Activities of fluconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and amphotericin B on planktonic and biofilm Candida species determined by microcalorimetry.

We investigated the activities of fluconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and amphotericin B against Candida species in planktonic form and biofilms using a highly sensitive assay measuring growth-related heat production (microcalorimetry). C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis were tested, and MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method. The antifungal activities were determined by isothermal microcalorimetry at 37°C in RPMI 1640. For planktonic Candida, heat flow was measured in the presence of antifungal dilutions for 24 h. Candida biofilm was formed on porous glass beads for 24 h and exposed to serial dilutions of antifungals for 24 h, and heat flow was measured for 48 h. The minimum heat inhibitory concentration (MHIC) was defined as the lowest antifungal concentration reducing the heat flow peak by ≥50% (≥90% for amphotericin B) at 24 h for planktonic Candida and at 48 h for Candida biofilms (measured also at 24 h). Fluconazole (planktonic MHICs, 0.25 to >512 μg/ml) and amphotericin B (planktonic MHICs, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml) showed higher MHICs than anidulafungin (planktonic MHICs, 0.015 to 0.5 μg/ml) and caspofungin (planktonic MHICs, 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml). Against Candida species in biofilms, fluconazole's activity was reduced by >1,000-fold compared to its activity against the planktonic counterparts, whereas echinocandins and amphotericin B mainly preserved their activities. Fluconazole induced growth of planktonic C. krusei at sub-MICs. At high concentrations of caspofungin (>4 μg/ml), paradoxical growth of planktonic C. albicans and C. glabrata was observed. Microcalorimetry enabled real-time evaluation of antifungal activities against planktonic and biofilm Candida organisms. It can be used in the future to evaluate new antifungals and antifungal combinations and to study resistant strains.

Trends in smoking and lung cancer mortality in Switzerland.

Patterns of cigarette smoking in Switzerland were analyzed on the basis of sales data (available since 1924) and national health surveys conducted in the last decade. There was a steady and substantial increase in cigarettes sales up to the early 1970s. Thereafter, the curve tended to level off around an average value of 3,000 cigarettes per adult per year. According to the 1981-1983 National Health Survey, 37% of Swiss men were current smokers, 25% were ex-smokers, and 39% were never smokers. Corresponding porportions in women were 22, 11, and 67%. Among men, smoking prevalence was higher in lower social classes, and some moderate decline was apparent from survey data over the period 1975-1981 mostly in later middle-age. Trends in lung cancer death certification rates over the period 1950-1984 were analyzed using standard cross-sectional methods and a log-linear Poisson model to isolate the effects of age, birth cohort, and year of death. Mortality from lung cancer increased substantially among Swiss men between the early 1950s and the late 1970s, and levelled off (around a value of 70/100,000 men) thereafter. Among women, there has been a steady upward trend which started in the mid-1960s, and continues to climb steadily, although lung cancer mortality is still considerably lower in absolute terms (around 8/100,000 women) than in several North European countries or in North America. Cohort analyses indicate that the peak rates in men were reached by the generation born around 1910 and mortality stabilized for subsequent generations up to the 1930 birth cohort. Among females, marked increases were observed in each subsequent birth cohort. This pattern of trends is consistent with available information on smoking prevalence in successive generations, showing a peak among men for the 1910 cohort, but steady upward trends among females. Over the period 1980-1984, about 90% of lung cancer deaths among Swiss men and about 40% of those among women could be attributed to smoking (overall proportion, 85%).

Employers in Iowa with 1,000 or more Employees Based on 2002 Calendar Year, 2004

Employers in Iowa with 1,000 or more Employees Based on 2002 Calendar Year. Annual data ofr the State of Iowa produced by Iowa Workforce Development.

Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Surgery by 23 G Vitrectomy using Slit-Lamp and Non-Contact 90 D Lens.

