UPLC-TOF-MS for plant metabolomics: a sequential approach for wound marker analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was studied for the search of new metabolites involved in wound signalling. Diverse LC approaches were considered in terms of efficiency and analysis time and a 7-min gradient on a UPLC-TOF-MS system with a short column was chosen for metabolite fingerprinting. This screening step was designed to allow the comparison of a high number of samples over a wide range of time points after stress induction in positive and negative ionisation modes. Thanks to data treatment, clear discrimination was obtained, providing lists of potential stress-induced ions. In a second step, the fingerprinting conditions were transferred to longer column, providing a higher peak capacity able to demonstrate the presence of isomers among the highlighted compounds.

Comparison of naphthalene bioavailability determined by whole-cell biosensing and availability determined by extraction with Tenax

A rapid biological method for the determination of the bioavailability of naphthalene was developed and its value as an alternative to extraction-based chemical approaches demonstrated. Genetically engineered whole-cell biosensors are used to determine bioavailable naphthalene and their responses compared with results from Tenax extraction and chemical analysis. Results show a 1:1 correlation between biosensor results and chemical analyses for naphthalene-contaminated model materials and sediments, but the biosensor assay is much faster. This work demonstrates that biosensor technology can perform as well as standard chemical methods, though with some advantages including the inherent biological relevance of the response, rapid response time, and potential for field deployment. A survey of results from this work and the literature shows that bioavailability under non-equilibrium conditions nonetheless correlates well with K(oc) or K(d). A rationale is provided wherein chemical resistance is speculated to be operative.

Epidote in hydrous mafic magmas : near solidus phase relations in the lower crust

