Las Propuestas para un impuesto europeo sobre el CO2 y sus potenciales distributivas entre países

En el presente artículo se revisan las propuestas sobre fiscalidad energética y, en concreto, sobre un impuesto europeo que grave las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y las dificultades con que se han encontrado. Se estudian las posibles implicaciones que tendría un impuesto, no ya armonizado, sino recaudado a nivel del conjunto de la Unión Europea. Este tipo de impuesto tendría importantes efectos distributivos no solo a nivel de un país (como un impuesto armonizado) sino también entre diferentes países. El trabajo estudia dichos efectos potenciales según diferentes modelos concretos de implantación (un modelo puro sobre el CO2; un modelo 50%/50% energía-CO2; un modelo puro sobre el CO2 pero gravando también la energía nuclear) y de destino de los fondos recaudados.

Los 81 años de vigencia del impuesto sobre incrementos de los terrenos de naturaleza urbana

Siendo este impuesto uno de los más controvertidos en lo que concierne a la jurisprudencia, encontraba interesante el saber el origen y el desarrollo Histórico de este impuesto.Ver la evolución histórica del Impuesto desde un punto de vista tributario o sea si cumple o se adapta a las técnicas tributarias y si esta de acorde con los principios generalmente aceptados, o si ha sido y es un impuesto que sólo cumple con el fin recaudatorio. Hay que tener en cuenta que representa para los entes locales de un 6 ó un 7% de los impuestos directos recaudados, siendo el cuarto en recaudación después del IBI. IAE y del Impuesto sobre Vehículos. Osea que no perdamos de vista que cierto valor recaudatorio lo tiene ahora y antes.

Economic impacts of alternative water policy scenarios in the Spanish production system: an input-output analysis

The objective of this paper is to analyse the economic impacts of alternative water policies implemented in the Spanish production system. The methodology uses two versions of the input-output price model: a competitive formulation and a mark-up formulation. The input-output framework evaluates the impact of water policy measures on production prices, consumption prices, intermediate water demand and private welfare. Our results show that a tax on the water used by sectors considerably reduces the intermediate water demand, and increases the production and consumption prices. On the other hand, according to Jevons' paradox, an improvement in technical efficiency, which leads to a reduction in the water requirements of all sectors and an increase in water production, increases the amount of water consumed. The combination of a tax on water and improved technical efficiency takes the pressure off prices and significantly reduces intermediate water demand. JEL Classification: C67 ; D57 ; Q25. Keywords: Production prices; Consumption prices; Water uses; Water policy; Water taxation.

The Total fiscal cost of indirect taxation: an approximation using Catalonia's recent input-output table

In this note we quantify to what extent indirect taxation influences and distorts prices. To do so we use the networked accounting structure of the most recent input-output table of Catalonia, an autonomous region of Spain, to model price formation. The role of indirect taxation is considered both from a classical value perspective and a more neoclassical flavoured one. We show that they would yield equivalent results under some basic premises. The neoclassical perspective, however, offers a bit more flexibility to distinguish among different tax figures and hence provide a clearer disaggregate picture of how an indirect tax ends up affecting, and by how much, the cost structure.

