978 resultados para Histochemical staining2.Cadmium


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

BACKGROUND: Metals are known endocrine disruptors and have been linked to cardiometabolic diseases via multiple potential mechanisms, yet few human studies have both the exposure variability and biologically-relevant phenotype data available. We sought to examine the distribution of metals exposure and potential associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the "Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study" (METS), a prospective cohort study designed to assess energy balance and change in body weight, diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in five countries at different stages of social and economic development. METHODS: Young adults (25-45 years) of African descent were enrolled (N = 500 from each site) in: Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica and the U.S.A. We randomly selected 150 blood samples (N = 30 from each site) to determine concentrations of selected metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) in a subset of participants at baseline and to examine associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS: Median (interquartile range) metal concentrations (μg/L) were: arsenic 8.5 (7.7); cadmium 0.01 (0.8); lead 16.6 (16.1); and mercury 1.5 (5.0). There were significant differences in metals concentrations by: site location, paid employment status, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, and fish intake. After adjusting for these covariates plus age and sex, arsenic (OR 4.1, 95% C.I. 1.2, 14.6) and lead (OR 4.0, 95% C.I. 1.6, 9.6) above the median values were significantly associated with elevated fasting glucose. These associations increased when models were further adjusted for percent body fat: arsenic (OR 5.6, 95% C.I. 1.5, 21.2) and lead (OR 5.0, 95% C.I. 2.0, 12.7). Cadmium and mercury were also related with increased odds of elevated fasting glucose, but the associations were not statistically significant. Arsenic was significantly associated with increased odds of low HDL cholesterol both with (OR 8.0, 95% C.I. 1.8, 35.0) and without (OR 5.9, 95% C.I. 1.5, 23.1) adjustment for percent body fat. CONCLUSIONS: While not consistent for all cardiometabolic disease markers, these results are suggestive of potentially important associations between metals exposure and cardiometabolic risk. Future studies will examine these associations in the larger cohort over time.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The objective of this work was the transformation of tobacco and 'Valencia' sweet orange with the GUS gene driven by the citrus phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene promoter (CsPP). Transformation was accomplished by co-cultivation of tobacco and 'Valência' sweet orange explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the binary vector CsPP-GUS/2201. After plant transformation and regeneration, histochemical analyses using GUS staining revealed that CsPP promoter preferentially, but not exclusively, conferred gene expression in xylem tissues of tobacco. Weaker GUS staining was also detected throughout the petiole region in tobacco and citrus CsPP transgenic plants.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Environmental and occupational exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury and lead results in severe health hazards including prenatal and developmental defects. The deleterious effects of heavy metal ions have hitherto been attributed to their interactions with specific, particularly susceptible native proteins. Here, we report an as yet undescribed mode of heavy metal toxicity. Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ proved to inhibit very efficiently the spontaneous refolding of chemically denatured proteins by forming high-affinity multidentate complexes with thiol and other functional groups (IC(50) in the nanomolar range). With similar efficacy, the heavy metal ions inhibited the chaperone-assisted refolding of chemically denatured and heat-denatured proteins. Thus, the toxic effects of heavy metal ions may result as well from their interaction with the more readily accessible functional groups of proteins in nascent and other non-native form. The toxic scope of heavy metals seems to be substantially larger than assumed so far.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

(I): Hexaaquacobalt(II) aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]cobaltate(II) dihydrate, [Co(H2O)6][Co(C10H13N2O8)(H2O)]2.2H2O (Ibis): Hexaaquamagnesium(II) aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]magnesiate(II) dihydrate, [Mg(H2O)6][Mg(C10H13N2O8)(H2O)]2.2H2O (II):Tetraaquabis{aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]cadmium(II)-O-O'}Cadmium(II) tetrahydrate

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

(I): Hexaaquacobalt(II) aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]cobaltate(II) dihydrate, [Co(H2O)6][Co(C10H13N2O8)(H2O)]2.2H2O (Ibis): Hexaaquamagnesium(II) aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]magnesiate(II) dihydrate, [Mg(H2O)6][Mg(C10H13N2O8)(H2O)]2.2H2O (II):Tetraaquabis{aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]cadmium(II)-O-O'}Cadmium(II) tetrahydrate

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

(I): Hexaaquacobalt(II) aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]cobaltate(II) dihydrate, [Co(H2O)6][Co(C10H13N2O8)(H2O)]2.2H2O (Ibis): Hexaaquamagnesium(II) aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]magnesiate(II) dihydrate, [Mg(H2O)6][Mg(C10H13N2O8)(H2O)]2.2H2O (II):Tetraaquabis{aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(3-)]cadmium(II)-O-O'}Cadmium(II) tetrahydrate

