Use of Stockpiled Berseem Clover as a Supplement for Grazed Corn Crop Residues

In the fall of 1994, mature Charolais cross cows in midgestation were allotted to duplicate 15 acre fields containing corn crop residues or a 2-to-1 mixture of corn crop residues and berseem clover planted in 3 strips at an allowance of 2.5 acres/cow for a 140 day wintering season. Similar cows were allotted duplicate drylots. All cows were fed hay as necessary to maintain a body condition score of 5. Cows grazing corn crop residues with or without berseem clover required 2596 pounds less hay per cow than cows maintained in a drylot. There was no difference in the amounts of hay required by cows grazing corn crop residues alone or with berseem clover. Initial organic matter yield of berseem clover was nearly that of corn crop residues and did not decrease as rapidly as corn crop residues. Berseem clover had a higher organic matter digestibility than corn crop residues at the initiation of grazing. Organic matter digestibility of berseem clover, however, decreased more rapidly than corn crop residues because of weathering during the winter.

Changes in Chemical Composition and Digestion Kinetics of Stockpiled Kura Clover in Late Fall

Stockpiled kura clover samples harvested on three different winter dates were used to determine changes in chemical composition and N digestion kinetics. Kura clover was harvested from four different plots at 14 d intervals and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDMD), and in situ digestion kinetics of N. Crude protein concentrations decreased, but ADIN concentrations increased with later date of harvest. Digestible N pool-size and the rate of digestion was the lowest in third-harvest kura clover. Although the proportion of protein that is soluble or nondigestible increased, proportion of protein that is potentially digestible decreased with maturity.

Ruminal Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep Fed Forages of Varying Nutritive Values

Six wethers, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae, were utilized in a 6 x 6 Latin Square metabolism trial to determine efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep fed forages with varying nutritional quality. Ground alfalfa hay, oat-berseem clover hay, and baled corn crop residues were fed at an ad libitum or limited intake level. Chromium-mordanted fiber, cobalt- EDTA, and purines were used to determine digesta flow and solid passage rate, dilution rate, and microbial protein production, respectively. Sheep fed alfalfa hay had greater organic matter (OM) intakes, and amounts of OM apparently and truly ruminally digested (g/d; P < .05) than sheep fed either oat-berseem clover or corn crop residues at the ad libitum intake level. Rates of slow solid and liquid passage, and postfeeding ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (N) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations were lower (P < .05) in sheep fed corn crop residues than those fed alfalfa or oat-berseem clover hay. Total duodenal flows (g/d) and efficiencies of ruminal synthesis (g crude protein/100 g of OM truly digested; P < .05) of microbial protein were less in sheep fed corn crop residues than in sheep fed alfalfa, and oatberseem clover ad libitum. Whereas total duodenal microbial-N flow was related to organic matter intake (OMI; r2 = .97) and OM truly digested in the rumen (OMTDR; r2 = .97), microbial efficiency was related to g of nitroge truly digested in the rumen (NTDR)/100 g of OMTDR (r2 = .82) and slow solid passage rate (r2 = .91).

Live Cattle Futures and Options: How Have They Done?

Futures did reduce price risk. Hedging produced a higher minimum return and higher return at the 25th percentile (75% of the returns are better than this figure) than did the cash market. The 50th percentile, or median return, was higher for yearlings in the cash market than hedged cattle, and the calves had mixed results. Although the differences are not great, there have been months when the option strategies performed better than cash or futures, (i.e., January–April and September–October), and there are months when they did not fare well (i.e., June–August).

Profiting from the Cattle Cycle: Alternative Cow Herd Investment Strategies

Beef cow herd owners can benefit from incorporating price signals into their heifer retention decisions. Whereas a perfect forecast of calf prices over the productive life of the heifer added to the herd would be ideal, such information is not available. However, simple decision rules that incorporate current or recent prices and the knowledge that the cattle cycle likely will repeat itself can help producers improve their investment decisions. A dollar cost averaging strategy that retains the same dollar value of heifers each year and a rolling average value strategy that retains a 10-year average value of heifers out performed strategies that sought to maintain a constant herd size or a constant cash flow.