La fundamentación de los códigos de conducta de la Administración Pública

L’entorn administratiu d’aquests últims anys ha evidenciat la proliferació dels codis de conducta de l’Administració pública, un instrument procedent de l’experiència anglosaxona, especialment de la nord-americana, que en el present està en apogeu a l’Estat espanyol. La realitat ha exigit el desenvolupament d’un mecanisme extrínsec capaç de procurar la comprensió de determinats estàndards ètic-institucionals, així com d’orientar l’actuació d’uns empleats públics que, amb caràcter general, es troben lluny d’encarnar aquella que podríem considerar característica del mite de l’administrador ben educat. Així, sorgeix la voluntat ferma de recórrer a una figura que alguns han qualificat d’organitzativa, la finalitat de la qual rau en cobrir aquelles àrees de l’activitat administrativa que presenten una situació especialment sensible, responent a la necessitat d’una reforma administrativa multidireccional que afronti els nous reptes. El fenomen actual dels codis ètics no ha romàs immune a la influència d’uns determinats corrents de pensament, que no només han definit els fonaments específics dels mateixos –subjacents en la formulació dels principis que incorporen−, sinó també la base del marc ètic-públic en el qual els codis es troben immersos. Els codis de conducta dels funcionaris públics anglosaxons estan arrelats, principalment, en les ètiques fundacionals (teleològica utilitarista i deontològica kantiana) i, de manera indirecta, en aquells preceptes jurídics que en el seu moment varen acollir els principis ètic-públics fundacionals, conformant el que avui denominem ètica institucional, inserida en un marc jurídic-positiu. Per aquest motiu podem afirmar la naturalesa híbrida dels codis de conducta, majoritàriament ètica però no exclusiva que, atenent als principis constitucionals, encapçalarà el diàleg entre la tradicional disjuntiva Ètica-Dret. La necessitat d’elaboració i d’implantació dels codis de conducta al servei del bé dels ciutadans ha conduït, sense més ni més, a la recepció del model nord-americà a l’Estat espanyol, desproveïda de qualsevol element distintiu entre ambdues cultures. D’aquesta manera, l’Administració pública espanyola ha incorporat uns codis ètics de fonamentació únicament fundacional, sense ni tan sols procurar un marc d’aplicació conforme a les exigències públiques del nostre Estat. En desavinença a aquest fet, proposem un model en el que, prescindint –i fins i tot assumint− d’una irreversible formulació fundacional dels codis, l’aplicació d’aquestes figures assenti la base en l’ètica de les virtuts. Les normes i els deures definits en els codis de conducta dels empleats públics no poden esdevenir realitats morals primàries, sinó que han d’estar en funció de la vida segons la virtut. Aquesta concepció ètica dirigeix l’home fins a un nivell de reflexió que li permet indagar racionalment sobre el bé veritable de la vida humana, obrint camí a la perfecció d’una conducta que, en última instància, li proporcionarà l’autèntica llibertat d’acord amb les seves pròpies conviccions.

Pareto-improving optimal capital and labor taxes

We show a standard model where the optimal tax reform is to cut labor taxes and leave capital taxes very high in the short and medium run. Only in the very long run would capital taxes be zero. Our model is a version of Chamley??s, with heterogeneous agents, without lump sum transfers, an upper bound on capital taxes, and a focus on Pareto improving plans. For our calibration labor taxes should be low for the first ten to twenty years, while capital taxes should be at their maximum. This policy ensures that all agents benefit from the tax reform and that capital grows quickly after when the reform begins. Therefore, the long run optimal tax mix is the opposite from the short and medium run tax mix. The initial labor tax cut is financed by deficits that lead to a positive long run level of government debt, reversing the standard prediction that government accumulates savings in models with optimal capital taxes. If labor supply is somewhat elastic benefits from tax reform are high and they can be shifted entirely to capitalists or workers by varying the length of the transition. With inelastic labor supply there is an increasing part of the equilibrium frontier, this means that the scope for benefitting the workers is limited and the total benefits from reforming taxes are much lower.

Economic impact of alternative policy measures implemented on the energy activities of the Catalan production system: an input-output analysis

The aim of the paper is to analyse the economic impact of alternative policies implemented on the energy activities of the Catalan production system. Specifically, we analyse the effects of a tax on intermediate energy uses, a reduction in the final production of energy, and a reduction in intermediate energy uses. The methodology involves two versions of the input-output price model: a competitive price formulation and a mark-up price formulation. The input-output price framework will make it possible to evaluate how the alternative measures modify production prices, consumption prices, private welfare, and intermediate energy uses. The empirical application is for the Catalan economy and uses economic data for the year 2001.