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The epithelial sodium channel ENaC is physiologically important in the kidney for the regulation of the extracellular fluid volume, and in the lungs for the maintenance of the appropriate airway surface liquid volume that lines the pulmonary epithelium. Besides the regulation of ENaC by hormones, intracellular factors such as Na(+) ions, pH, or Ca(2+) are responsible for fast adaptive responses of ENaC activity to changes in the intracellular milieu. In this study, we show that ENaC is rapidly and reversibly inhibited by internal sulfhydryl-reactive molecules such as methanethiosulfonate derivatives of different sizes, the metal cations Cd(2+) and Zn(2+), or copper(II) phenanthroline, a mild oxidizing agent that promotes the formation of disulfide bonds. At the single channel level, these agents applied intracellularly induce the appearance of long channel closures, suggesting an effect on ENaC gating. The intracellular reducing agent dithiothreitol fully reverses the rundown of ENaC activity in inside-out patches. Our observations suggest that changes in intracellular redox potential modulate ENaC activity and may regulate ENaC-mediated Na(+) transport in epithelia. Finally, substitution experiments reveal that multiple cysteine residues in the amino and carboxyl termini of ENaC subunits are responsible for this thiol-mediated inhibition of ENaC.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Physical and psychological stress cause different patterns of changes in the fluorescence intensity of nigral and tuberoinfundibular DA neurons which point to changes in neuronal activity. In order to investigate possible interactions between alpha-MSH (alpha-melanotropin) and DA systems in stress, systemic and intraventricular injections of antiserum against alpha-MSH were made. The functional state of DA neurons was assessed by histochemical microfluorimetry and hormone levels were measured by radioimmunossay. Antiserum against alpha-MSH was found to affect the functional state of DA neurons, but only thorugh the intravenous route. Under physical stress i.v. injection of antiserum against alpha-MSH was accompanied by elevated levels of activity of the DA neurons of the substantia nigra. An intraventricular injection of the same antiserum was ineffective. In psychological stress, an effect was again seen only after intravenous injection of antiserum against alpha-MSH. In this situation, the activity in DA cell groups of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and tubero-infundibular system was increased after antiserum injection. Possible influences from manipulations were checked; certain effects which depended upon experimental situation were noted. Our data suggest a modulatory influence of circulating alpha-MSH on the functional state of central DA systems.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic lung infections are the leading cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis patients, a serious problem which is notably due to the numerous P. aeruginosa virulence factors, to its ability to form biofilms and to resist the effects of most antibiotics. Production of virulence factors and biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa is highly coordinated through complex regulatory systems. We recently found that CzcRS, the zinc and cadmium-specific two-component system is not only involved in metal resistance, but also in virulence and carbapenem antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, zinc has been shown to be enriched in the lung secretions of cystic fibrosis patients. In this study, we investigated whether zinc might favor P. aeruginosa pathogenicity using an artificial sputum medium to mimic the cystic fibrosis lung environment. Our results show that zinc supplementation triggers a dual P. aeruginosa response: (i) it exacerbates pathogenicity by a CzcRS two-component system-dependent mechanism and (ii) it stimulates biofilm formation by a CzcRS-independent mechanism. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa cells embedded in these biofilms exhibited increased resistance to carbapenems. We identified a novel Zn-sensitive regulatory circuit controlling the expression of the OprD porin and modifying the carbapenem resistance profile. Altogether our data demonstrated that zinc levels in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients might aggravate P. aeruginosa infection. Targeting zinc levels in sputum would be a valuable strategy to curb the increasing burden of P. aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis patients.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Diplomityössä tutkittiin silikarunkoisen, pyridyyliryhmän sisältävän erotusmateriaalin kykyä erottaa selektiivisesti kuparia, nikkeliä, kobolttia ja kadmiumia sinkkisulfaattiliuoksista. Erotuskykyä verrattiin kolonnikokein toiseen kaupalliseen polystyreenidivinyylibentseenirunkoiseen (PS-DVB) erotusmate-riaaliin, jonka funktionaalinen ryhmä on samantyyppinen. Silikarunkoisen erotusmateriaalin happo-emäsominaisuuksia selvitettiin titrauksin. Metallien sitoutumisen kinetiikkaa ja eluointia verrattiin PS-DVB-runkoisen erotus-materiaalin kirjallisuudessa esitettyihin tuloksiin. Lisäksi määritettiin kummankin erotusmateriaalin partikkelikokojakaumat. Silikarunkoisen materiaalin havaittiin turpoavan noin 4 % muutettaessa se vapaastaemäsmuodosta happomuotoon. Turpoaminen oli huomattavasti vähäisempää kuin PS-DVB-runkoisella materiaalilla. Silikarunkoisen erotus-materiaalin titrauksen tuloksena voitiin todeta, että se oli heikosti emäksinen. Titrauskäyrä muistutti PS-DVB-runkoisen erotusmateriaalin titrauskäyrää, vaikka erotusmateriaalien protonoitumisalueet olivat hieman erilaiset. Tämä johtuu siitä, että silikarunkoisen materiaalin funktionaaliset ryhmät poikkeavat rakenteeltaan hieman PS-DVB-runkoisesta materiaalista. Tasapainokokeet osoittivat, että silikarunkoinen erotusmateriaali adsorboi tutkituista metalleista eniten kuparia ja nikkeliä ja vähiten sinkkiä. Kaikkien tutkittujen metallien eluointi silikarunkoisesta erotusmateriaalista onnistui rikkihapolla toisin kuin PS-DVB-runkoisesta erotusmateriaalista, jonka regenerointiin tarvitaan rikkihappoa tai ammoniumhydroksidia riippuen siitä, mitä metalleja siihen on ladattu.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Neurotrophic factors appear as essential factors for normal development and repair of the nervous tissue. Veratrylguanidine methane sulfonate, has been shown to induce important neurite outgrowth of cultured dorsal root ganglia isolated from newborn rats. Its action was similar to that of NGF and was found to be additive to that of NGF. In order to see if this compound was able to stimulate axonal growth in adult animals, we examined the effect of this substance on the regeneration of the lesioned sciatic nerve. Using histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies, it is shown that a single intraperitoneal injection of veratrylguanidine methane sulfonate significantly increases the axonal growth during repair of the adult rat sciatic nerve. The efficiency of this substance is explained by its good targeting and long life time in the sciatic nerve.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

