Les motifs de migration pour études des universitaires internationaux en région intermédiaire au Québec

Le nombre d’étudiantes et étudiants participant à une mobilité internationale étudiante a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières années. Dans le contexte de la mondialisation, les activités d’internationalisation sont devenues une priorité des établissements d’enseignement (Association des collèges communautaires du Canada, 2010a). Le recrutement des étudiantes et étudiants étrangers apporte plusieurs avantages au pays et à l’établissement d’accueil (Ibid.). De ce fait, pour favoriser ce recrutement et la mobilité internationale étudiante, les gouvernements ont mis en place des politiques d’immigration et les universités ont signé différentes alliances et accords bilatéraux entre elles. Toutefois, si les mobilités se font principalement vers les pays industrialisés (Lerot, 2001), le Canada est en retard sur sa proportion de personnes étudiantes effectuant une mobilité internationale étudiante dans ses collèges et universités (Association des collèges communautaires du Canada, 2010b). De même que le Québec qui voit sa proportion de l’effectif total de ses étudiantes et étudiants étrangers diminuer, alors que celle-ci augmente dans les autres régions du Canada (McMullen et Élias, 2011). À cet effet, les universitaires représentent la majorité des étudiantes et étudiants étrangers au Québec (Gouvernement du Québec, 2014a), mais la proportion globale d’universitaires internationaux diffère selon le type de région. En ce sens, celle-ci est la moins élevée dans les régions intermédiaires et la plus élevée dans les régions centrales (Gouvernement du Québec, 2013, 2014b, 2015), alors que ces régions sont toutes deux des grands centres de population. Ainsi, pour contribuer à mieux saisir ce que recouvre cette moins grande attractivité des régions intermédiaires, la question générale de recherche est : quels sont les motifs de choix, à chacune des dimensions du choix du lieu d’étude, d’effectuer une mobilité internationale étudiante dans une université située en région intermédiaire au Québec ? Pour répondre à cette question, et en se basant sur un cadre d’analyse à deux dimensions et sur l’état de connaissances à ce sujet, quatre objectifs spécifiques sont définis : 1) décrire les motifs de migration pour études, 2) examiner les associations entre les motifs de choix dans chaque catégorie pour y déceler d’éventuels regroupements sous-jacents, 3) examiner les associations entre ces regroupements de motifs et les caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes (âge, sexe, pays d’origine, domaine d’études, etc.), 4) déterminer si le choix de l’établissement d’accueil se fait avant ou après le choix du pays d’accueil. Pour y répondre, une recherche quantitative descriptive corrélationnelle, utilisant une analyse d’interdépendance (analyse factorielle), est menée, à l’aide d’un questionnaire anonyme disponible en ligne qui intègre plusieurs échelles de mesure, auprès des universitaires internationaux inscrits pour la première fois à l’Université de Sherbrooke à l’automne 2014. Au total, l’échantillon se compose de 141 universitaires internationaux. Ils sont âgés de 17 à 29 ans, proviennent des différents domaines, cycles et régimes d’études et il y a autant d’hommes que de femmes qui composent l’échantillon. De plus, les trois quarts de l’échantillon sont originaires de la France. L’analyse des données recueillies dans le questionnaire montre que l’importance accordée aux items du questionnaire représentant les motifs de migration pour études varie selon les dimensions du choix du lieu d’étude et qu’il existe des écarts dans les résultats. Synthétisés en facteurs, les résultats font ressortir trois facteurs liés au pays d’origine qui interviennent dans le choix d’étudier à l’international : 1) PO_La pauvreté de l’enseignement, 2) PO_Les contextes politiques et économiques, 3) PO_Les politiques d’éducation, et quatre facteurs personnels qui interviennent dans ce choix : 1) PER_le désir d’exploration, 2) PER_Le désir de changement, 3) PER_Les considérations familiales, 4) PER_Les aspirations personnelles et professionnelles. Aussi, il y a sept facteurs de choix du pays d’accueil : 1) PA_Les perspectives d’avenir, 2) PA_L’information disponible, 3) PA_Le dépaysement, 4) PA_Les considérations culturelles, 5) PA_Les liens au pays d’origine et la sécurité, 6) PA_Le cadre financier et environnemental, 7) PA_Les relations sociales. Puis, les résultats décrivent quatre facteurs de choix de l’établissement d’accueil : 1) EA_Les services de l’établissement, 2) EA_La qualité de la formation offerte, 3) EA_L’accessibilité et l’ouverture, 4) EA_Les possibilités d’emploi et les partenariats. Parmi l’ensemble de ces facteurs, seul deux d’entre eux, PER_Le désir d’exploration et PA_Le dépaysement, ont en moyenne une importance élevée dans le choix des universitaires internationaux d’étudier en région intermédiaire au Québec, alors que les facteurs liés au pays d’origine ont quant à eux, de manière générale, peu ou pas d’influence. Toutefois, il existe des écarts parmi les personnes répondantes à l’étude et les résultats montrent la présence d’associations entre certains facteurs et des caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes, soit la nature de l’expérience à international, la durée du séjour et la provenance des répondantes et répondants selon la typologie économique et sociale des pays du monde, ce qui laisse supposer la présence de groupe parmi les personnes répondantes à l’étude. Ainsi, les différents résultats de l’étude pourraient servir de guide aux conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du Québec, intervenant auprès des universitaires internationaux en région intermédiaire dans cette province, ainsi qu’aux universités situées dans ces régions. En effet, ces résultats pourraient influencer la pratique des conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du Québec quant au principal défi des universitaires internationaux, et les universités pourraient adapter leurs stratégies de recrutement selon l’importance accordée aux différents facteurs de migration pour études et ainsi attirer un plus grand nombre d’étudiantes et étudiants étrangers.