Crystallisation of hydrous mafic magmas at high pressure is a subject of numerous petrologic and experimental studies since the last century and is mainly related to the process of continental crust formation and the possible link between mantle derived melts and low pressure granitoids. Albeit the sequence of crystallization is well constrained by experimental studies, the origin of exposed lower crustal rocks exposed on the earth surface is controversial. Ones line of argument is favouring high pressure crystallization of dry or wet mafic magmas, whereas others invoke partial melting of pre-existing crust. Therefore studies involving field, textural and chemical observations of exposed lower crust such as in Kohistan (Pakistan) or Talkeetna (Alaska) are crucial to understand the continental crust formation processes via arc magmatism. Epidote-bearing gabbros are very sparse and always associated with the deep part of continental crust (>30 km) as in the Kohistan Arc Complex (Pakistan) or in the Chelan Complex (western U.S.). Magmatic epidote is restricted to a small temperature interval above the water-saturated solidus of MORB and represent the last crystallizing liquids in lower crustal regions. However, epidote and melt stability at lower crustal pressures are not clearly established.¦The Chelan complex (western U.S.) at the base of the Cascadian Arc is composed mainly by peraluminous tonalité associated with gabbroic and ultramafic rocks and was traditionally interpreted as a migmatitic terrain. However field, chemical and mineralogical observations rather suggest a magmatic origin and point to a protracted crystallization at intermediate to high pressure ~ 1.0 GPa dominated by amphibole fractionation and followed by isobaric cooling down to 650°C. Crystal fractionation modelling using whole rock composition and field constraints is able to generate peraluminous tonalité. The modelled crystallisation sequence and the volume proportions are in agreement with experimental studies performed at these pressures. The Chelan complex was thus not formed during a partial melting event, but represent the sequence of crystallisation occurring at the base of the crust. Massive fractionation of hornblende is able to generate peraluminous tonalité without significant assimilation of crustal rock.¦Similarly to the Chelan complex, the base of the Kohistan arc is composed of cumulates derived by high pressure crystallization of hydrous magma. In garnet gabbros, epidote occurs as magmatic phase, crystallising from hydrous interstitial melt trapped between grain boundaries at lower crustal pressures (Ρ ~ 1.2 GPa) for temperature of (650-700 °C). Trace and REE signature in epidote indicate that epidote was formed through peritectic reaction involving garnet, clinopyroxene and plagioclase. At the beginning of the crystallisation epidote signature is dominated by REE content in the melt, whereas at the end the signature is dominated by reacting phases. Melt in equilibrium with epidote inferred from the partition coefficients available is similar to intrusive tonalité up the section indicating that hydrous melt was extracted from the garnet gabbros. In some gabbros epidote shows single homogeneous compositions, while in others coexisting epidote have different compositions indicating the presence of solvi along the Al-Fe3+ join. The overgowths are only observed in presence of paragonite in the assemblage, suggesting high water content. At high water content, the hydrous solidus is shift to lower temperature and probably intersects the solvi observed along the Al-Fe3+ join. Therefore, several compositions of epidote is stable at high water content.¦-¦La composition chimique de la croûte continentale est considérée comme similaire à celle du magmatisme calco-alcalin de marge continentale active (enrichissement en éléments mobiles dans les fluides, anomalies négatives en Nb, Ta et éléments à haut potentiel électronique, etc...). Cependant la nature andésitique de la croûte continentale (Si02 > 60 wt%), résultant des nombreuses intrusions de granitoïdes dans la croûte supérieure, est sujette à polémique et le lien entre les magmas dérivés du manteau et les roches évoluées de faible profondeur n'est pas clairement établi (fusion partielle de croûte basaltique, cristallisation fractionnée à haute pression, etc...).¦Les affleurements de croûte profonde sont rares mais précieux, car ils permettent d'observer les phénomènes se passant à grande profondeur. Le complexe de Chelan (Washington Cascades) en est un exemple. Formé à environ 30 km de profondeur, il est composé de roches gabbroïques et ultramafiques, ainsi que de tonalités, qui furent souvent interprétés comme le produit de la fusion partielle de la croûte. Cependant, les relations de terrain, la chimie des éléments majeurs et des éléments traces sont cohérentes avec l'évolution d'un complexe magmatique mafique dans la croûte profonde ou moyenne ( 1.0 GPa), dominée par le fractionnement de l'amphibole. Après son emplacement, le complexe a subi un refroidissement isobare jusqu'à des températures de l'ordre de 650 °C, déduit de la composition chimique des minéraux. Un bilan de masse contraint pax les observations de terrain permet de calculer la séquence et les volumes de fractionnement. Les faciès évolués légèrement hyperalumineux observés sur le terrain peuvent être générés par la cristallisation de 3 % de websterite à olivine, 12 % d'hornblendite à pyroxène 33 % d'hornblendite, 19 % de gabbros, 15 % de diorite et 2 % de tonalité. Nous montrons ainsi qu'une série de fractionnement contrôlée par l'amphibole permet de générer des tonalités sans assimilation de matériel crustal et l'exemple de Chelan illustre la viabilité de ce processus dans la formation de croûte continentale.¦Les réactions proches du solidus saturé en H20 dans les systèmes basaltiques à des pressions élevées restent énigmatiques. Diverses expériences tendent à montrer que l'épidote est stable dans ces conditions, mais rarement observée (décrite ?) comme phase primaire dans les systèmes naturels. Les épidotes trouvées dans les gabbros de Jijal (nord-Pakistan) montrent des textures de type .magmatique telles qu'observées dans les roches évoluées. Le contenu en terres rares de ces épidotes est très variable allant de signatures enrichies en terres rares légères impliquant la présence de liquide interstitiel à des signatures complètement déprimées en ces mêmes éléments, évoquant une cristallisation en coexistence avec du grenat. Ces diverses signatures reflètent un chemin de cristallisation en présence de liquide interstitiel et enregistrent des réactions péritectiques impliquant grenat, clinopyroxene et plagioclase à des pressions de ~ 1.2 GPa pour des températures de 650-700 °C. Cependant dans quelques échantillons deux ou trois compositions d'épidotes coexistent démontrant la présence de lacunes d'immiscibilité le long de la solution solide épidote-clinozoïsite. La forte teneur en H20 du liquide magmatique est certainement à l'origine de la coexistence de deux compositions distinctes.

Novel use of a whole cell E. coli bioreporter as a urinary exposure biomarker.

