thickness of oxide layer etc. on the log I versus applied potential characteristics. The present theory is also applicable for intimate contact, i.e. metal-semiconductor contact, crystalline material structures or for Schottky barriers in insulators or polymers.

Language policy in Brazil: Monolingualism and linguistic prejudice

The purpose of this article is to analyse the linguistic situation in Brazil and to discuss the relationship between Portuguese and the 200 other languages, about 170 indigenous, spoken in the country. It focuses on three points: the historical process of language unification, recent official language policy initiatives, and linguistic prejudice. I examine two manifestations of linguistic prejudice, one against external elements, and the other against supposedly inferior internal elements, pointing out to a common origin: the myth that the Portuguese language in Brazil is characterised by an astonishing unity. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Barriers to Latin American and Caribbean exports in the US market, 1998-1999

Includes bibliography

Computational linguistic systematization of a lexicon from the ibitinga embroidery industry conceptual domain

This work discusses a proposition for organizing the lexical items from the conceptual domain labeled THE EMBROIDERY INDUSTRY OF IBITINGA in terms of a natural ontology. It also aims to establish the alignment between this ontology and the bases WordNet.Pr and WordNet.Br. © 2009 IEEE.

Physical inactivity and related barriers: A study in a community dwelling of older brazilians

This study sought to investigate the prevalence of physical inactivity and related barriers in older Brazilian adults. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted, and a stratified random sampling procedure was used. A total of 359 older adults were interviewed. The long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Questionnaire of Barriers to Physical Activity Practice were used to assess physical activity level and barriers, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed on the prevalence of physical inactivity in either gender or age groups. Regarding barriers, the proportion of 9 out of 22 barriers was statistically significant between men and women. Self-reported physical inactivity/activity in older Brazilian adults continues to be a concern. Uncommonly, older males reported a higher prevalence of physical inactivity compared to their counterparts. Additionally, physical inactivity prevalence continued to increase with the aging process. Yet, personal barriers such as lack of time and poor health were strongly associated with physical inactivity. The results of this study may help health professionals and public policy makers to better address the issues related to a healthy lifestyle among older adults and promote physical activity among Brazilian older adults and in other countries with similar characteristics. © 2012 Sebastião Gobbi et al.

Programa para la eliminación de las barreras de idiomas en el Caribe = Programme for the removal of language barriers in the Caribbean

Analiza las medidas especiales y los programas destinados a superar las barreras de idiomas con el objeto de acelerar el proceso de intercambio entre los paises del Caribe.

Progress report on the programme on the removal of language barriers

Examina los progresos del CDCC en su programa para eliminar las barreras de lenguaje en el Caribe, con el fin de facilitar una colaboracion mas estrecha en areas del desarrollo economico y social entre los paises miembros del CDCC, especialmente en lo que se refiere al establecimiento de un Instituto Caribeno del Lenguaje que coordine las tareas en ese sentido de las organizaciones a nivel nacional y subregional existentes en la region.

Estruturação do conhecimento e relações semânticas: uma ontologia para o domínio da naonociência e nanotecnologia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Regional co-operation for overcoming language barriers in the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Progress report priority project on the removal of language barriers

Includes bibliography

Future orientations for the CDCC project for the removal of language barriers in the Caribbean

Analiza los problemas encontrados en la implementacion del programa prioritario de eliminacion de las barreras linguisticas, y tomando en consideracion la limitacion de recursos financieros, recomienda medidas para el corto y largo plazo.