BACKGROUND: The long latent stage seen in syphilis, followed by chronic central nervous system infection and inflammation, can be explained by the persistence of atypical cystic and granular forms of Treponema pallidum. We investigated whether a similar situation may occur in Lyme neuroborreliosis. METHOD: Atypical forms of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were induced exposing cultures of Borrelia burgdorferi (strains B31 and ADB1) to such unfavorable conditions as osmotic and heat shock, and exposure to the binding agents Thioflavin S and Congo red. We also analyzed whether these forms may be induced in vitro, following infection of primary chicken and rat neurons, as well as rat and human astrocytes. We further analyzed whether atypical forms similar to those induced in vitro may also occur in vivo, in brains of three patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. We used immunohistochemical methods to detect evidence of neuroinflammation in the form of reactive microglia and astrocytes. RESULTS: Under these conditions we observed atypical cystic, rolled and granular forms of these spirochetes. We characterized these abnormal forms by histochemical, immunohistochemical, dark field and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The atypical and cystic forms found in the brains of three patients with neuropathologically confirmed Lyme neuroborreliosis were identical to those induced in vitro. We also observed nuclear fragmentation of the infected astrocytes using the TUNEL method. Abundant HLA-DR positive microglia and GFAP positive reactive astrocytes were present in the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that atypical extra- and intracellular pleomorphic and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local neuroinflammation occur in the brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis. The persistence of these more resistant spirochete forms, and their intracellular location in neurons and glial cells, may explain the long latent stage and persistence of Borrelia infection. The results also suggest that Borrelia burgdorferi may induce cellular dysfunction and apoptosis. The detection and recognition of atypical, cystic and granular forms in infected tissues is essential for the diagnosis and the treatment as they can occur in the absence of the typical spiral Borrelia form.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This research was done to study the reproductive system of papaya hermaphrodite plant based on the histochemical nature of pollen grain, stigma receptivity, in vivo pollen grain germination and pollen:ovule ratio. In the histochemical analysis, pollen grains were stained by using Sudan IV and I2KI solution ; the stigma receptivity was assessed by alpha-naphthtyl acetate solution in closed and opened flowers. Pollen germination and pollen tube growing were examined in flower buds near anthesis with 0.1% aniline blue. To estimate the pollen:ovule ratio , anthers from each flower bud were dissected and all pollen grains were counted; ovules were dissected from ovaries and were counted under stereomicroscope. The results indicated that papaya pollen grains are of lipidic nature; the stigmas were receptive before the opening and until 48 hours after opening; the pollen grains germinated and emitted polinic tube before flower opening and the pollen:ovule ratio indicated the predominance of autogamous reproductive system. These results indicate that hermaphrodite papaya trees is preferentially of optional autogamous with cleistogamy.