Bacterial bioreporters have substantial potential for contaminant assessment but their real world application is currently impaired by a lack of sensitivity. Here, we exploit the bioconcentration of chemicals in the urine of animals to facilitate pollutant detection. The shore crab Carcinus maenas was exposed to the organic contaminant 2-hydroxybiphenyl, and urine was screened using an Escherichia coli-based luciferase gene (luxAB) reporter assay specific to this compound. Bioassay measurements differentiated between the original contaminant and its metabolites, quantifying bioconcentration factors of up to one hundred-fold in crab urine. Our results reveal the substantial potential of using bacterial bioreporter assays in real-time monitoring of biological matricesto determine exposure histories, with wide ranging potential for the in situ measurement of xenobiotics in risk assessments and epidemiology.

Korkeapainehöyryputkiston kannakoinnin muutostyön tuotteistaminen

Teollisuusyritysten kunnossapitostrategioiden muuttuessa enemmän ennakoivan kunnossapidon suuntaan, avaase teollisuuspalveluille uusia mahdollisuuksia. Nykyisin yksi menestyvän yrityksen lähtökohdista on kehittää tuotettaan asiakaslähtöisesti. Yrityksen täytyy luoda toimintatapoja, joilla tietoa asiakkaiden tarpeista pystytään keräämään. Työssä käsitellään asiakastarvekartoituksen vaiheet korkeapainehöyryputkiston muutosyön kehittämistä varten. asiakastarvekartoitukseen valitaan menetelmät niin tiedon hankintaa kuin analysointia varten. Asiakastarvekartoituksessa ei huomioida ainoastaan asiakasta, vaan siinä huomioidaan myös yrityksen itsensä sekä muiden osapuolten, kuten viranomaisten, vaikutus tuotteeseen. Asiakastarvekartoituksen avulla saadaan muutostyölle asetettua konkreettisia tavoitteita, sekä kehitettyä ratkaisuja, joiden avulla asiakasta pystytään palvelemaan entistä paremmin.

A case for hornblende dominated fractionation of arc magmas: the Chelan Complex (Washington Cascades)

Amphibole fractionation in the deep roots of subduction-related magmatic arcs is a fundamental process for the generation of the continental crust. Field relations and geochemical data of exposed lower crustal igneous rocks can be used to better constrain these processes. The Chelan Complex in the western U. S. forms the lowest level of a 40-km thick exposed crustal section of the North Cascades and is composed of olivine websterite, pyroxenite, hornblendite, and dominantly by hornblende gabbro and tonalite. Magmatic breccias, comb layers and intrusive contacts suggest that the Chelan Complex was build by igneous processes. Phase equilibria, textural observations and mineral chemistry yield emplacement pressures of similar to 1.0 GPa followed by isobaric cooling to 700 degrees C. The widespread occurrence of idiomorphic hornblende and interstitial plagioclase together with the lack of Eu anomalies in bulk rock compositions indicate that the differentiation is largely dominated by amphibole. Major and trace element modeling constrained by field observations and bulk chemistry demonstrate that peraluminous tonalite could be derived by removing successively 3% of olivine websterite, 12% of pyroxene hornblendite, 33% of pyroxene hornblendite, 19% of gabbros, 15% of diorite and 2% tonalite. Peraluminous tonalite with high Sr/Y that are worldwide associated with active margin settings can be derived from a parental basaltic melt by crystal fractionation at high pressure provided that amphibole dominates the fractionation process. Crustal assimilation during fractionation is thus not required to generate peraluminous tonalite.

Paineilmajärjestelmän ja -hankinnan kehittäminen sementtitehtaalla

Työn tavoitteena oli kartoittaa Lappeenrannan sementtitehtaan paineilmajärjestelmä, tehdä järjestelmän kehittämissuunnitelma ja arvioida suunnitelman mukaisen investoinnin kannattavuus investointilaskelmilla. Kartoituksesta selviää paineilman hankinnan toteutus, järjestelmään kuuluvien laitteiden selvitys ja energiankulutus sekä jakeluverkon ja paineilman käytön kartoitus. Kartoituksen ja aineiston pohjalta laadittiin suunnitelma järjestelmän kehittämiseksi. Aineistoa kerättiin haastattelemalla laitetoimittajia sekä muiden sementtitehtaiden johtoa. Paineilman käyttöä tehostettiin ja tehtaan matalapaine- eli kuumailmaverkon osalta tehtiin suunnitelmat sen täydellisestä uusimisesta. Tehtaan korkeapaine- eli yleisilmaverkkoon päätettiin olla investoimatta työssä esiteltävien käytännön syiden vuoksi. Investoinnin taloudellinen kannattavuus arvioitiin työhön rakennetulla investointilaskentamallilla. Sen avulla laskettiin investoinnin kannattavuus annuiteettimenetelmällä. Laskelmien tulokseen liittyvä epävarmuus arvioitiin myös malliin rakennetulla herkkyysanalyysillä. Lisäksi mallilla vertailtiin investoinnin eri hankintavaihtoehtojen kannattavuutta. Investointi osoittautui kannattavaksi.