Background: The purpose of this study is to report the anatomic and functional results of primary 23 G vitrectomy using slit-lamp and non-contact 90 D lens for the treatment of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Patients and Methods: Pseudophakic eyes were operated by 23 G vitrectomy using slit-lamp and non-contact 90 D lens, internal subretinal fluid drainage, cryopexy and internal gas tamponade. The preoperative and postoperative characteristics were analysed. Main outcome measures were anatomic success rates after initial surgical intervention and after reoperation for primary failures, visual outcome at the last follow-up visit, and complications. Results: 46 pseudophakic eyes were included in this retrospective study (October 2013- January 2014). In 40 cases, sulfur hexafluoride 23 % gastamponade was used, silicone oil in 6 cases (13 %). The retina was reattached successfully after a single surgery in 44 eyes (96 %). Recurrence of retinal detachment occurred in 2 eyes. Final anatomic reattachment was obtained in 100 % after a second operation. Silicone oil was removed in all eyes. Visual acuity improved significantly from logMAR 0 (IQR 0 - 0.9) to logMAR 0 (IQR 0 - 0.2) (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Primary 23 G vitrectomy using slit-lamp and non contact 90 D lens for the treatment of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment provides a high anatomic and functional success rate and is associated with few complications.

Contribution pollinique à l'étude du pléistocène de la région lémanique (Suisse) : paléoenvironnement des derniers 800'000 ans

