The ethical teachings of Jesus, in relation to the ethics of the Pharisees and of the Old Testament. Outline of nine studies.

Cover-title.

Jesus /

Mode of access: Internet.

CRISTOLOGIA ANGELOMÓRFICA DE HEBREUS Estudo Sócio-Retórico e História das Religiões Comparadas em Hebreus 1.1-14; 2.5-18; 7.1-10

A Epístola aos Hebreus apresenta já em seus primeiros versos Jesus Cristo assentado à destra de Deus (Hebreus 1,1-4). Assim, desde o princípio a Carta aos Hebreus revela a estratégia de seu autor ao expressar Jesus Cristo em termos honrosos. Tais indícios sugerem o meio ambiente cultural típico do mundo mediterrâneo do século I E.C., em que honra e vergonha exerciam uma função pivô nessa sociedade. A estratégia de Hebreus apresenta a dignidade de Jesus Cristo e sustenta o controle social de seus leitores diante de uma eminente evasão do grupo religioso. Para isso, o autor de Hebreus lança mão de tradições angelológicas amplamente conhecidas do entorno religioso judaico do período do segundo templo. Caracterizam principalmente essas tradições elementos gloriosos desenvolvidos pela religião judaica (anjos, figuras hipostáticas, Melquisedec), que contribuíram para a confissão do Cristo exaltado de Hebreus. Fazemos um estudo da História das Religiões Comparadas das figuras mediadoras nos escritos do AT e da literatura pseudepígrafa, entendendo que essas figuras foram adquirindo cada vez mais características divinizadas possibilitando a elaboração da Cristologia angelomórfica de Hebreus 1.1-14; 2.5-18; 7.1-10. Além disso, uma aproximação sócio-retórica à Hebreus garante resultados mais claros no que diz respeito à estratégia pretendida por seu autor.

25 DE DEZEMBRO: SIMBOLISMOS E APROXIMAÇÕES ENTRE OS DEUSES APOLO, HÉLIOS, MITRA E JESUS CRISTO UMA ANÁLISE EM MITOLOGIA COMPARADA

O Solstício de Inverno demonstra, a importância do sol como elemento proporcionador da vida, em inúmeras culturas européias e orientais. Os gregos, de modo um tanto distinto de outros povos, constituíram sua mítica, cultuando dois deuses solares, que se alternaram nas crenças e nos cultos deste povo: Hélios e Apolo. Os latinos, que absorvem parte da mítica grega, cultuando estas divindades, trazem progressivamente, outro deus sol para ser adorado: a divindade persa Mitra. O cristianismo que migra de sua origem local e cultural, para as cidades latinas, principalmente Roma, no primeiro século, provoca e enfrenta um combate constante com as crenças pagãs, principalmente as crenças solares, conseguindo progressivamente, uma supremacia, até o ponto em que as religiões não cristãs, são suprimidas, processo iniciado com o imperador Constantino e finalizado com Teodósio. Entretanto, o imaginário das culturas derrotadas pelo cristianismo, não consegue ser eliminado completamente; os deuses pagãos se instalam, em diversos elementos da nova religião, como na comemoração do nascimento de Jesus Cristo, defendido pela igreja, como acontecido em 25 de dezembro. O período na verdade, era milenarmente anterior ao surgimento do cristianismo, como data do nascimento do deus Mitra, e próximo do Solstício de Inverno, onde eram cultuados os deuses Apolo e Hélios, transformados na cultura latina no culto ao Sol Invicto.

ENOQUE: UM LIVRO PROFÉTICO PARA O CRISTO

Até o século IV d.C. era comum, entre os cristãos, a leitura do livro pseudepígrafo de I Enoque. O embrião da rejeição começou no século II, com Júlio Africano, e atingiu o seu auge no século IV com Agostinho de Hipona. Porém, o posicionamento oficial, no cristianismo ocidental, que descredenciou o escrito de I Enoque como uma literatura útil à fé, deu-se no Concílio de Laodiceia (Séc. IV) que afirmou que os únicos nomes de anjos autorizados pelas Escrituras seriam o de Miguel, Gabriel e Rafael, afastando I Enoque (que cita vários nomes de anjos) do cenário teológico, até épocas recentes no Ocidente. O grande personagem do cristianismo foi um homem reconhecido na Palestina como Rabi, título que pressupunha o conhecimento das principais literaturas apreciadas pelos judeus. É consenso entre a maioria dos estudiosos do Segundo Templo que o escrito de I Enoque ocupava um lugar distinto no cenário literário daquela época. A presente tese nasceu de uma desconfiança plausível, inserida dentro do contexto cultural do I século da era cristã, de que Jesus Cristo conhecia o livro de I Enoque. Mas, não somente isso, a desconfiança evoluiu para a possibilidade de que ele tenha feito uso do escrito construindo ensinos embasados no mesmo. A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral: Pesquisar a relação entre Jesus de Nazaré e o Escrito de I Enoque. No que se refere aos seus procedimentos técnicos, a pesquisa é de natureza bibliográfica, exploratória e documental. Para que esta pesquisa ganhasse forma, fizemos uso da proposta historiográfica do Jesus Histórico, bem como desenvolvemos uma metodologia chamada Análise dos Ditos de Jesus (ADJ), para ser utilizada na investigação de ditos atribuídos a Jesus contidos nos evangelhos. O primeiro capítulo, além de ser uma análise do livro de I Enoque abordando o escrito sobre várias perspectivas, foi construído objetivando trazer à academia brasileira as informações mais recentes sobre as pesquisas relacionadas a I Enoque, em diálogo com os principais pesquisadores da obra. O segundo capítulo foi desenvolvido com vistas a examinarmos, pela historiografia, o potencial de alguns ditos, de serem originários da pessoa de Jesus. O terceiro e último capítulo apresenta uma aproximação entre os ditos trabalhados e o livro de I Enoque. O resultado final indica que a literatura enoqueana pode ter ocupado um lugar de destaque entre os escritos estimados por Jesus Cristo.

