COORDENAÇÃO E PARTICIPAÇÃO EM AGLOMERAÇÕES URBANAS SUPRA-MUNICIPAIS: IMPRESSÕES SOBRE DESAFIOS INSTITUCIONAIS E PARTICIPATIVOS EM EXPERIÊNCIAS RECENTES (BRASIL E FRANÇA)

Tendência relativamente recente na gestão urbana, a abertura de canais institucionais para acolher demandas de atores de diferentes segmentos da sociedade civil organizada tem sido apresentada como uma alternativa à forma tradicional de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas baseada na preponderância quase absoluta de órgãos estatais.Em grandes aglomerações urbanas que envolvam várias municipalidades além de outros níveis de governo, isso se reflete no estabelecimento de instâncias de gestão metropolitana integrada que incorporem as especificidades locais, a partir de formatos institucionais que buscam incentivar, por diferentes meios, a cooperação entre os diversos poderes locais envolvidos.Um dilema verificado refere-se à opção por uma estratégia que privilegie uma coordenação mais eficaz através de instâncias centrais no âmbito metropolitano, ou outra que procure promover uma gestão menos hierarquizada e calcada na discussão, onde os atores institucionais estejam sujeitos a condições semelhantes e que seja aberta à participação de representantes da sociedade civil organizada.O artigo visa discutir, a partir da comparação entre experiências recentes nos contextos brasileiro e francês, as possibilidades de se conjugar elementos de coordenação/integração e participação em ações metropolitanas, enfocando os desafios político-institucionais a serem superados, assim como aqueles referentes à participação de atores não institucionais no processo.

TENDÊNCIAS DO USO DE PRODUTOS NATURAIS NAS INDÚSTRIAS DE COSMÉTICOS DA FRANÇA

Os avanços das pesquisas em biotecnologia e as transformações recentes no perfil dos mercados de consumo têm propiciado novas oportunidades para diversos segmentos industriais contemporâneos e uma das inovações representativas desses processos está associada ao desenvolvimento de produtos cosméticos derivados de ativos naturais da biodiversidade. Sob essa perspectiva, algumas experiências internacionais têm se destacado no mercado mundial de cosméticos justamente pelo seu pioneirismo e liderança nessa modalidade de inovação, como é o caso do segmento desenvolvido na França. Dessa forma, o trabalho tem como objetivo identificar nesse país as principais etapas da cadeia produtiva dos cosméticos de origem vegetal, desde a produção das matérias-primas e produtos acabados, como também o desempenho comercial do setor, as novas exigências de certificação, dentre outros. A interpretação e as análises dos processos dominantes são feitas segundo o levantamento e a organização das informações de origem primária obtidas nos trabalhos de campo e dos indicadores secundários. A fim de ilustrar alguns dos seus principais circuitos produtivos, foi selecionado um grupo representativo de indústrias, associações de produtores e centros de pesquisa localizados na região de Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur.

A COOPERAÇÃO INTERMUNICIPAL NA FRANÇA E NO BRASIL EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA

   O presente estudo aborda as práticas de cooperação intermunicipal que se desenvolvem na França e no Brasil. Argumenta-se sobre a importância do método comparativo em Geografia, visando-se ampliar a reflexão sobre os entraves e as possibilidades de ação nas escalas de gestão local em dois modelos de Estados distintos: o modelo unitário e descentralizado francês e o modelo federal brasileiro. Em um primeiro momento, discute-se o processo de descentralização e as diferenças institucionais entre comunas francesas e municípios brasileiros. A análise se desenvolve nas escalas regionais e locais, a partir de informações reunidas durante a realização de entrevistas de campo na região Rhône-Alpes (França) e no estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Enfim, problemáticas que se apresentam nos dois países são discutidas.

Qualificação da Atenção à Saúde das Crianças de 0 A 72 meses na ESF Parque Antártica, em Capão da Canoa, RS

A melhoria das taxas de mortalidade infantil é uma busca incessante em todo o mundo. Nesse sentido é necessário realizar um resgate e valorizar a consulta de puericultura na Atenção Primária à Saúde com o objetivo de garantir gerações seguintes de pessoas mais saudáveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo melhorar uma ação programática típica da Atenção Primária à Saúde no ESF Parque Antártica, Rio Grande do Sul, na área da saúde da criança. A intervenção teve duração de 90 dias e foi desenvolvida em quatro eixos de trabalho: qualificação da prática clínica, engajamento público, organização e gestão do serviço, monitoramento e avaliação. Ao final da intervenção alcançou-se 80% de cobertura no acompanhamento das crianças pertencentes à área adstrita da unidade. Somado a isso, foram implantadas novas práticas na rotina: a realização da capacitação sobre puericultura, realização de atendimento em equipe, avaliação de risco, e implantação de fichas-espelho junto aos prontuários existentes, que facilitou a verificação dos itens em atraso (consultas, vacinas) e o monitoramento das ações de rotina. A realização da intervenção para a equipe possibilitou uma visão critica sobre o atendimento oferecido da unidade e a melhoria da prática clínica nas demais ações programáticas. Para os gestores, a intervenção reduziu os atendimentos na instituição de atenção secundária (Centro Materno Infantil) e apontou a necessidade de contratação de odontólogos. Para a comunidade, o projeto proporcionou o resgate do vínculo dos usuários com a unidade de referência.