Alternative Cow Herd Investment Strategies: Constant Size and Constant Investment

Two heifer replacement strategies were compared over a 25-year period. One strategy retained the same number of heifers each year to maintain a constant herd size. The second strategy retained the same dollar value of heifer calves each year based on their opportunity cost as feeder calves. The constant investment strategy herd size varied throughout the period, but generated higher average profit and higher net worth than did the constant herd size strategy. Constant investment is a simple strategy to adjust the level of investment in beef cows and the resource base (pasture, labor, winter feed) in response to market signals driven by the cattle cycle. This strategy automatically increases heifer retention when the opportunity cost is low and reduces the number retained when cost is high. The effect is a lower average cost of cows in the herd, lower overall investment, and a higher net return on investment. Iowa producers, who often have greater flexibility in land use than producers in other major beef cow regions, can better utilize this strategy that generates greater profits and net worth growth.

Biochemical Engineering Symposium Proceedings (June 4, 1971)

This report presents the proceedings of the Biochemical Engineering Symposium held at Kansas State University, June 4, 1971. Since most of the papers will be published elsewhere, only very brief papers are included here. Moreover, several of the projects are still in progress at this time. Request for additional information on projects conducted at the University of Nebraska should be directed to Dr. Peter J. Reilly and for Kansas State University to Dr. L. E. Erickson. ContentsChao, Chih-Cheng, University of Nebraska, "Symbiotic Growth of Actobacter suboxydans and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in a Chemostat" S.Y. Chiu, Kansas State University, "Model Identification in Mixed Populations Using Continuous Culture Data" Shinji Goto, University of Nebraska, "Symbiotic Growth of Bacteria and Blue Green Algae in a Chemostat" I.C. Kao, Kansas State University, "ATP as a Parameter of Mixed Culture Interaction" Indravadan R. Kothari, University of Nebraska, "Growth of Single Cells of Schizocaccharomyces pombe under Nutrient Limitation" G.C.Y. Chu, Kansas State University, "Experimental Optimization of Biological Waste Treatment Processes" Mark Young, University of Nebraska, "Aerobic Fermentation of Paunch Liquor" P.S. Shah, Kansas State University, "Optimal Control of Growth Processes"

Proceedings of the Third Biochemical Engineering Symposium (April 28, 1973)

This report presents the proceedings of the Biochemical Engineering Symposium held at Kansas State University, April 28, 1973. Since a number of the contributions will be published in detail elsewhere, only brief summaries of each contribution are included here. Requests for additional information on projects conducted at The University of Nebraska should be directed to Dr. Peter J. Reilly, and those at Kansas State University to the editors. ContentsKenneth J. Jacobson, Andrew H.C. Chan, and Raymond C. Eliason, "Properties and Utilization of Small Particulates in Cattle Manure" Cady R. Engler and James S. Yohn, "Protein from Manure" Robert J. Williams, "Kinetics of Sucrose Inversion Using Invertase Immobilized on Hollow Fibers of Cellulose Acetate" David F. Aldis and Thomas A. Carlisle, "Study of a Triiodide-Resin Complex Disinfection System" John C. Heydweiller, "Modeling and Analysis of Symbiotic Growth" Kenneth J. Jacobson, "Synchronized Growth of the Blue Green Alga Microcystis aeruginosa" Clarence C. Y. Ron arui Lincoln L. S. Yang, "Computer Modeling of the Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle" Ming-ching T. Kuo, "Application of a Parallel Biochemical Oxidation Kinetic Model to the Design of an Activated Sludge System Including a Primary Clarifier" Prakash N. Mishra, "Optimal Synthesis of Water Renovation Systems"

Second Annual Kansas State–Nebraska Biochemical Engineering Symposium (April 29, 1972)