Abstact : Pollinic contribution to a Pleistocene study of the Lake Geneva region (Switzerland) Palaeoenvironment of the last 800,000 years. Although the "Plateau Romand" (tableland of French-speaking Switzerland) has been marked by the repetitive action of different Quaternary glacial thrusts, numerous preserved outcrops here and there, thanks to favourable topographical conditions, provide sufficient pollinic content to reconstitute the significant botanical fluctuations and allow bio- and chrono-stratigraphical correlations with the long European sequences. The present study examines around ten Pleistocene deposits rich in pollens, whose presumed ages cover a range of 800,000 years. - The Early and Early-Middle Pleistocene are examined at Ecoteaux (VD), undeniably the oldest site in this study. The "Lower Formation of Ecoteaux", whose low pollinic content reveals an environment of the cold desert type, shows an inverse palaeomagnetic remanence. An age earlier than 780,000 years BP (Matuyama period or earlier) is proposed. The "Upper Formation of Ecoteaux" contains over eight major fluctuations in the vegetal covering, of which at least four temporal phases and one climatic optimum. The presence of botanical genera, relics of the Tertiary in particular Pterocarya and Carya, associated with the vegetal dynamic made up of short oscillations, contrives to link this formation to the Cromerian Complex. The thermomeres recorded could correspond to one or several interglacial periods from Middle Pleistocene. Possible correlations with marine isotopic stages 15, 17 and 19 are discussed. - The Middle and Late Pleistocene is approached through the sediments of Onnens (VD), Creux d'Enfer (FR), Port-Valais (VS), La Dénériaz (VD) and Cortaillod (NE). Each site provides a temperate interglacial flora, whose pollinic content is evaluated according to the different conceivable bio-stratigraphic correlations. - Finally the Würm is studied thanks to the outcrop of Marly (FR), together with the excavations at Villars-sous-Yens (VD), Versoix (GE) and Ollon (VD). Together, these observations tend to show that the west of the Swiss Plateau is a zone of transition between the meridian vegetation of the lower Rhone valley and that of beyond the Jura. At the outlet of the Rhone glacier, and on the borders of the prealpine and Jurassian glaciers, the region is situated at the crossroads of post-glacial botanical migrations, between the major axis of the Rhone valley and the Eastern refuge zones; this situation confers particular importance on it. Although believed to be deeply scraped by ice, one notices today that the "Plateau Romand" harbours overtwenty interglacial and interstadial sites. The abrasive action of the Rhone glacier has thus been more modest than previously estimated. The effective extension of glacial tongues, together with atmospheric circulation, are doubtless varying from one interglacial to another. Finally, the speeds of glacial movements, and the unbelievable vegetal vitality, are important parameters, capable of leading to deposits, very early enriched in pollens. RÉSUMÉS : Contribution pollinique à l'étude du Pléistocène de la région lémanique (Suisse) - Paléoenvironnement des derniers 800'000 ans Bien que le Plateau romand soit marqué par l'action répétitive des différentes poussées glaciaires quaternaires, de nombreux affleurements préservés ça et là, à la faveur de conditions topographiques favorables, livrent un contenu pollinique suffisant pour reconstituer des fluctuations botaniques significatives et autoriser des corrélations bioet chronostratigraphiques avec les longues séquences européennes. Le présent travail étudie une dizaine de dépôts pléistocènes riches en pollens, dont les âges présumés balaient un éventail de plus de 800'000 ans. - Le Pléistocène Ancien et Moyen inférieur, sont examinés à Ecoteaux (VD); indéniablement le site le plus ancien de cette étude. La "Formation inférieure d'Ecoteaux", dont le maigre contenu pollinique traduit un environnement de type désertique froid, présente une rémanence magnétique inverse. Un âge antérieur à 780'000 ans BP (période de Matuyama ou antérieure) est proposé. La "Formation supérieure d'Ecoteaux" comprend plus de huit fluctuations majeures du couvert végétal, parmi lesquelles on compte au moins quatre épisodes tempérés et un optimum climatique. La présence de genres botaniques reliques du Tertiaire, en particulier Pterocarya et Carya, associée à la dynamique végétale faite de courtes oscillations, concourent à lier cette formation au Complexe Cromérien. Les thermomères enregistrées pourraient correspondre à un- ou plusieurs interglaciaires du Pléistocène moyen. Les corrélations possibles avec les stades isotopiques marins, MIS 15, 17 et 19 sont discutées. - Le Pléistocène Moyen et Récent est abordé à travers les sédiments d'Onnens (VD), du Creux d'Enfer (FR), de Port-Valais (VS), de La Dénériaz (VD) et de Cortaillod (NE). Chaque site livre une flore tempérée interglaciaire, dont le contenu pollinique est évalué en fonction des différentes corrélations bio-stratigraphiques envisageables. - Enfin le Würm est étudié grâce à l'affleurement de Marly (FR), accompagné des forages de Villars-sous-Yens (VD), Versoix (GE) et Ollon (VD). L'ensemble de ces observations tend à montrer que l'ouest du Plateau suisse est une zone charnière entre la végétation méridionale de la basse vallée du Rhône et celle d'au-delà du Jura. Au débouché du glacier du Rhône et aux confins des glaciers préalpins et jurassiens, cette région est située au carrefour des migrations botaniques post-glaciaires, entre l'axe majeur de la vallée du Rhône et les zones refuges de l'Est. Cette situation lui confère une importance toute particulière. Alors qu'on pensait le Plateau romand profondément raboté par les glaces, on constate aujourd'hui qu'il recèle plus d'une vingtaine de sites interglaciaires et interstadiaires. L'action abrasive du glacier rhodanien a donc été plus modeste qu'envisagée jusqu'ici. L'extension effective des langues glaciaires, tout comme la circulation atmosphérique, diffèrent sans doute d'un interglaciaire à l'autre. Enfin la vitesse des mouvements glaciaires et l'incroyable vitalité végétale sont des paramètres importants, susceptibles d'avoir entraîné des dépôts, très précocement enrichis en pollens.