Contracting Freedom: Race, Empire, and U.S. Labor Importation Programs, 1942-1964

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Global Trade Governance and ASEAN: Studies of Trade-Related Aspects of Labor, Environment and Culture in Southeast Asia

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Reflections on migration in the global south

How can we achieve a better understanding of the variations in international migration to, from, and within the Global South? To facilitate a dia-logue about this topic, we asked a number of contributors to write or to provide a video statement about their region of expertise. To some we explicitly posed the following question: Is it possible to distinguish current or historical experiences or patterns of migration in the Global South that differ from patterns in the Global North?

International Conference of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers.

Mode of access: Internet.

ESSAYS ON DISPLACED WORKERS AND RESIDENTIAL MIGRATION

In this dissertation, I explore how workers’ human capital, local industry composition, and business cycles affect employment outcomes and residential migration for job losers and other workers. I first examine whether the poor employment outcomes of job losers are due to a lack of jobs that require their human capital within their local labor market. I answer this question by analyzing the extent to which the industry composition in the job loser’s local labor market affects employment outcomes when job loss occurs during expansions and during recessions. I find that if job losers reside in an area with a high employment concentration of their original industry of employment, they are 2.1-2.8 percent more likely to be re-employed at another job if job loss occurs during an expansion; I find an insignificant relationship in most specifications when job loss occurs during a recession, and in some specifications I even find a negative relationship between industry concentration and employment. I conclude that the industry composition within an area matters for job losers, since firms are more willing to hire workers from within their own industry, as these workers have more relevant accumulated human capital. However, firms are less likely to hire during a recession, making job losers’ human capital less important for job finding. Next, Erika McEntarfer, Henry Hyatt, and I examine whether the business cycle affects earnings changes for job losers, and the factors that explain these differences across time. We find that job losers who lost their job during the Great Recession have earnings changes that are 10 percent more negative relative to other job losers from other periods. This result is driven primarily by longer nonemployment lengths and worse subsequent job matches. Finally, Erika McEntarfer, Henry Hyatt, Alexandria Zhang, and I explore the extent to which residential migration is driven by job opportunities. We use four databases and find that changes in job moves explain some of the changes in residential migration, but the relationship is not as strong as previously documented. We find that migration patterns differ across databases, with some databases documenting steeper declines and more cyclicality.

