Study of the antimalarial properties of hydroxyethylamine derivatives using green fluorescent protein transformed Plasmodium berghei

A rapid decrease in parasitaemia remains the major goal for new antimalarial drugs and thus, in vivo models must provide precise results concerning parasitaemia modulation. Hydroxyethylamine comprise an important group of alkanolamine compounds that exhibit pharmacological properties as proteases inhibitors that has already been proposed as a new class of antimalarial drugs. Herein, it was tested the antimalarial property of new nine different hydroxyethylamine derivatives using the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Plasmodium bergheistrain. By comparing flow cytometry and microscopic analysis to evaluate parasitaemia recrudescence, it was observed that flow cytometry was a more sensitive methodology. The nine hydroxyethylamine derivatives were obtained by inserting one of the following radical in the para position: H, 4Cl, 4-Br, 4-F, 4-CH3, 4-OCH3, 4-NO2, 4-NH2 and 3-Br. The antimalarial test showed that the compound that received the methyl group (4-CH3) inhibited 70% of parasite growth. Our results suggest that GFP-transfected P. berghei is a useful tool to study the recrudescence of novel antimalarial drugs through parasitaemia examination by flow cytometry. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the insertion of a methyl group at the para position of the sulfonamide ring appears to be critical for the antimalarial activity of this class of compounds.

Blood pressure in relation to coffee and caffeine consumption.

The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and coffee is of major interest given its widespread consumption and the public health burden of high BP. Yet, there is no specific recommendation regarding coffee intake in existing hypertension guidelines. The lack of a definitive understanding of the BP-coffee relationship is partially attributable to issues that we discuss in this review, issues such as acute vs. chronic effects, genetic and smoking effect modifications, and coffee vs. caffeine effects. We also present evidence from meta-analyses of studies on the association of BP with coffee intake. The scope of this review is limited to the latest advances published with a specific focus on caffeine, acknowledging that caffeine is only one among numerous components in coffee that may influence BP. Finally, considering the state of the research, we propose a mechanism by which the CYP1A2 gene and enzyme influence BP via inhibition of the adenosine receptor differentially in smokers and non-smokers.

A Comparative analysis of oil production setors in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates

Aquest article s'aplica un enfocament comparatiu de la gestió del sector petrolier en dos països rics en petroli a l'Orient Mitjà: Aràbia Saudita i els Emirats Àrabs Units (EAU). Més explícitament, s'examinen els factors que millor expliquen la variació en les estratègies que han vingut aplicant en el sector des de l'establiment de les seves empreses petrolieres nacionals (NOC). Recorrent a la literatura sobre expropiació / privatització en el camp d'Estudis de l'Energia, en aquest treball es proposa un marc teòric per analitzar la lògica que hi ha al darrera de les diferents formes d'exploració i les estratègies de producció en el sector petrolier. Teòricament, aquesta investigació té com a objectiu avançar en un conjunt d'eines d'anàlisi per abordar millor i entendre els determinants reals del procés de presa de decisions en el upstream. Empíricament, el model es prova en els casos divergents d'Aràbia Saudita i els Emirats Àrabs Units, i una sèrie de lliçons s'han extret. En última instància, aquest treball ha d'augmentar la conscienciació entre els erudits i els polític, tant sobre el poc coneixement que tenim sobre els mecanismes interns que impulsen les estratègies ascendents en el majors estats productor de petroli.

Perspectives on the green construction of the new European Energy Policy

The EU has been one of the main actors involved in the construction process of an international climate change regime, adopting it as an identity sign in the international arena. This activism has reverted in the European political agenda and in the one of its Members States. Therefore, climate change has become a driver for the EU growing participation in energy policy and for its governance evolution. In this context, much attention has been paid to the climate and energy policies integration agreed after the 2007 spring European Council. Apparently, this decision meant a decisive step towards the incorporation of the environmental variable in the energy policy-making. Moreover, the Action Plan [2007-2009] “Energy Policy for Europe” outlined priority actions in a variety of energy-related areas, implying the new European Energy Policy commencement. Against this background, there is still much left to understand about its formulation and its further development. Rooted on the Environmental Policy Integration approach, this paper traces the increasing proximity between environment and energy policies in order to understand the green contribution to the European Energy Policy construction.

Antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from Tetradenia riparia obtained in different seasons

The herbaceous shrub Tetradenia riparia has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Recently, a study showed that T. riparia essential oil (TrEO) obtained in summer has antileishmanial effects, although these results could be influenced by seasonal variation. This study evaluated the activity of the TrEO obtained in different seasons against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, in vitro and in vivo. The compounds in the TrEO were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; terpenoids were present and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the majority compounds (55.28%). The cytotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) production were also tested after TrEO treatment. The TrEO from all seasons showed a 50% growth inhibitory concentration for promastigotes of about 15 ng/mL; at 30 ng/mL and 3 ng/mL, the TrEO reduced intracellular amastigote infection, independently of season. The TrEO from plants harvested in summer had the highest 50% cytotoxic concentration, 1,476 ng/mL for J774.A1 macrophages, and in spring (90.94 ng/mL) for murine macrophages. NO production did not change in samples of the TrEO from different seasons. The antileishmanial effect in vivo consisted of a reduction of the parasite load in the spleen. These results suggest that the TrEO has potential effects on L. (L.) amazonensis, consonant with its traditional use to treat parasitic diseases.

Serum sCD163 levels are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and are influenced by coffee and wine consumption: results of the Di@bet.es study.

OBJECTIVE Serum levels of soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and its scavenger receptor CD163 (sCD163) have been linked to insulin resistance. We analysed the usefulness of these cytokines as biomarkers of type 2 diabetes in a Spanish cohort, together with their relationship to food consumption in the setting of the Di@bet.es study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional, matched case-control study of 514 type 2 diabetes subjects and 517 controls with a Normal Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (NOGTT), using data from the Di@bet.es study. Study variables included clinical and demographic structured survey, food frequency questionnaire and physical examination. Serum concentrations of sTWEAK and sCD163 were measured by ELISA. Linear regression analysis determined which variables were related to sTWEAK and sCD163 levels. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odd ratios of presenting type 2 diabetes. RESULTS sCD163 concentrations and sCD163/sTWEAK ratio were 11.0% and 15.0% higher, respectively, (P<0.001) in type 2 diabetes than in controls. Following adjustment for various confounders, the OR for presenting type 2 diabetes in subjects in the highest vs the lowest tertile of sCD163 was [(OR), 2,01 (95%CI, 1,46-2,97); P for trend <0.001]. Coffee and red wine consumption was negatively associated with serum levels of sCD163 (P = 0.0001 and; P = 0.002 for coffee and red wine intake, respectively). CONCLUSIONS High circulating levels of sCD163 are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Spanish population. The association between coffee and red wine intake and these biomarkers deserves further study to confirm its potential role in type 2 diabetes.

Strong reproductive barriers in a narrow hybrid zone of West-Mediterranean green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with Plio-Pleistocene divergence

Background One key question in evolutionary biology deals with the mode and rate at which reproductive isolation accumulates during allopatric speciation. Little is known about secondary contacts of recently diverged anuran species. Here we conduct a multi-locus field study to investigate a contact zone between two lineages of green toads with an estimated divergence time of 2.7 My, and report results from preliminary experimental crosses. Results The Sicilian endemic Bufo siculus and the Italian mainland-origin B. balearicus form a narrow hybrid zone east of Mt. Etna. Despite bidirectional mtDNA introgression over a ca. 40 km North-South cline, no F1 hybrids could be found, and nuclear genomes display almost no admixture. Populations from each side of the contact zone showed depressed genetic diversity and very strong differentiation (FST = 0.52). Preliminary experimental crosses point to a slightly reduced fitness in F1 hybrids, a strong hybrid breakdown in backcrossed offspring (F1 x parental, with very few reaching metamorphosis) and a complete and early mortality in F2 (F1 x F1). Conclusion Genetic patterns at the contact zone are molded by drift and selection. Local effective sizes are reduced by the geography and history of the contact zone, B. balearicus populations being at the front wave of a recent expansion (late Pleistocene). Selection against hybrids likely results from intrinsic genomic causes (disruption of coadapted sets of genes in backcrosses and F2-hybrids), possibly reinforced by local adaptation (the ranges of the two taxa roughly coincide with the borders of semiarid and arid climates). The absence of F1 in the field might be due to premating isolation mechanisms. Our results, show that these lineages have evolved almost complete reproductive isolation after some 2.7 My of divergence, contrasting sharply with evidence from laboratory experiments that some anuran species may still produce viable F1 offspring after > 20 My of divergence.

Evidências da relação entre a evolução da gestão ambiental e a adoção de práticas de green supply chain management no setor eletroeletrônico brasileiro

Na pesquisa apresentada, teve-se como objetivo verificar se a evolução da gestão ambiental se relaciona positivamente com a adoção de práticas de green supply chain management (GSCM) por empresas do setor eletroeletrônico do Brasil. Para fazer frente ao objetivo exposto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, por meio de um levantamento survey, com cem empresas do setor eletroeletrônico brasileiro. Os dados coletados foram processados por meio de técnicas estatísticas descritivas, análise fatorial exploratória e modelagem de equações estruturais. Os resultados mais importantes da pesquisa foram: na amostra, práticas de GSCM orientadas para a recuperação dos investimentos das empresas, como a revenda de materiais inservíveis e outros resíduos, além da adequação à legislação e à auditoria ambiental, obtiveram médias elevadas; e a hipótese de pesquisa (H1) foi confirmada e considerada estatisticamente válida, indicando que a evolução da gestão ambiental influencia a adoção de práticas de GSCM.