Melhoria da Atenção à Saúde dos Usuários com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus, na UBS Parque Antártica, Capão da Canoa/RS

Resumo Igarza, Tania Wanton. Melhoria da Atenção à Saúde dos Usuários com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus, na UBS Parque Antártica, Capão da Canoa/RS. 94f. 2016. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família) - Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, 2016. A Diabetes Mellitus e a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica são responsáveis pela primeira causa de mortalidade e de hospitalizações no Sistema Único de Saúde e representam, ainda, mais da metade do diagnóstico primário em pessoas com insuficiência renal crônica submetidas à diálise. As complicações agudas e crônicas do diabetes causam alta morbimortalidade, acarretando altos custos para os sistemas de saúde. Além disso, mais de 80% dessas pessoas também eram hipertensas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi melhorar a atenção à saúde dos usuários com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus com 20 anos ou mais da UBS Parque Antártica do Município de Capão da Canoa-RS. O trabalho apresentado se trata de uma intervenção na UBS Parque Antártica que se encontra localizada na comunidade do mesmo nome, pertencente à zona urbana da cidade de Capão da Canoa-RS. Foi desenvolvido no período de 12 semanas. Foram desenvolvidas ações nos quatro eixos pedagógicos (monitoramento e avaliação, organização e gestão do serviço, engajamento público e qualificação da prática clínica). Para a realização da intervenção utilizaram-se os materiais fornecidos pelo curso, como planilha de coleta de dados e ficha-espelho. Antes da intervenção, a cobertura de usuários hipertensos e diabéticos era de 23% e 32%, respectivamente. Após a intervenção, conseguimos cadastrar 131 hipertensos (30,3%) e 51 diabéticos (38,9%). Embora não tenhamos aumentado muito as coberturas, não atingindo assim as metas estabelecidas, esses usuários passaram a receber atendimento de melhor qualidade. Em relação às metas de qualidade, conseguimos atingir as metas de 100% para a maioria delas. Todos os usuários hipertensos e diabéticos tiveram exame clínico em dia de acordo com o protocolo e tiveram solicitação de exames complementares, todos os diabéticos tiveram exame dos pés em dia. Além disso, todos os usuários tiveram registro adequado na ficha de acompanhamento, tiveram estratificação de risco cardiovascular por exame clínico, receberam orientações nutricionais e sobre prática de atividade física regular, além de receber avaliação da necessidade de atendimento odontológico, entre outras orientações. Em relação à prescrição de medicamentos da Farmácia Popular/Hiperdia, não conseguimos cumprir a meta de 100% para os usuários hipertensos (85,1%), pois os medicamentos indicados foram indicados pelos especialistas e não estão incluídos na Farmácia Popular. A intervenção teve muita importância porque exigiu que a equipe se capacitasse para seguir as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde relativas ao rastreamento, diagnóstico, tratamento e monitoramento da Hipertensão e Diabetes. Além disso, esta atividade promoveu o trabalho integrado dos profissionais. A intervenção será incorporada à rotina da unidade e buscamos cadastrar ainda mais usuários hipertensos e diabéticos, aumentando assim as coberturas. Palavras-chave: Atenção Primária à Saúde; Saúde da Família; Doença Crônica; Diabetes Mellitus; Hipertensão.

Temporomandibular Dysfunction Post-craniotomy: Evaluation Between Pre- And Post-operative Status.

To identify risk factors associated with post-operative temporomandibular joint dysfunction after craniotomy. The study sample included 24 patients, mean age of 37.3 ± 10 years; eligible for surgery for refractory epilepsy, evaluated according to RDC/TMD before and after surgery. The primary predictor was the time after the surgery. The primary outcome variable was maximal mouth opening. Other outcome variables were: disc displacement, bruxism, TMJ sound, TMJ pain, and pain associated to mandibular movements. Data analyses were performed using bivariate and multiple regression methods. The maximal mouth opening was significantly reduced after surgery in all patients (p = 0.03). In the multiple regression model, time of evaluation and pre-operative bruxism were significantly (p < .05) associated with an increased risk for TMD post-surgery. A significant correlation between surgery follow-up time and maximal opening mouth was found. Pre-operative bruxism was associated with increased risk for temporomandibular joint dysfunction after craniotomy.