Trade Shocks and Local Labor Markets' Linkages: Theory and Evidence

In the past few years, there has been a concern among economists and policy makers that increased openness to international trade affects some regions in a country more than others. Recent research has found that local labor markets more exposed to import competition through their initial employment composition experience worse outcomes in several dimensions such as, employment, wages, and poverty. Although there is evidence that regions within a country exhibit variation in the intensity with which they trade with each other and with other countries, trade linkages have been ignored in empirical analyses of the regional effects of trade, which focus on differences in employment composition. In this dissertation, I investigate how local labor markets' trade linkages shape the response of wages to international trade shocks. In the second chapter, I lay out a standard multi-sector general equilibrium model of trade, where domestic regions trade with each other and with the rest of the world. Using this benchmark, I decompose a region's wage change resulting from a national import cost shock into a direct effect on prices, holding other endogenous variables constant, and a series of general equilibrium effects. I argue the direct effect provides a natural measure of exposure to import competition within the model since it summarizes the effect of the shock on a region's wage as a function of initial conditions given by its trade linkages. I call my proposed measure linkage exposure while I refer to the measures used in previous studies as employment exposure. My theoretical analysis also shows that the assumptions previous studies make on trade linkages are not consistent with the standard trade model. In the third chapter, I calibrate the model to the Brazilian economy in 1991--at the beginning of a period of trade liberalization--to perform a series of experiments. In each of them, I reduce the Brazilian import cost by 1 percent in a single sector and I calculate how much of the cross-regional variation in counterfactual wage changes is explained by exposure measures. Over this set of experiments, employment exposure explains, for the median sector, 2 percent of the variation in counterfactual wage changes while linkage exposure explains 44 percent. In addition, I propose an estimation strategy that incorporates trade linkages in the analysis of the effects of trade on observed wages. In the model, changes in wages are completely determined by changes in market access, an endogenous variable that summarizes the real demand faced by a region. I show that a linkage measure of exposure is a valid instrument for changes in market access within Brazil. By using observed wage changes in Brazil between 1991-2000, my estimates imply that a region at the 25th percentile of the change in domestic market access induced by trade liberalization, experiences a 0.6 log points larger wage decline (or smaller wage increase) than a region at the 75th percentile. The estimates from a regression of wages changes on exposure imply that a region at the 25th percentile of exposure experiences a 3 log points larger wage decline (or smaller wage increase) than a region at the 75th percentile. I conclude that estimates based on exposure overstate the negative impact of trade liberalization on wages in Brazil. In the fourth chapter, I extend the standard model to allow for two types of workers according to their education levels: skilled and unskilled. I show that there is substantial variation across Brazilian regions in the skill premium. I use the exogenous variation provided by tariff changes to estimate the impact of market access on the skill premium. I find that decreased domestic market access resulting from trade liberalization resulted in a higher skill premium. I propose a mechanism to explain this result: that the manufacturing sector is relatively more intensive in unskilled labor and I show empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis.