Tax differentials and agglomeration economies in intraregional firm location

This paper analyses empirically how differences in local taxes affect the intraregional location of new manufacturing plants. These effects are examined within the random profit maximization framework while accounting for the presence of different types of agglomeration economies (localization/ urbanization/ Jacobs’ economies) at the municipal level. We look at the location decision of more than 10,000 establishments locating between 1996 and 2003 across more than 400 municipalities in Catalonia, a Spanish region. It is necessary to restrict the choice set to the local labor market and, above all, to control for agglomeration economies so as to identify the effects of taxes on the location of new establishments.

An empirical analysis of wealth taxation: equity Vs.tax compliance

Capital taxation is currently under debate, basically due to problems of administrative control and proper assessment of the levied assets. We analyze both problems focusing on a capital tax, the annual wealth tax (WT), which is only applied in five OECD countries, being Spain one of them. We concentrate our analysis on top 1% adult population, which permits us to describe the evolution of wealth concentration in Spain along 1983-2001. On average top 1% holds about 18% of total wealth, which rises to 19% when tax incompliance and under-assessment is corrected for housing, the main asset. The evolution suggests wealth concentration has risen. Regarding WT, we analyze whether it helps to reduce wealth inequality or, on the contrary, it reinforces vertical inequity (due to especial concessions) and horizontal inequity (due to the de iure and to de facto different treatment of assets). We analyze in detail housing and equity shares. By means of a time series analysis, we relate the reported values with reasonable price indicators and proxies of the propensity to save. We infer net tax compliance is extremely low, which includes both what we commonly understand by (gross) tax compliance and the degree of under-assessment due to fiscal legislation (for housing). That is especially true for housing, whose level of net tax compliance is well below 50%. Hence, we corroborate the difficulties in taxing capital, and so cast doubts on the current role of the WT in Spain in reducing wealth inequality.

A theoretical and practical study on linear reforms of dual taxes

We extend the linear reforms introduced by Pf¨ahler (1984) to the case of dual taxes. We study the relative effect that linear dual tax cuts have on the inequality of income distribution -a symmetrical study can be made for dual linear tax hikes-. We also introduce measures of the degree of progressivity for dual taxes and show that they can be connected to the Lorenz dominance criterion. Additionally, we study the tax liability elasticity of each of the reforms proposed. Finally, by means of a microsimulation model and a considerably large data set of taxpayers drawn from 2004 Spanish Income Tax Return population, 1) we compare different yield-equivalent tax cuts applied to the Spanish dual income tax and 2) we investigate how much income redistribution the dual tax reform (Act ‘35/2006’) introduced with respect to the previous tax.

A Comparison of the poverty impact of transfers, taxes and market income across five OECD Countries

This paper compares the poverty reduction impact of income sources, taxes and transfers across five OECD countries. Since the estimation of that impact can depend on the order in which the various income sources are introduced into the analysis, it is done by using the Shapley value. Estimates of the poverty reduction impact are presented in a normalized and un-normalized fashion, in order to take into into account the total as well as the per dollar impacts. The methodology is applied to data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database.

La deducción de los 400 euros en el IRPF

Estudi sobre la deducció dels 400 euros a l’IRPF enfocat als seus antecedents, descripció de l’estructura, contingut de la mateixa i anàlisi de la seva adequació constitucional. A través del mateix es podrà tenir una visió més clara i profunda de la deducció dels 400 euros a l’IRPF, objecte de tan discutida configuració jurídica com confrontació política. Descrita la seva gènesi i estructura es farà un anàlisi dels seus fonaments econòmics, tècnics i constitucionals per a arrivar a la conclusió de que tan sols s’explica l’aprovació en clau política. La deducció dels 400 euros es pot entendre com a una mesura d’impuls econòmic per a la millora de l’eficiència de la economia en el seu conjunt, encara que provarem la seva constitucionalitat o possible inconstitucionalitat per a veure si realment això és veritat.