Jesus in the records,

Mode of access: Internet.

Studies on the Gospels in harmony: being the fourth or Bible-class grade in the series of lessons on the life of Christ. Harmonized from the four evangelists.

Mode of access: Internet.

Jesus upon earth : or, the story of His birth, life, death, and resurrection.

"Designed for children" -- t.p.

The teaching of Jesus concerning Christian conduct,

Mode of access: Internet.

Essays concerning Jesus and His times.

Reprinted from volumes IV, V, VI, and VIII of the Biblical World.

Aha! The return of Alan Partridge

Throughout a long and occasionally distinguished career first as a television sports correspondent, then chat show host (dramatically ended by the accidental homicide of a guest live on air), then rebirth as a radio presenter at North Norfolk Digital, Alan Partridge has navigated the stormy waters of the British media landscape, now achieving mainstream success on the big screen with a starring role in Steve Coogan’s Alpha Papa (Declan Lowney, 2013). A man who in his desperation for a television series of his own once sank so low as to pitch a show called Monkey Tennis to the BBC finally finds his inner hero in a film which, while presenting mainly as comedy, also contains a biting critique of trends in the British media with which all journalists and media practitioners in general will be familiar. Alpha Papa is a nostalgic, elegiac riff on the pleasures and values of local radio the way it used to be, exemplified by North Norfolk Digital’s stable of flawed, but endearing jocks – Wally Banter, Bruno Brooks, Dave Clifton (who in one scene recounts the depths to which he sank as an alcoholic, drug addicted wreck—“I woke up in a skip with someone else’s underpants in my mouth. I can laugh about it now …”), and Pat Farrell. 50- something Pat is sacked by the new owners of North Norfolk Digital, who in their efforts to transform the station into a “multiplatform content provider” going by the more Gen Yfriendly name of Shape (“the way you want it to be”), wish to replace him with a younger, brattish model lacking in taste and manners. Out go records by the likes of Glen Campbell and Neil Diamond (“You can keep Jesus Christ”, observes Partridge after playing Diamond’s Sweet Caroline in a demonstration of the crackling radio repartee for which he is by now renowned, “that was the king of the Jews”), in comes Roachford. Pat, grieving his dead wife Molly, finally snaps and turns the glitzy media launch of Shape into a hostage siege. Only Alan Partridge, it seems, can step in and talk Pat out of a looming catastrophe.

One Word, One Body, One Voice : Studies in Apophatic Theology and Christocentric Anthropology in Gregory of Nyssa

The thesis consists of five international congress papers and a summary with an introduction. The overarching aim of the studies and the summary is to examine the inner coherency of the theological and anthropological thinking of Gregory of Nyssa (331-395). To the issue is applied an "apophatic approach" with a "Christological focus". It is suggested that the coherency is to be found from the Christological concept of unity between "true God" and "true man" in the one person of Jesus Christ. Gregory is among the first to make a full recognition of two natures of Christ, and to use this recognition systematically in his writings. The aim of the studies is pursued by the method of "identification", a combination of the modern critical "problematic method" and Gregory's own aphairetic method of "following" (akolouthia). The preoccupation with issues relating to the so-called Hellenization of Christianity in the patristic era was strong in the twentieth-century Gregory scholarship. The most discussed questions have been the Greek influence in his thought and his philosophical sources. In the five articles of the thesis it is examined how Gregory's thinking stands in its own right. The manifestly apophatic character of his theological thinking is made a part of the method of examining his thought according to the principles of his own method of following. The basic issue concerning the relation of theology and anthropology is discussed in the contexts of his central Trinitarian, anhtropological, Christological and eschatological sources. In the summary the Christocentric integration of Gregory's thinking is discussed also in relation to the issue of the alledged Hellenization. The main conclusion of the thesis concerns the concept of theology in Gregory. It is not indebted to the classical concept of theology as metaphysics or human speculation of God. Instead, it is founded to the traditional Judeo-Christian idea of God who speaks with his people face to face. In Gregory, theologia connotes the oikonomia of God's self-revelation. It may be regarded as the state of constant expression of love between the Creator and his created image. In theology, the human person becomes an image of the Word by which the Father expresses his love to "man" whom he loves as his own Son. Eventually the whole humankind, as one, gives the divine Word a physical - audible and sensible - Body. Humankind then becomes what theology is. The whole humanity expresses divine love by manifesting Christ in words and deeds, singing in one voice to the glory of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.