Legal Framework for Cross-Regional Networks: The Case of Services and Migration

Paper prepared by Marion Panizzon and Charlotte Sieber-Gasser for the International Conference on the Political Economy of Liberalising Trade in Services, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 14-15 June 2010 Recent literature has shed light on the economic potential of cross-border networks. These networks, consisting of expatriates and their acquaintances from abroad and at home, provide the basis for the creation of cross-border value added chains and therewith the means for turning brain drain into brain circulation. Both aspects are potentially valuable for economic growth in the developing world. Unilateral co-development policies operating through co-funding of expatriate business ventures, but also bilateral agreements liberalising circular migration for a limited set of per-sons testify to the increasing awareness of governments about the potential, which expatriate networks hold for economic growth in developing countries. Whereas such punctual efforts are valuable, viewed from a long term perspective, these top-down, government mandated Diaspora stimulation programs, will not replace, this paper argues, the market-driven liberalisation of infrastructure and other services in developing countries. Nor will they carry, in the case of circular labour migration, the political momentum to liberalise labour market admission for those non-nationals, who will eventually emerge as the future transnational entrepreneurs. It will take a combination of mode 4 and infrastructure services openings-cum regulation for countries at both sides of the spectrum to provide the basis and precondition for transnational business and entrepreneurial networks to emerge and translate into cross-border, value added production chains. Two key issues are of particular relevance in this context: (i) the services sector, especially in infrastructure, tends to suffer from inefficiencies, particularly in developing countries, and (ii) labour migration, a highly complex issue, still faces disproportionately rigid barriers despite well-documented global welfare gains. Both are hindrances for emerging markets to fully take advantage of the potential of these cross-border networks. Adapting the legal framework for enhancing the regulatory and institutional frameworks for services trade, especially in infrastructure services sectors (ISS) and labour migration could provide the incentives necessary for brain circulation and strengthen cross-border value added chains by lowering transaction costs. This paper analyses the shortfalls of the global legal framework – the shallow status quo of GATS commitments in ISS and mode 4 particular – in relation to stimulating brain circulation and the creation of cross-border value added chains in emerging markets. It highlights the necessity of adapting the legal framework, both on the global and the regional level, to stimulate broader and wider market access in the four key ISS sectors (telecommunications, transport, professional and financial services) in developing countries, as domestic supply capacity, global competitiveness and economic diversification in ISS sectors are necessary for mobilising expatriate re-turns, both physical and virtual. The paper argues that industrialised, labour receiving countries need to offer mode 4 market access to wider categories of persons, especially to students, graduate trainees and young professionals from abroad. Further-more, free trade in semi-finished products and mode 4 market access are crucial for the creation of cross-border value added chains across the developing world. Finally, the paper discusses on the basis of a case study on Jordan why the key features of trade agreements, which promote circular migration and the creation of cross-border value added chains, consist of trade liberalisation in services and liberal migration policies.

More than Metadata: Where the Rubber Meets the Road in DLS Migration

This panel presentation provided several use cases that detail the complexity of large-scale digital library system (DLS) migration from the perspective of three university libraries and a statewide academic library services consortium. Each described the methodologies developed at the beginning of their migration process, the unique challenges that arose along the way, how issues were managed, and the outcomes of their work. Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, and the University of Central Florida are members of the state's academic library services consortium, the Florida Virtual Campus (FLVC). In 2011, the Digital Services Committee members began exploring alternatives to DigiTool, their shared FLVC hosted DLS. After completing a review of functional requirements and existing systems, the universities and FLVC began the implementation process of their chosen platforms. Migrations began in 2013 with limited sets of materials. As functionalities were enhanced to support additional categories of materials from the legacy system, migration paths were created for the remaining materials. Some of the challenges experienced with the institutional and statewide collaborative legacy collections were due to gradual changes in standards, technology, policies, and personnel. This was manifested in the quality of original digital files and metadata, as well as collection and record structures. Additionally, the complexities involved with multiple institutions collaborating and compromising throughout the migration process, as well as the move from a consortial support structure with a vendor solution to open source systems (both locally and consortially supported), presented their own sets of unique challenges. Following the presentation, the speakers discussed commonalities in their migration experience, including learning opportunities for future migrations.

La movilidad de personas como manifestación de la proyección política internacional de los Estados. Estudio de caso: Brasil y África lusófona durante el gobierno de Lula da Silva

La migración internacional está relacionada, en principio, con el movimiento de un grupo de personas a través de las fronteras nacionales y que implica la intención de desplazarse y permanecer en el lugar de destino , creando así vínculos de tipo comercial, económico, social y político. Sin embargo una subcategoría de análisis es la movilidad. De este flujo migratorio hacen parte aquellos movimientos de personas en las que la permanencia a largo plazo no es el objetivo fundamental, sino el desarrollo de una actividad concreta durante un periodo de tiempo determinado en el destino. Dentro de estos flujos se pueden mencionar la movilidad estudiantil, la movilidad de trabajadores calificados y empresarios, inversionistas y otros que son calificados por algunos como expatriados . La idea más fuerte para lograr materializar la movilidad internacional como parte del diseño de la política exterior de los Estados se basa en el hecho que la población que emigra a un nuevo destino encuentra un espacio laboral y profesional diferente en el cual desempeñarse, y es a partir de esto que existe la posibilidad de generar una homogenización de los patrones culturales ya que el intercambio de ideas, imágenes y conocimientos crea de inmediato un enlace y un impacto mucho más concreto entre los individuos originarios y las personas del Estado receptor.