Océanie / A. H. Dufour

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:17 770 000]

Carte itinéraire d'Espagne et de Portugal : Indiquant les différentes espèces de Routes et les distances de villes à autres, en lieues de postes de ces Royaumes / par Desimencourt

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:1 600 000]

Nova Totius Graeciae descriptio / Per Gerardum Mercatorem

Échelle(s) : [1:2 846 000 environ], Miliaria Italica communia 90 [= 5,8 cm]

Nouvelle carte routière des environs de Paris : indiquant les villes, bourgs, villages, hameaux, châteaux et fermes dans une étendue de 14 lieues sur 20 / par Ch[ar]les Simonneau graveur et éditeur de cartes géographiques

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:225 000], 2 myriamètres [= 8,9 cm]

Théâtre de la guerre en Afrique, comprenant les régences d'Alger, de Tunis, Tripoli et de l'empire du Maroc : Avec plans détaillés de la baie et des fortifications de la ville d'Alger et de ses environs, d'après les meilleurs matériaux qu'on a pu se procurer sur ce pays / drefsé par Frémin géographe

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:5 085 000], 30 myriamètres [= 5,9 cm]

Mielikuvien luominen traileroinnilla : tutkimuskohteena Big Brother Suomi

The thesis studies the launch campaign of Big Brother Finland, especially from the viewpoint of on-air promotion. Interest to the subject arose when participating in the campaign as an on-air promotion planner together with Subtv's marketing director, on-air promotion editor and the channel's advertising agency. The launch of the campaign was a challenge due to the format, since not a lot of information can be revealed before the start of the program. When the planning started, all the material consisted of two logos. The first season of the Finnish version of Big Brother begun on Subtv August 2005. The goal of the program was to become a topic of discussion on TV on the fall 2005 and to raise the profile of the channel. The goal of the launch was to get good ratings for the first episode. The launch campaign was also supposed to open up the format to the viewers and to arouse interest in the show. Secrecy and the size of the program were set to be the marketing tones of the launch. Although partly different messages were told via on-air promotion and external media, the campaign was congruent in visual design. In the study, interviews of Subtv's staff, campaign plans and notes were used as research material. From the aspect of affecting images and emotions, the finished campaign promos and other on-air elements were analyzed. In on-air promotion, all choices in audio and visual design affect the outcome and therefore the images that the viewer constructs. The two promo series were made to affect emotions and to awaken curiosity. Other on-air elements were merely used to present program information. The campaign and the series were accepted with enthusiasm. The launch of the second season was even more massive than the first. Participation in the launch campaign of Big Brother Finland was an essential experience in the development of professional identity. When one has taken part in the creation of a massive campaign from scarce materials, tools are given to future assignments in the field of on-air promotion.

La Investigació farmacèutica i les seves dues realitats : malària vs. hipertensió

El món està mal repartit, això és evident. La qüestió és: fins a quin punt? El treball que segueix a continuació pretén estudiar aquest mal repartiment a través d'un àmbit concret: el de la indústria farmacèutica.Els recursos per a la investigació farmacèutica sovint es destinen a finalitats que estan lluny d'aconseguir benestar pel màxim nombre de persones possible. En canvi, es destinen allà on hi ha més possibilitat d'obtenir uns elevats rendiments econòmics. Malgrat no haver-hi dades concretes que evidenciïn aquest fet, sí que n'hi ha d'indirectes que ens ajudaran a esbrinar-ho.En l'estudi es posa en evidència les enormes discriminacions que pateixen diferents tipus de malalties, així com també algunes solucions que permetrien arreglar el problema, però que no es duen a terme. A més, ens endinsem en el món de la indústria farmacèutica a partir de dos països i dues malalties que mostren de primera mà la situació de la indústria farmacèutica mundial.