The use of external mesh reinforcement to reduce intimal hyperplasia and preserve the structure of human saphenous veins.

The saphenous vein is the conduit of choice in bypass graft procedures. Haemodynamic factors play a major role in the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH), and subsequent bypass failure. To evaluate the potential protective effect of external reinforcement on such a failure, we developed an ex vivo model for the perfusion of segments of human saphenous veins under arterial shear stress. In veins submitted to pulsatile high pressure (mean pressure at 100 mmHg) for 3 or 7 days, the use of an external macroporous polyester mesh 1) prevented the dilatation of the vessel, 2) decreased the development of IH, 3) reduced the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, and the subsequent fibrosis of the media layer, 4) prevented the remodelling of extracellular matrix through the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and plasminogen activator type I. The data show that, in an experimental ex vivo setting, an external scaffold decreases IH and maintains the integrity of veins exposed to arterial pressure, via increase in shear stress and decrease wall tension, that likely contribute to trigger selective molecular and cellular changes.

Screening for wound-induced oxylipins in Arabidopsis thaliana by differential HPLC-APCI/MS profiling of crude leaf extracts and subsequent characterisation by capillary-scale NMR

A simple non-targeted differential HPLC-APCI/MS approach has been developed in order to survey metabolome modifications that occur in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana following wound-induced stress. The wound-induced accumulation of metabolites, particularly oxylipins, was evaluated by HPLC-MS analysis of crude leaf extracts. A generic, rapid and reproducible pressure liquid extraction procedure was developed for the analysis of restricted leaf samples without the need for specific sample preparation. The presence of various oxylipins was determined by head-to-head comparison of the HPLC-MS data, filtered with a component detection algorithm, and automatically compared with the aid of software searching for small differences in similar HPLC-MS profiles. Repeatability was verified in several specimens belonging to different series. Wound-inducible jasmonates were efficiently highlighted by this non-targeted approach without the need for complex sample preparation as is the case for the 'oxylipin signature' procedure based on GC-MS. Furthermore this HPLC-MS screening technique allowed the isolation of induced compounds for further characterisation by capillary-scale NMR (CapNMR) after HPLC scale-up. In this paper, the screening method is described and applied to illustrate its potential for monitoring polar and non-polar stress-induced constituents as well as its use in combination with CapNMR for the structural assignment of wound-induced compounds of interest

CO2-laserin soveltaminen WFU-paperin reunan leikkaamiseen

Tämän diplomityön tarkoitus oli selvittää CO2-laserin soveltuvuutta paperin reunan leikkaamiseen ennen liimapuristinta nopealle modernilleWFU-paperikoneelle. Merkittävimmät leikkauskokeet tehtiin leikkaamalla paperirataa todenmukaisissa olosuhteissa koekoneella. Koeleikkauksissa tutkittiin myös päällystettyjen paperilajien CO2-laserleikkausta. Paperin reunan koeleikkauksia suoritettiin leikkauspöytää vasten sekä telaa vasten. Leikkauspöytänä käytettiin korkeapainevesileikkaimelle suunniteltua leikkauspöytää, jota paranneltiin tämän työn yhteydessä paremmin laserleikkaukselle sopivaksi. Telaa vasten suoritetuilla leikkauksilla lasertehon tarve oli suurempi verrattuna pöytää vasten leikkaukseen samalla leikkausnopeudella ja samalla paperilajilla. Laserlaitteiston mitoittaminen oikein pelkkien arkkileikkauskokeiden perusteella ei ollut mahdollista. Myös rullilla tapahtuvia leikkauskokeita tarvittiin. Pöytää vasten tapahtuvaan leikkaamiseen tarvitaan 1000 W laserlaite paperin molemmille reunoille. Tämän tehoiset laserlaitteet riittävät kaikille Changshun PK 1:n paperilajeille niiden lajikohtaiseen maksimiajonopeuteen. Testatuista kolmesta polttovälistä antoi 5" polttoväli parhaat leikkaustulokset. Polttopisteen paikka voi vaihdella ± 0.75 mm paperin pinnasta vaikuttamatta silti merkittävästi lasertehon tarpeeseen. Laserleikatun paperin reuna oli hyvälaatuinen, eikä laserleikkaus aiheuttanut paperille epätoivottuja asioita kuten mustumista.