Retos en la implementación de las normas internacionales al interior de los estados. estudio de caso: la región del Mekong y el protocolo de Palermo contra la trata de personas. (2007-2014)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como principal objetivo el de analizar la manera como las características sociopolíticas de los Estados del Mekong, específicamente en el caso de Camboya y Myanmar, dificultan la implementación de las normas enunciadas en el Protocolo de las Naciones Unidas para Prevenir, Reprimir y Sancionar la Trata de Personas, Especialmente Mujeres y Niños, también conocido como el Protocolo de Palermo. En este sentido, se parte de las características principales del Protocolo y de la manera como el tráfico de personas se presenta en el Mekong para posteriormente analizar la forma como la corrupción, la impunidad y la desigualdad de género representan retos sociopolíticos que obstruyen la implementación de los mandatos internacionales enmarcados en este instrumento

Essays in Applied and Labor Economics

This thesis consists of three chapters. First and second chapter include original research papers with the focus of health behavior and refugee migration. In the context of a high-income developing country, Turkey, I provide new insights for the established policy discussions in the literature. Then, third chapter reviews the literature and perspectives on the determinants of attitude formation towards migration policy and migrants. This chapter extends the discussion in Chapter 2 and aims at understanding the reasons of recent global trends in anti-migration attitudes. In Chapter 1, I investigate the effects of education on the early investments of mothers in their children aged between 0-5. Exploiting a compulsory schooling reform, I document the causal effects of education on young mothers' health investments during pregnancy and postnatal period. Results suggest that there are positive effects on the use of health care services, while no effects on breast- feeding or vaccination take-ups. These results can be put into context through newly implemented Health Transformation Program in the country. I show that educated mothers use new services more and empowerment effects of the education have a role in the service use. This study gives important policy lessons to improve mothers' health care use and early child conditions in developing countries. In Chapter 2, I investigate the effects of refugee inflow on the voting behavior of natives. I use a novel data provided by a telecommunication company, focus on pre and post refugee inflow elections and investigate the vote share of the party announced "open-door" policy. Analysis suggests that although refugees and natives are culturally closer than the Western country contexts, small negative effects documented are likely be driven by non-economic reasons. These findings bring a new perspective to understand why anti-immigrant sentiments are easy to use and manipulate.

The Value Of The 2005 International Society Of Urological Pathology (isup) Modified Gleason Grading System As A Predictor Of Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy.

To compare time and risk to biochemical recurrence (BR) after radical prostatectomy of two chronologically different groups of patients using the standard and the modified Gleason system (MGS). Cohort 1 comprised biopsies of 197 patients graded according to the standard Gleason system (SGS) in the period 1997/2004, and cohort 2, 176 biopsies graded according to the modified system in the period 2005/2011. Time to BR was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to recurrence using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Patients in cohort 2 reflected time-related changes: striking increase in clinical stage T1c, systematic use of extended biopsies, and lower percentage of total length of cancer in millimeter in all cores. The MGS used in cohort 2 showed fewer biopsies with Gleason score ≤ 6 and more biopsies of the intermediate Gleason score 7. Time to BR using the Kaplan-Meier curves showed statistical significance using the MGS in cohort 2, but not the SGS in cohort 1. Only the MGS predicted shorter time to BR on univariate analysis and on multivariate analysis was an independent predictor. The results favor that the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology modified system is a refinement of the Gleason grading and valuable for contemporary clinical practice.