Les Crisis asiàtiques i el procés de globalització : el cas de Corea del Sud

Corea del Sud ha vist en els últims 50 anys com la seva economia creixia a unsritmes espectaculars fins arribar a situar-se entre les primeres del món. El seu ascenssemblava imparable fins que l’any 1997, de forma inesperada per la majoria, esclatà lacrisis. En aquells moments, Corea del Sud s’havia convertit en la undècima economiadel planeta i la sisena potència comercial, sent el primer productor de vaixells imemòries DRAM, el quart de béns electrònics de consum, el cinquè d’automòbils i deproductes petroquímics, els sisè d’acer i el setè de productes tèxtils,A mitjans dels anys 50 el país tenia una economia agrària afectada per unapobresa massiva, la seva renta per càpita era inferior a les d’Angola o Moçambic, peròentre 1962 i 1996 el seu PNB per càpita passà de 87 dòlars a més de 12.000 i el seuPIB es multiplicà per 12, amb una taxa anual mitja de creixement del 8%, convertint-seen un país industrial avançat. A més, durant els anys 70 i 80 havia resistitsorprenentment bé les perturbacions (energètiques, monetàries i comercials) externes,malgrat el seu model de creixement depenia molt de les importacions de petroli, deldeute extern (fins mitjans dels 80) i de les exportacions de manufactures als mercatsoccidentals, i havia superat bé els problemes de deute extern que afectaren a altrespaïsos en vies de desenvolupament.Durant els anys 90 el procés de globalització financera contribuí, aparentment,a sostenir aquest creixement, amb l’entrada d’una quantitat ingent de fluxos de capitalestranger i la integració cada cop més plena dins dels mercats mundials de la mà d’unprocés de liberalització financera i comercial, arribant a aconseguir a finals de 1996 laseva admissió a la Organització de Cooperació i Desenvolupament Econòmic (OCDE).Però aquests factors que contribuïren al creixement li passarien factura, al propiciaruna sèrie de vulnerabilitats macroeconòmiques que acabarien sortint a la llum en elcontext de la crisis asiàtica del 97 i mostrarien la necessitat d’un canvi en el model dedesenvolupament, tan exitós durant anys, però incapaç d’adaptar-se per si sol alsnous paràmetres de l’economia globalitzada.2Com a continuació es veurà, la crisis coreana té unes característiques concretes,que la diferencien de la patida per la resta de països afectats per la crisis asiàtica del97, però comparteix també elements en comú. La crisis coreana s’entén millor dins elmarc en què es produí, el de les crisis asiàtiques. Però encara podem anar més lluny, jaque per molts experts les crisis del 97 han estat les primeres grans crisis de laglobalització i per tant és des d’aquí que s’ha d’analitzar, fins arribar al cas concret deCorea del Sud, incomprensible sense tot el context general.Les debilitats estructurals de les diferents economies asiàtiques afectadespoden explicar parcialment la gènesis de la crisis, però es tracta per molts d’una crisissistèmica global, que s’insereix en un context molt més ampli. Per això s’ha dividit elsegüent anàlisi en tres parts: els efectes de la globalització en general, les crisisasiàtiques i finalment el cas concret de Corea del Sud.

Chylothorax in children: guidelines for diagnosis and management.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To establish guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chylothorax in children. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PATIENTS: Fifty-one patients with a diagnosis of chylothorax. Twelve patients were excluded because of incomplete data or incorrect diagnosis. The following parameters were analyzed: triglyceride level, total cell number, and lymphocyte percentage; amount of pleural effusion on day of diagnosis, day 5, and day 14; and total time of pleural effusion. Prospectively, the same parameters were analyzed in a control group of 10 patients with pleural drainage. INTERVENTION: Patients with chylothorax were treated primarily with fat-free oral nutrition; if chyle did not stop, total parenteral nutrition with total enteric rest was started. If conservative therapy was not successful, pleurodesis was performed. RESULTS: In children with chylothorax triglyceride, triglyceride content ranged from 0.56 to 26.6 mmol/L; all values except one were > 1.1 mmol/L. In 36 of 39 patients (92%), the cell count was > 1,000 cells/microL. In 33 of 39 patients (85%), lymphocytes were > 90%. In patients without chylothorax triglyceride, triglyceride levels ranged from 0.1 to 0.71 mmol/L (median, 0.38 mmol/L) and cell count was from 20 to 1400 cells/microL (median, 322 cells/microL), with a maximum of 60% lymphocytes. With fat-free nutrition, chyle disappeared in 29 of 39 patients. Five patients died, and five required pleurodesis. CONCLUSIONS: Pleural effusion in children is chyle when it contains > 1.1 mmol/L triglycerides (with oral fat intake) and has a total cell count > or 1,000 cells/microL, with a lymphocyte fraction > 80%. Chylous effusions usually last long; however, after 6 weeks, the majority of the effusions (29 of 39 patients) had ceased. Late surgical interventions reduce the number of thoracotomies substantially, but can lead to very long hospitalization times. Early surgical interventions (after < 3 weeks) lead to a high number of thoracotomies, but certainly reduce hospitalization time.