Methylprednisolone concentrations in the vitreous and the serum after pulse therapy.

PURPOSE: Intravenous (i.v.) pulse of corticosteroids has been used to treat severe eye inflammation from different origins. Whether such large doses result in vitreous levels that differ either in magnitude or duration from more conventional corticotherapy remain unsolved issues. The authors therefore determined levels of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate and methylprednisolone in the vitreous and serum of patients at different times after a single i.v. perfusion of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate. METHODS: Fifty patients scheduled for a first vitrectomy received an i.v. injection of 500 mg hemisuccinate methylprednisolone at different times before surgery (from 15-24 hours). Patients were divided into two groups: those with (n = 21) and without (n = 29) retinal detachment (RD). Pure vitreous samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Both the ester and the nonester methylprednisolone forms were sampled in the vitreous, showing a slower rate of hydrolysis compared to the serum. On average, the highest concentration of total methylprednisolone in the vitreous was found at 2.5 hours and rapidly decreased for the group of patients with RD. In the group of patients without RD, the highest concentration was reached at 6 hours and then slowly decreased. The antiinflammatory potency in the nondetached retina eyes was approximately 500 times more than in the physiologic vitreous, but despite the route of administration (i.v. or oral), only 1/10 of the corticosteroid serum concentration was measured in the vitreous. CONCLUSION: High concentration of methylprednisolone is achieved by i.v. pulse therapy without changing the kinetic of entry in the vitreous of nondetached retina eyes when compared to conventional oral corticotherapy. Hydrolysis occurs in the vitreous resulting in high rate of active form. Pulse therapy could be considered in cases of severe ocular inflammation involving the posterior segment of the eye.

Development of filter media treatments for liquid filtration

Woven monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarn filter media have long been the standard media in liquid filtration equipment. While the energy for a solid-liquid separation process is determined by the engineering work, it is the interface between the slurry and the equipment - the filter media - that greatly affects the performance characteristics of the unit operation. Those skilled in the art are well aware that a poorly designed filter medium may endanger the whole operation, whereas well-performing filter media can make the operation smooth and economical. As the mineral and pulp producers seek to produce ever finer and more refined fractions of their products, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to dewater slurries with average particle sizes around 1 ¿m using conventional, high-capacity filtration equipment. Furthermore, the surface properties of the media must not allow sticky and adhesive particles to adhere to the media. The aim of this thesis was to test how the dirt-repellency, electrical resistance and highpressure filtration performance of selected woven filter media can be improved by modifying the fabric or yarn with coating, chemical treatment and calendering. The results achieved by chemical surface treatments clearly show that the woven media surface properties can be modified to achieve lower electrical resistance and improved dirt-repellency. The main challenge with the chemical treatments is the abrasion resistance and, while the experimental results indicate that the treatment is sufficiently permanent to resist standard weathering conditions, they may still prove to be inadequately strong in terms of actual use.From the pressure filtration studies in this work, it seems obvious that the conventional woven multifilament fabrics still perform surprisingly well against the coated media in terms of filtrate clarity and cake build-up. Especially in cases where the feed slurry concentration was low and the pressures moderate, the conventional media seemed to outperform the coated media. In the cases where thefeed slurry concentration was high, the tightly woven media performed well against the monofilament reference fabrics, but seemed to do worse than some of the coated media. This result is somewhat surprising in that the high initial specific resistance of the coated media would suggest that the media will blind more easily than the plain woven media. The results indicate, however, that it is actually the woven media that gradually clogs during the coarse of filtration. In conclusion, it seems obvious that there is a pressure limit above which the woven media looses its capacity to keep the solid particles from penetrating the structure. This finding suggests that for extreme pressures the only foreseeable solution is the coated fabrics supported by a strong enough woven fabric to hold thestructure together. Having said that, the high pressure filtration process seems to follow somewhat different laws than the more conventional processes. Based on the results, it may well be that the role of the cloth is most of all to support the cake, and the main performance-determining factor is a long life time. Measuring the pore size distribution with a commercially available porometer gives a fairly accurate picture of the pore size distribution of a fabric, but failsto give insight into which of the pore sizes is the most important in determining the flow through the fabric. Historically air, and sometimes water, permeability measures have been the standard in evaluating media filtration performance including particle retention. Permeability, however, is a function of a multitudeof variables and does not directly allow the estimation of the effective pore size. In this study a new method for estimating the effective pore size and open pore area in a densely woven multifilament fabric was developed. The method combines a simplified equation of the electrical resistance of fabric with the Hagen-Poiseuille flow equation to estimate the effective pore size of a fabric and the total open area of pores. The results are validated by comparison to the measured values of the largest pore size (Bubble point) and the average pore size. The results show good correlation with measured values. However, the measured and estimated values tend to diverge in high weft density fabrics. This phenomenon is thought to be a result of a more tortuous flow path of denser fabrics, and could most probably be cured by using another value for the tortuosity factor.