Patriarkkana ikuisuuden performanssissa : Maskuliinisuuden ja miehen ruumiillisuuden rakentuminen mormonien Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood -opetuskäsikirjassa

The material I analyze for my master's thesis is a teaching manual used by the Mormons (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), called "Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood". This work includes numerous lesson plans, each one with a separate topic. The manual is intended especially for teaches, but can also be used for individual study. The main target of my research is to find out how men and their bodies are constructed in the manual. Prescriptive texts together with narrative stories and illustrations create a multifaceted picture of Mormon notions of masculinity and corporeality. I approach my research material from a constructivist perspective. I build my interpretative reading upon Critical Discourse Analysis. I am especially interested in how the manual interprets and understands connections between gender, embodiment and religion. I understand gender in Judith Butler's terms, as a performance of styled and repeated gestures. Some of the discussions I raise in my work draw upon the disciplines of Critical Men's Studies and Sociology of Religion. In Mormonism, gender is thought to be an elementary part of human ontology. It is an eternal trait inherited from God the Father (and God the Mother). The place of men in Mormon cosmology is determined by their double role as patriarchs, fathers and priests. The main objective of mortal life is to gain salvation together with one's family. The personal goal of a Mormon man is to one day become a god. Patriarchs are responsible for the spiritual and material well-being of their family. The head of a household should be gentle and loving, but still an unconditional authority. In the manual, a Mormon man is depicted as a successor of mythical and exemplary men of sacred history. The perfect and sinless body of Jesus Christ serves as an ideal for the male body. Mormon masculinity is also defined by priesthood - the holy power of God - which is given to practically all male Mormons. Through the priesthood, a Mormon man serves as the governor of God on Earth. The Mormon priest has the authority to bind the immanent and the transcendent worlds together with gestures, poses and motions performed with his body. In Mormonism, the body also symbolizes a temple or a space where the sacred meets the profane. Because the priesthood borne by a man is holy, he has to treat his body accordingly. The body is valuable in itself, without it one cannot be saved. Men are forbidden of polluting their bodies by using stimulants or by having sexual relations out of wedlock. A priesthood holder must uphold healthy habits, dress neatly, and conduct himself in a temperate manner. He must also be outgoing and attentive. The manual suggests that a man's goodness or wickedness can be perceived from his external appearance. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a hierarchical and man-led organisation. The ideals of gender and corporeality are set by a homogenous priesthood leadership that consists mainly of white heterosexual American men. The larger Mormon community can control individual men by sanctioning. Growing as a Mormon man happens under the guidance of one's reference group.

Una introducción a temas y tensiones presentes en el documento

Resumen: El artículo recorre los antecedentes que dieron origen al Documento de la Comisión Teológica Internacional sobre ley natural, con particular referencia a las intervenciones de Juan Pablo II y Benedicto XVI. Presenta sucintamente algunos temas del documento, a saber: la búsqueda de un patrimonio ético común a la humanidad en las tradiciones culturales; la cuestión de la experiencia moral y la llamada interior a hacer el bien; la justificación filosófica de la ley natural; el orden político de la sociedad y el tema de Jesucristo, plenitud de la ley natural. También se consideran las tensiones que subyacen al mismo, con particular referencia a las problemáticas de modernidad ilustrada y posmodernidad, laicismo y laicidad y iusnaturalismo y positivismo jurídico.

Jesucristo, plenitud de la revelación : el testimonio del Nuevo Testamento

Desde la perspectiva del Nuevo Testamento, el autor se propone un estudio que ayude a comprender y profundizar la enseñanza del Concilio Vaticano II acerca de “Jesucristo, plenitud de la revelación” (DV 2). La exposición se organiza en dos secciones relativas al Antiguo y al Nuevo Testamento: en el primero se presenta cómo Israel fue descubriendo en su historia el proyecto de Dios para sí y para la humanidad; en el segundo se trata sobre Jesús, el “lugar” donde el designio de Dios tuvo y tiene su plena realización. Para todos los discípulos, Jesucristo sigue siendo el camino hacia una vida plena (cf. DA 375).