This booklet contains abstracts of papers presented at a biochemical engineering symposium conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln on April 29, 1972. This was the second annual symposium on this subject, the first having been held at Kansas State University on June 4, 1971. It is expected that future symposia will alternate between the two campuses. ContentsS.H. Lin, Kansas State University, "Enzyme Reaction in a Tubular Reactor with Laminar Flow" Gregory C. Martin, University of Nebraska, "Estimation of Parameters in Population Models for Schizosaccharomyces pombe from Chemostat Data" Jaiprakash S. Shastry and Prakash N. Mishra, Kansas State University, "Immobilized Enzymes: Analysis of Ultrafiltration Reactors" Mark D. Young, University of Nebraska, "Modelling Unsteady-State Two-Species Data Using Ramkrishna's Staling Model" G.C.Y. Chu, Kansas State University, "Optimization of Step Aeration Waste Treatment Systems Using EVOP" Shinji Goto, University of Nebraska, "Growth of the Blue-Green Alga Microcytis aeruginosa under Defined Conditions" Prakash N. Mishra and Thomas M.C. Kuo, Kansas State University, "Digital Computer Simulation of the Activated Sludge System: Effect of Primary Clarifier on System Performance" Mark D. Young, University of Nebraska, "Aerobic Fermentation of Paunch Liquor"

Proceedings of the Fifth Biochemical Engineering Symposium

This report presents the proceedings of the Biochemical Engineering Symposium held at Kansas State University, April 26, 1975. Since a number of the contributions will be published in detail elsewhere, only brief summaries of each contribution are included here. Requests for additional information on projects conducted at Iowa State University should be directed to Dr. Peter J. Reilly, and those at Kansas State University to the editors. Contents"Enzymatic Breakdown of Hemicellulose," Alfred R. Fratzke, Iowa State University "Biochemical Aspects of Hydrocarbon Uptake in Hydrocarbon Fermentations," Tadaatsu Nakahara, Kansas State University "Optimal Concentration Profiles for Bifunctional Catalysts with Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetics and Varying Effectiveness Factors," Ho Nam Chang, Iowa State University "Single Cell Protein Production from Hydrocarbons in Tower Systems," J. R. Gutierrez, Kansas State University "Effect of Temperature and pH on the Stability and Activity of Immobilized Glucoamylase and Glucose Isomerase," Gene K. Lee, Iowa State University "Oxygen Transfer in a Tower System with Two Liquid Phases," G. T. MacLean, Kansas State University "Continuous Production of Glucose from Dextrin by Glucoamylase Immlobilized on Porous Silica," Douglas D. Lee, Iowa State University

Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Kansas State–Nebraska Biochemical Engineering Symposium

The symposium whose papers are abstracted here was the fourth in a series held alternately at Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Requests for further information on projects conducted at Kansas State should be directed to Professor L.E. Erickson and on those at Nebraska to the editor. ContentsJohn C. Heydweiller, "Estimating Sedimentation of Organisms in a Tower-Type Activated Sludge System" Raymond C. Eliason, "Properties and Utilization of Small Particulates in Cattle Manure" Kenneth H. Hsu, "Oxygen Transfer in Tower Systems with Motionless Mixers" Raymond C. Eliason, "Hydrolysis of Sucrose by 20 Invertase Immobilized on Hollow Fibers" Robert Shipman, "Single Cell Protein from Photosynthetic 26 Bacteria" Peter J. Reilly, "Stability of Commensalistic Systems"

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

This symposium is the sixth of an annual series conducted so that results of biochemical engineering research can be exchanged by the researchers who actually carry it out. The first four meetings were held alternately at Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for attendees from those two schools. The fifth and sixth involved participants from Kansas State University and Iowa State University; this was the first meeting away from a university campus. Contents"Mathematical Model of Oxygen Transfer in Airlift Fermentors," Chester S. Ho, Kansas State University "Effect of Column Height on Oxygen Transfer in Airlift Systems," Mark E. Orazem, Kansas State University "Mixing Studies in an Oil-Water Airlift System with Motionless 15 Mixers", J. R. Gutierrez, Kansas State University "Purification and Properties of (3-Xylosidase," Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein, Iowa State University "Immobilization of Invertase to Cellulose with Cyanuric Chloride," William J. Smith, Iowa State University "Purification and Properties of Dextransucrase," Yah Eric Chen and Hossein Kaboli, Iowa State University "Properties of Immobilized (3-Amylase," Clarence C. Ron, Iowa State University

Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

This is the seventh in a series of symposia devoted to talks by students on their biochemical engineering research. The first four meetings were held alternately at Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, with participants from those two schools. The next two took place at Kansas State and then in conjunction with the 8lst American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting in Kansas City, with attendees from Kansas State and Iowa State Universities. This meeting, at Iowa State, was the first to include participation from the University of Missouri–Columbia. Contents"Properties of Soluble and In:anoblized Dextransucrase," Hossein Kaboli and Yah Eric Chen, Iowa State University "Growth of Lipid-Producing Organisms on Formic and Acetic Acid-Containing Waste Waters," Lin-Chang Chiang, University of Missouri–Columbia "Design of an Automated Alkaline Copper Reducing Sugar Assay," Alfred R. Fratzke and James R. Frederick, Iowa State University "Determination of Oxygen Transfer Coefficients in Hydrocarbon Fermentations Using a Material Balance Method," Sarafin N. Sanchez and J. R. Gutierrez, Kansas State University "Oxygen Transfer Characteristics in One Stage and Two Stage Air-Lift Towers," Mark E. Orazem, Kansas State University "A Comparison of Biological Digestibility Tests for Cellulose," Dou-Houng Hwang, University of Missouri–Columbia "Mechanism of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose," L. T. Fan, Yong-Hyun Lee, and Liang-Shih Fan, Kansas State University "Purification of Xylan-Hydrolyzing Enzymes," James R. Frederick, Alfred R. Fratzke, and Mary M. Frederick, Iowa State University "Cellulase Production from Bagasse and Pith," A. Ferrer, Y. Alroy, and I. Brito, Kansas State University

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

This report presents the proceedings of the Biochemical Engineering Symposium held at Kansas State University, April 28, 1979. Since a number of the contributions will be published in detail elsewhere, only brief reports of each contribution are included here. Requests for further information on work at Iowa State University should be directed to Dr. Peter J. Reilly; at Colorado State University to Drs. V. G. Murphy and A. R. Moreira, and at Kansas State University to Drs. L. T. Fan and L. E. Erickson. ContentProperties of a Homogeneous Xylobiohydrolase from Aspergillus niger, Mary M. Frederick, Iowa State University Kinetic Studies on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose–Absorption and Desorption of Cellulase onto Cellulose and the Behavior of Absorbed Cellulase, Yong-Hyun Lee and L. T. Fan, Kansas State University Properties of a Homogeneous Endo-Xylanase from Aspergillus niger, Ricardo Fournier A., Iowa State University Solid State Fermentation of Manure Fibers, D. C. Ulmer, Colorado State University Analysis and Consistency of Experimental Data for Microbial Growth on Renewable Resources, B. 0. Solomon, Kansas State University Biochemical Mechanisms of Enzyme Regulation, Frederick A. Blum, Colorado State University An Evaluation of Cellulose Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis, David H. Beardmore, Kansas State University Use of Immobilized 8-Amylase/Glucoamylase Mixtures to Produce High Maltose Syrups, Carol G. Bohnenkamp, Iowa State University Effect of Viscosity on Bubble Behavior in an Airlift Fermentor, Vasanti Deshpande, Kansas State University

Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

Contents"Effects of Swell-Shear Treatment on the Digestibility of Cellulosics", Dou-Houng Hwang, UMC "Application of Material and Energy Balance Regularities to Biomass Production from Cellulosic Substrates", Y.H. Lee, KSU "Immobilization of Aspergillus niger beta-Xylosidase", Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein, ISU "The Effect of the Major Structural Parameters of Cellulose on Enzymatic Hydrolysis", David H. Beardmore, Y.H. Lee, and L.T. Fan, KSU "Purification of a High Molecular Weight Hemicellulase", Ricardo A. Fournier, ISU "Aerobic Fermentation of Banana Pulp by Aspergillus Fumigatus", Stephen Lorbert, UMC "Purification and Properties of Two Very Small Xylanases", Chih-hen Kiang, ISU "Testing Theoretical Models for Cellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis", Lin-Chang Chiang, UMC "Utilization of Material and Energy Balances in Hydrocarbon Fermentation", Alexis Ferrer, KSU "Purification of a Series of Closely Related Xylanases", Mary M. Frederick, ISU