Ydinvoimalaitoksen turbiinilaitoksen toiminnan ja kunnonvalvonnan nykytilan kuvaus ja kehittämismahdollisuuksien kartoitus sekä toteutus ja kannattavuusarviointi

Työssä selvitettiin Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitoksen prosessiseurannassa nykyisin käytössä olevia järjestelmiä sekä tutkittiin prosessisimulointiohjelman käyttömahdollisuuksia osana prosessiseurantaa. Ensisijaisesti tutkittiin kuinka hyvin simulointimalli soveltuu pienien tehopoikkeamien havainnoimiseen. Simulointimalli rakennettiin Endat Oy:n kehittämällä Prosim-simulointiohjelmalla. Simulointimalli on tehty kahdelle eri prosessille. Erilliset mallit rakennettiin sekä vuoden 2003 vuosihuoltoa edeltäneelle prosessille, että vuosihuollossa lauhteen esilämmityksen osalta muutetulle prosessille. Simulointimallien toimintaa käytännössä testattiin suorittamalla simulointiajoja muutamilla prosessin muutostilanteilla ja vertailemalla muutostilanteiden mittapistedataa simulointiohjelman laskemiin tuloksiin. Simulointimallin suurimmat poikkeamat mittapistedataan verrattuna todettiin turbiinilaitoksen korkeapainepuolella sekä lauhduttimessa. Käytännössä havaittiin, että nämä poikkeamat hankaloittavat simulointiohjelman käyttöä käytönvalvonnan työkaluna, eikä sen käytöstä näin ollen saada varsinaista lisäarvoa.

Analysis of flow dynamics in right ventricular outflow tract.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism behind early graft failure after right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction is not fully understood. Our aim was to establish a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of RVOT to investigate the hemodynamic conditions that may trigger the development of intimal hyperplasia and arteriosclerosis. METHODS: Pressure, flow, and diameter at the RVOT, pulmonary artery (PA), bifurcation of the PA, and left and right PAs were measured in 10 normal pigs with a mean weight of 24.8 ± 0.78 kg. Data obtained from the experimental scenario were used for CFD simulation of pressure, flow, and shear stress profile from the RVOT to the left and right PAs. RESULTS: Using experimental data, a CFD model was obtained for 2.0 and 2.5-L/min pulsatile inflow profiles. In both velocity profiles, time and space averaged in the low-shear stress profile range from 0-6.0 Pa at the pulmonary trunk, its bifurcation, and at the openings of both PAs. These low-shear stress areas were accompanied to high-pressure regions 14.0-20.0 mm Hg (1866.2-2666 Pa). Flow analysis revealed a turbulent flow at the PA bifurcation and ostia of both PAs. CONCLUSIONS: Identified local low-shear stress, high pressure, and turbulent flow correspond to a well-defined trigger pattern for the development of intimal hyperplasia and arteriosclerosis. As such, this real-time three-dimensional CFD model may in the future serve as a tool for the planning of RVOT reconstruction, its analysis, and prediction of outcome.