The role of fixed delays in neuronal rate models

Fixed delays in neuronal interactions arise through synaptic and dendritic processing. Previous work has shown that such delays, which play an important role in shaping the dynamics of networks of large numbers of spiking neurons with continuous synaptic kinetics, can be taken into account with a rate model through the addition of an explicit, fixed delay. Here we extend this work to account for arbitrary symmetric patterns of synaptic connectivity and generic nonlinear transfer functions. Specifically, we conduct a weakly nonlinear analysis of the dynamical states arising via primary instabilities of the stationary uniform state. In this way we determine analytically how the nature and stability of these states depend on the choice of transfer function and connectivity. While this dependence is, in general, nontrivial, we make use of the smallness of the ratio in the delay in neuronal interactions to the effective time constant of integration to arrive at two general observations of physiological relevance. These are: 1 - fast oscillations are always supercritical for realistic transfer functions. 2 - Traveling waves are preferred over standing waves given plausible patterns of local connectivity.

Juridical double taxation by cross border transactions: the Block Case (C-67/08)

Treaty Establishing the European Community, operative until December 1st 2009, had already established in its article 2 the mission of the up until then European Community and actual European Union is to promote an harmonious, equilibrated and sustainable development of the economic activities of the whole Community. This Mission must be achieved by establishing a Common Market, an Economic and Monetary Union and the realization of Common Policies. One of the instruments to obtain these objectives is the use of free circulation of people, services and capitals inside the Common and Interior Market of the European Union. The European Union is characterized by the confirmation of the total movement of capitals, services and individuals and legal peoples’ freedom; freedom that was already predicated by the Maastricht Treaty, through the suppression of whatever obstacles which are in the way of the objectives before exposed. The old TEC in its Title III, now Title IV of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, covered the free circulation of people, services and capitals. Consequently, the inclusion of this mechanism inside one of the regulating texts of the European Union indicates the importance this freedom supposes for the European Union objectives’ development. Once stood up the relevance of the free movement of people, services and capitals, we must mention that in this paper we are going to centre our study in one of these freedoms of movement: the free movement of capital. In order to analyze in detail the free movement of capital within the European framework, we are going to depart from the analysis of the existent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The use of jurisprudence is basic to know how Community legislation is interpreted. For this reason, we are going to develop this work through judgements dictated by the European Union Court. This way we can observe how Member States’ regulating laws and the European Common Law affect the free movement of capital. The starting point of this paper will be the Judgement C-67/08 European Court of Justice of February 12th 2009, known as Block case. So, following the argumentation the Luxemburg Court did about the mentioned case, we are going to develop how free movement of capital could be affected by the current disparity of Member States’ legislation. This disparity can produce double taxation cases due to the lack of tax harmonized legislation within the interior market and the lack of treaties to avoid double taxation within the European Union. Developing this idea we are going to see how double taxation, at least indirectly, can infringe free movement of capital.

Is the Spanish Inheritance and Gift Tax incompatible with the free movement of workers and capital?: The reasoned opinion of the EU Commission IP/10/513

The aim of my speech is answering to the question if the Spanish Inheritance and Gift Tax is incompatible with the free movement of workers and capital. We are going to pay special attention to the European Commission’s request to Spain to change its Inheritance and Gift Tax provisions for Non-Residents or Assets held abroad. In order to answer to the question mentioned above five points will be explained. At first place I am going to describe the infrengement procedure established in the Article 258 that the EU Commission can follow when a Member State doesn’t comply with Community Law. At second place, we are going to explain what is the content of the EU Commission delivered on 5th of may 2010 regarding the spanish Inheritance and Gift Tax. Then, we will analise what establishes the Community Law regarding the freedom of workers and capital and how they are understood by the EU Court of Justice in similar cases. Finally, we are going to provide possible amendments that Spain could undertake.