Fish oil after abdominal aorta aneurysm surgery

OBJECTIVE: Fish oil (FO) may attenuate the inflammatory response after major surgery such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. We aimed at evaluating the clinical impact and safety aspects of a FO containing parenteral nutrition (PN) after AAA surgery. METHODS: Intervention consisted in 4 days of either standard (STD: Lipofundin medium-chain triglyceride (MCT): long-chain triglyceride (LCT)50%-MCT50%) or FO containing PN (FO: Lipoplus: LCT40%-MCT50%-FO10%). Energy target were set at 1.3 times the preoperative resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Blood sampling on days 0, 2, 3 and 4. Glucose turnover by the (2)H(2)-glucose method. Muscle microdialysis. Clinical data: maximal daily T degrees, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay. RESULTS: Both solutions were clinically well tolerated, without any differences in laboratory safety parameters, inflammatory, metabolic data, or in organ failures. Plasma tocopherol increased similarly; with FO, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid increased significantly by day 4 versus baseline or STD. To increased postoperatively, with a trend to lower values in FO group (P=0.09). After FO, a trend toward shorter ICU stay (1.6+/-0.4 versus 2.3+/-0.4), and hospital stay (9.9+/-2.4 versus 11.3+/-2.7 days: P=0.19) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Both lipid emulsions were well tolerated. FO-PN enhanced the plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and was associated with trends to lower body temperature and shorter length of stay.

Intérêt de l'angiographie numérisée au vert d'indocyanine dans le diagnostic différentiel des tumeurs non pigmentées de la choroïde [Value of indocyanine green videoangiography in differential diagnosis of nonpigmented tumors of the choroid]

BACKGROUND: Indocyanine green video-angiography (ICG) is a recent examination technique, its possibilities and limitations as far as intraocular tumours are concerned, haven't been fully explored yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have studied 50 cases of non-pigmented choroidal tumours, including 14 cases of choroidal hemangioma's, 11 cases of posterior uveal metastases and 25 cases of non-pigmented melanoma's. RESULTS: Characteristic images were obtained when examining choroidal hemangioma's and, until a certain point, posterior choroidal metastases. Non pigmented melanoma's on the contrary, presented a great variety of different indocyanine green angiographic pictures. CONCLUSION: Indocyanine green video-angiography (ICG) has a definite value in the differential diagnosis of non-pigmented posterior choroidal tumours.

Effects of short-term high-fructose diets in humans: modulation by environmental factors

It is currently suspected that sugar overconsumption, and more specifically fructose, may promote the development of obesity and of several cardio-metabolic disorders. However, environmental factors, such as fish oil and dietary proteins, may prevent some deleterious effects of fructose. The aim of this thesis was to identify potential environmental factors that may modulate the metabolic effects of fructose. The first study was designed to evaluate the impact of endurance exercise in healthy young men fed a high-fructose, isocaloric diet. Fructose-induced effects on lipid profile were totally prevented by endurance exercise and may be explained by an enhanced clearance of TRL-TG and the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis. As energy intake was adjusted to energy requirement, we can conclude that exercise acts on fructose metabolism independently of energy imbalance. The second study aimed at determining whether coffee and more specifically chlorogenic acid consumption may prevent fructose-induced intrahepatic lipids accumulation, hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic insulin resistance, through a stimulation of lipid oxidation. Coffee did not prevent the fructose-induced increase in IHCL or plasma TG. Interestingly, the three coffees tested prevented the decrease in hepatic insulin sensitivity, independently of their content in caffeine or chlorogenic acid. Finally, in the third study, we evaluated the effect of essential amino acid supplementation on the increase of hepatic lipids induced by a high-fructose diet. This intervention slightly decreased IHCL concentration. The exact mechanisms remain unidentified but may involve an increased secretion of VLDL-TG. In conclusion, the environmental factors evaluated allow to prevent some of the deleterious effects of fructose and suggest that recommendations on fructose consumption should also take into account environmental factors.