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells contain three omega-class glutathione transferases with glutaredoxin activity (Gto1, Gto2, and Gto3), in addition to two glutathione transferases (Gtt1 and Gtt2) not classifiable into standard classes. Gto1 is located at the peroxisomes, where it is targeted through a PTS1-type sequence, whereas Gto2 and Gto3 are in the cytosol. Among the GTO genes, GTO2 shows the strongest induction of expression by agents such as diamide, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cadmium, in a manner that is dependent on transcriptional factors Yap1 and/or Msn2/4. Diamide and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (causing depletion of reduced glutathione) also induce expression of GTO1 over basal levels. Phenotypic analyses with single and multiple mutants in the S. cerevisiae glutathione transferase genes show that, in the absence of Gto1 and the two Gtt proteins, cells display increased sensitivity to cadmium. A gto1-null mutant also shows growth defects on oleic acid-based medium, which is indicative of abnormal peroxisomal functions, and altered expression of genes related to sulfur amino acid metabolism. As a consequence, growth of the gto1 mutant is delayed in growth medium without lysine, serine, or threonine, and the mutant cells have low levels of reduced glutathione. The role of Gto1 at the S. cerevisiae peroxisomes could be related to the redox regulation of the Str3 cystathionine -lyase protein. This protein is also located at the peroxisomes in S. cerevisiae, where it is involved in transulfuration of cysteine into homocysteine, and requires a conserved cysteine residue for its biological activity.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Työssä tutkittiin metalli- ja anioniepäpuhtauksien myötäuuttautumista sinkin mukana di(2-etyyliheksyyli)fosforihappoalla (D2EHPA). Laboratoriokokeissa selvitettiin pH:n vaikutusta metalliepäpuhtauksien uuttautumiseen pH-alueella -O, l... 3 sekä pesujen vaikutusta sinkillä ladatun orgaanisen faasin metallipitoisuuksiin. Kokeita tehtiin sekä synteettisillä että autenttisilla prosessiliuoksilla. Anionikokeissa tutkittiin raudan ja sinkin vaikutusta kloridin ja fluoridin uuttautumiseen. Synteettisillä liuoksilla tehdyissä kokeissa tutkittiin kadmiumin, koboltin, nikkelin, kuparin sekä antimonin uuttautumista sinkkisulfaattiliuoksesta. Kokeissa havaittiin D2EHPA:n uuttavan sinkkiä selvästi em. metalleja paremmin. Sinkki uuttautui sulfaattiliuoksesta lähes täydellisesti tasapaino-pH:n ollessa yli 2,3. Sinkin jälkeen muista metalleista uuttautui eniten kadmium ja järjestyksessä sitten kupari, koboltti ja nikkeli. Epäpuhtausmetallien myötäuuttautumista lisääntyi uuton tasapaino-pH:n kasvaessa ja väheni sinkkilatauksen kasvaessa. Kahdella peräkkäisellä pesuaskeleella, joissa ensimmäinen pesuliuos sisälsi 5 g/L rikkihappoa ja toinen sekä 15 g/L rikkihappoa että 5 g/L sinkkiä saatiin kaikkien epäpuhtausmetallien pitoisuudet jäämään alle 3 mg/L. Antimonin uuttokokeissa huomattiin antimonin uuttautuvan täydellisesti D2EHPA:lla pH:sta riippumatta pH-alueella0...3. Prosessiliuoksilla tehdyissä kokeissa todettiin D2EHPA:n pystyvän tehokkaasti erottamaan sinkin magnesiumista ßzn,Mg ˜107 ja kadmiumista ßzn,cd ˜106. Havaittiin myös, että mitä suurempi sinkki- ja rautalataus orgaanisessa faasissa on sitä vähemmän magnesiumia ja kadmiumia uuttautuu. Ensimmäisessä pesussa saatiin sekä kadmiumin että magnesiumin pitoisuudet putoamaan keskimäärin 0,1 mg/L eli 30 alkuperäisestä pitoisuudesta. Toisella pesuaskeleella ei enää ollut vaikutusta kadmiumin ja magnesiumin pitoisuuksiin orgaanisessa faasissa. Kokeissa havaittiin myös, että D2EHPA:n latausasteen ylittäessä 0,7 alkaa sinkki-D2EHPA-kompleksit polymeroitua ja faasit eivät enää selkeytyneet helposti. Anionikokeissa huomattiin, ettei D2EHPA uuttanut kloridi tai fluoridi sinkin tai raudan mukana. D2EHPA:n havaittiin myös itsessään sisältävän hieman kloridia.