Yli 65-vuotiaiden kerrostaloasukkaiden kokemuksia VoiTas Rampata Rapuissa -toimintakokeilusta

Valtakunnallisen Voimaa Vanhuuteen -iäkkäiden terveysliikuntaohjelman (2004-2009) tavoitteena on edistää toimintakyvyltään heikentyvien ikäihmisten itsenäistä kotona selviytymistä tarjoamalla heille heidän jalkojensa lihasvoimaa ja tasapainoa parantavaa liikuntaa. Ohjelman koordinoinnista vastaa Ikäinstituutti. VoiTas Rampata Rapuissa -toimintakokeilu on yksi VoiTas -pilottihankkeen projekteista. Se toteutettiin Nurmijärven kunnan fysioterapian ja liikuntatoimen yhteistyönä syksyllä 2005 ja keväällä 2006. Tavoitteena oli saada yhden kerrostalon asukkaat motivoitua voimaharjoitteluun ja saada heidät käyttämään ahkerammin oman kotitalonsa portaita. Opinnäytetyöni tehtävänä on hankkia tietoa siitä, onko toimintakokeilu parantanut osallistujien toimintakykyä heidän itsensä mielestä. Haastatteluiden tuloksia olen käsitellyt ICF:n toimintakykyluokitusta mukaillen. Osallistujat kokivat, että heidän vireytensä ja itseluottamuksensa olivat lisääntyneet toimintakokeilun aikana. Osalla lihasvoiman lisääntyminen ja kipujen lievittyminen olivat motivoineet jatkamaan harjoitteita koko toimintakokeilun ajan. Yhdellä osallistujista unen laatu parani ja toimintakokeilu osaltaan auttoi häntä painonhallinnassa. Toimintakokeilu tuotti kaikille osallistujilleen hyvää mieltä ja yhteenkuuluvuuden tunnetta. Suoritustason kasvu arkielämässä näkyi eniten omaishoitajina toimivilla osallistujilla. He kokivat lihasvoiman kasvun myötä jaksavansa paremmin huolehtia puolisostaan ja arkipäivän asioista. Osa osallistujista koki itsensä hyväkuntoisiksi eivätkä he huomanneet toimintakokeilun tuoneen muutosta arkipäivässä toimimiseen, vaikka testitulokset osoittivat suorituskyvyn parantuneen. Osalla parantuneen suorituskyvyn muuttumista paremmaksi suoritustasoksi estivät perussairaudet ja kivut. Joidenkin osallistujien toimintatavat muuttuivat ainakin hetkellisesti, koska osa jatkoi kotiharjoitteiden tekemistä myös toimintakokeilun jälkeen. Neljä osallistujista siirtyi kuntosaliryhmään ja kaksi heistä aikoi jatkaa kuntosalilla vielä syksyllä. Suoritustasoa voitaisiin osallistujien mielestä parantaa yhteiskunnan tukitoimilla, kuten lähellä kotia olevilla ryhmillä ja yhteiskuljetuksilla ryhmiin. Jatkossa toivottiin toimintakokeilun tyyppisiä ryhmiä sekä kuntosali- ja vesiliikuntaryhmiä. Toimintakokeilu oli osallistujien mielestä sopiva monen ikäisille ihmisille. Harjoitteita oli helppo muunnella jokaisen kuntotasoa vastaavaksi. Ryhmähenki oli hyvä ja ohjaajista pidettiin. Lihasvoiman kasvaessa ja itsetunnon parantuessa kokivat ryhmäläiset jatkoryhmään siirtymisen helpommaksi.