Single loci with major effects in fire ants : the effects of the complementary sex-determining locus and the green beard supergene on gene expression

Etant données la complexité et la redondance des réseaux de gènes influençant de nombreux phénotypes, l'étude des rares cas d'un locus unique ayant des effets importants sur de nombreux phénotypes peut fournir des informations cruciales sur l'évolution des traits complexes. Nous avons séquencé le génome de la fourmi de feu Solenopsis invicta pour étudier comment l'expression des gènes détermine les effets majeurs et étendus de deux loci uniques sur le phénotype. Le premier locus concerne la détermination du sexe par le modèle des allèles complémentaires. Ce locus est connu pour déterminer le sexe chez tous les hyménoptères mais n'a été caractérisé que chez les abeilles. Les hétérozygotes pour ce locus se développent en reines diploïdes (ou ouvrières stériles) alors que les homozygotes se développent en mâles diploïdes incapables de produire du sperme et les hémizygotes en mâles haploïdes fertiles. Nous avons comparé l'expression des gènes entre les reines et les deux types de mâles au stade pupe, ainsi que 1 et 11 jours après l'émergence. Nous avons trouvé un changement prononcé de l'expression des gènes chez les mâles diploïdes, passant de très proche de celle des reines au stade pupe à identique aux mâles haploïdes 11 jours après l'émergence. Cela signifie que les mâles diploïdes sont condamnés à être stériles parce que les effets après émergence du locus de détermination du sexe ne per¬mettent pas d'effacer les effets de la ploïdie sur l'expression des gènes pendant le stade pupe, quand la spermatogénèse prend place. Le second locus aux effets majeurs que nous avons étudié est le supergène dit "green beard", qui consiste en 616 gènes couvrant 55% d'un chromosome (13 Mb) et est caractérisé par une absence de recombinaison entre les deux variants du supergène : "Social B" et "Social b" (SB et Sb). Au travers de l'effet "green beard", par lequel les ouvrières avec le supergène Sb discriminent favorablement les reines qui partagent ce supergène de façon perceptible, le génotype des reines fondatrices au niveau de ce supergène détermine l'organisation de la colonie : soit elle contient une seule reine SB/SB, soit plusieurs reines SB/Sb. Nous avons montré que le chromosome Sb a évolué comme le chromosome Y, accumulant probablement des allèles favorables dans des colonies avec plusieurs reines mais défavorables dans des colonies avec une seule reine (cf. gènes sexuellement antagonistes), ainsi que des transposons et des séquences répéti¬tives. Nous avons également montré que le polymorphisme du supergène cause de grandes différences d'expression chez les ouvrières et particulièrement les reines mais pas chez les mâles. Pour comprendre comment le polymorphisme du supergène chez les reines peut affecter l'organisation de la colonie, nous avons comparé l'expression entre les génotypes SB/SB et SB/Sb chez des reines vierges (1 et 11 jours) et des reines matures. Nous avons montré que les reines SB/SB sur-régulent des gènes impliqués dans la reproduction, expli-quant pourquoi elle grandissent plus rapidement et peuvent fonder des colonies de façon indépendante, tandis que les reines SB/Sb (qui ne peuvent fonder une nouvelle colonie) sur-régulent des gènes de signalement chimique qui affectent l'organisation des colonies par l'effet "green beard". - Given the complexity and redundancy of the gene networks that underlie many pheno- types, the study of rare cases of a single locus having major effects on many phenotypes can give powerful insights into the evolution of complex traits. We sequenced the genome of Solenopsis invicta fire ants to study how gene expression mediates the widespread major effects of two single loci on phenotype. The first is the complementary sex-determining locus, which is known to exist in most Hymenoptera despite being characterized only for honeybees. Heterozygotes at this locus become diploid queens (or sterile workers), homozy¬gotes become aspermic diploid males, and hemizygotes become fertile haploid males. We compared gene expression between queens and both types of males in pupae and 1 and 11 days after eclosion. We found a pronounced shift in gene expression in diploid males, from being nearly identical to queens as pupae to identical to haploid males 11 days after eclosion. This means that diploid males are condemned to sterility because the overriding effects of the sex locus after eclosion cannot undo the ploidy effects on expression during the pupal stage, when spermatogenesis must be completed. The second locus with major ef¬fects that we studied was the so-called "green beard" supergene, which consists of 616 genes encompassing 55% of one chromosome (13 Mb), without recombination between the two variants "Social B" and "Social b" (SB and Sb) supergene. Through the green beard effect, i.e. workers with the Sb supergene discriminating in favor of queens who perceptibly share this supergene, the founding queen's genotype at the supergene determines colony organi¬zation: either headed by a single SB/SB queen or many SB/Sb queens. We show that the Sb chromosome evolved like a Y-chromosome, probably accumulating alleles beneficial in multi-queen colonies but disadvantageous in single-queen colonies (cf. sexually antagonistic genes), as well as transposons and repetitive sequences. We also show that the polymor¬phism of the supergene causes widespread expression differences in workers and especially queens but not in males. To understand how the polymorphism at the supergene in queen can transform colony organization, we compared the expression between SB/SB and SB/Sb virgin queens (1 and 11 days) and mother queens. We show that SB/SB queens up-regulate genes involved in reproduction, explaining why they mature faster and can found colonies independently, while SB/Sb queens (which cannot found colonies) up-regulate chemical signaling genes that can transform colonies through the green beard effect.