Identification of YAP as sperm-PAWP’s predominant binding partner in MII-arrested oocytes and the relevance of this WWI domain modular interaction to oocyte activation

PAWP, a candidate sperm-borne oocyte activating factor, induces oocyte activation and acts upstream of the calcium signalling pathway, however, PAWP’s downstream signalling pathway in oocyte cytoplasm remains to be uncovered. Data from our lab suggested that the interacting partner of PAWP, at least in the frog (Xenopus laevis) model may be YAP, a highly expressed protein in amphibian and mammalian oocytes. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to confirm that PAWP’s predominant binding partner in Xenopus laevis oocyte is YAP; to determine if mammalian oocyte activation is also dependent on PAWP-YAP interaction; and to verify that the PAWP-YAP interaction during oocyte activation is dependent on the WWI domain module. By immunohistochemistry, YAP was localized predominantly in the cytosol of metaphase II-arrested Xenopus laevis oocytes, where presumably the PAWP-YAP interaction occurs. Utilizing Far Western blotting, YAP was identified as the predominant binding partner of PAWP, in metaphase II-arrested frog (Xenopus laevis), swine (Sus scrofa) and mouse (mus musculus) oocytes. The specificity of this interaction was then tested on Far Western blotting of mouse ovarian and oocyte cytosolic extracts, by competition with both wild-type and point-mutated recombinant WWI domains derived from YAP. The removal of GST from the wild-type WWI-GST fusion protein was a requirement for effective blockage of WWI module interaction between PAWP and YAP. As expected, the mutated WWI domain was ineffective in inhibiting the PAWP-YAP interaction. To conclude, this study identified YAP as the predominant binding partner of PAWP in both amphibian and mammalian oocytes, and showed this interaction is dependent on the WWI modular interaction. The results allow us to test the functional relevance of this WWI modular interaction during oocyte activation in vivo, in the future.

In defense of Harriet Shelley : and other essays /

In defense of Harriet Shelley.--Fenimore Cooper's literary offenses.--Traveling with a reformer.--Private history of the "Jumping frog" story.--Mental telegraphy.--Mental telegraphy again.--What Paul Bourget thinks of us.--A little note to M. Paul Bourget.--The invalid's story.--Stirring times in Austria.--The German Chicago.--Concerning the Jews.--About all kinds of ships.--From the "London times" of 1904.--A majestic literary fossil.--At the appetite cure.--Saint Joan of Arc.--In memoriam.--A biographical sketch.

Laelii Bisciolae ... Societatis Iesu Horarum subsecinarum : tomus primus libros viginti continens, in quibus pleraque ex philologia, et encyclopaedia, et omnibus fere scientiis ..., quorum omnium triplex indiculus ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Basilikon dopon siue Commentarius exegeticus in serenissimi magnae Britanniae Regis Iacobi praefationem monitoriam, et in apologiam pro iuramento fidelitatis /

ICCU,

Catalogus librorum quos Iacobus Gretserus ... euulgauit, vsque ad octobrem anni 1610.

Mode of access: Internet.

Lixiuium pro abluendo male sano capite anonymi cuiusdam fabulatoris, et, vt vocant, nouellantis, qui caedem christianissimi Galliae & Nauarrae Regis Henrici IV in Iesuitas partim apertè, partim tacitè confert /

Mode of access: Internet.

La fille aux trois jupons /

Mode of access: Internet.

Jacobi Pontani de Societate Iesu Progymnasmatum latinitatis siue Dialogorum : volumen primum : cum annotationibus de rebus literariis.

Mode of access: Internet.

Discurso pronunciado por el Excmo. Sr. Conde de San Luis en el Congreso de los Diputados el 9 de junio de 1866 contra el proyecto de las siete autorizaciones : con los comentarios de la prensa política de Madrid

Mode of access: Internet.

De vita et rebus gestis Caroli ... cardinalis tituli S. Praxedis archiepiscopi Mediolani libri septem /

CCBE s. XVI

Primi tomi quinta [-septima] controuersia generalis ... /

Puede ser parte de "De controuersis christianae fidei" de Roberto Bellarmino.

[Hortus S. Crucis... : : accessit liber de more lauandi pedes peregrinorum et hospitum cum paralipomenis pro libris de sacris peregrinationibus & processionibus ... /

Podoniptron seu pedilauium. Ex Sacrae Scripturae fontibus, veterumque patrum & historicorum limpidis fluentis. Opera Iacobi Gretseri ...

Diui Bambergenses S. Henrigus Imperator, S. Kunegundis Imperatrix, S. Otho Episcopus nunc integrius quàm antea in lucem producti, notisq[uae] illustrati /

Mode of access: Internet.