Icatibant, An Inhibitor Of Bradykinin Receptor 2, For Hereditary Angioedema Attacks: Prospective Experimental Single-cohort Study.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1 inhibitor deficiency manifests as recurrent episodes of edema involving the skin, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. It can be lethal due to asphyxia. The aim here was to evaluate the response to therapy for these attacks using icatibant, an inhibitor of the bradykinin receptor, which was recently introduced into Brazil. Prospective experimental single-cohort study on the efficacy and safety of icatibant for HAE patients. Patients with a confirmed HAE diagnosis were enrolled according to symptoms and regardless of the time since onset of the attack. Icatibant was administered in accordance with the protocol that has been approved in Brazil. Symptom severity was assessed continuously and adverse events were monitored. 24 attacks in 20 HAE patients were treated (female/male 19:1; 19-55 years; median 29 years of age). The symptoms were: subcutaneous edema (22/24); abdominal pain (15/24) and upper airway obstruction (10/24). The time taken until onset of relief was: 5-10 minutes (5/24; 20.8%); 10-20 (5/24; 20.8%); 20-30 (8/24; 33.4%); 30-60 (5/24; 20.8%); and 2 hours (1/24; 4.3%). The time taken for complete resolution of symptoms ranged from 4.3 to 33.4 hours. Adverse effects were only reported at injection sites. Mild to moderate erythema and/or feelings of burning were reported by 15/24 patients, itching by 3 and no adverse effects in 6. HAE type I patients who received icatibant responded promptly; most achieved improved symptom severity within 30 minutes. Local adverse events occurred in 75% of the patients.

Spinal Cord Atrophy Correlates With Disease Duration And Severity In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Our objective was to investigate spinal cord (SC) atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, and to determine whether it correlates with clinical parameters. Forty-three patients with ALS (25 males) and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy controls underwent MRI on a 3T scanner. We used T1-weighted 3D images covering the whole brain and the cervical SC to estimate cervical SC area and eccentricity at C2/C3 level using validated software (SpineSeg). Disease severity was quantified with the ALSFRS-R and ALS Severity scores. SC areas of patients and controls were compared with a Mann-Whitney test. We used linear regression to investigate association between SC area and clinical parameters. Results showed that mean age of patients and disease duration were 53.1 ± 12.2 years and 34.0 ± 29.8 months, respectively. The two groups were significantly different regarding SC areas (67.8 ± 6.8 mm² vs. 59.5 ± 8.4 mm², p < 0.001). Eccentricity values were similar in both groups (p = 0.394). SC areas correlated with disease duration (r = - 0.585, p < 0.001), ALSFRS-R score (r = 0.309, p = 0.044) and ALS Severity scale (r = 0.347, p = 0.022). In conclusion, patients with ALS have SC atrophy, but no flattening. In addition, SC areas correlated with disease duration and functional status. These data suggest that quantitative MRI of the SC may be a useful biomarker in the disease.

Infratentorial Gray Matter Atrophy And Excess In Primary Craniocervical Dystonia.

Primary craniocervical dystonia (CCD) is generally attributed to functional abnormalities in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamocortical loops, but cerebellar pathways have also been implicated in neuroimaging studies. Hence, our purpose was to perform a volumetric evaluation of the infratentorial structures in CCD. We compared 35 DYT1/DYT6 negative patients with CCD and 35 healthy controls. Cerebellar volume was evaluated using manual volumetry (DISPLAY software) and infratentorial volume by voxel based morphometry of gray matter (GM) segments derived from T1 weighted 3 T MRI using the SUIT tool (SPM8/Dartel). We used t-tests to compare infratentorial volumes between groups. Cerebellar volume was (1.14 ± 0.17) × 10(2) cm(3) for controls and (1.13 ± 0.14) × 10(2) cm(3) for patients; p = 0.74. VBM demonstrated GM increase in the left I-IV cerebellar lobules and GM decrease in the left lobules VI and Crus I and in the right lobules VI, Crus I and VIIIb. In a secondary analysis, VBM demonstrated GM increase also in the brainstem, mostly in the pons. While gray matter increase is observed in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and in the brainstem, the atrophy is concentrated in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, demonstrating a differential pattern of infratentorial involvement in CCD. This study shows subtle structural abnormalities of the cerebellum and brainstem in primary CCD.

Multimodal Mri-based Study In Patients With Spg4 Mutations.

Mutations in the SPG4 gene (SPG4-HSP) are the most frequent cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia, but the extent of the neurodegeneration related to the disease is not yet known. Therefore, our objective is to identify regions of the central nervous system damaged in patients with SPG4-HSP using a multi-modal neuroimaging approach. In addition, we aimed to identify possible clinical correlates of such damage. Eleven patients (mean age 46.0 ± 15.0 years, 8 men) with molecular confirmation of hereditary spastic paraplegia, and 23 matched healthy controls (mean age 51.4 ± 14.1years, 17 men) underwent MRI scans in a 3T scanner. We used 3D T1 images to perform volumetric measurements of the brain and spinal cord. We then performed tract-based spatial statistics and tractography analyses of diffusion tensor images to assess microstructural integrity of white matter tracts. Disease severity was quantified with the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale. Correlations were then carried out between MRI metrics and clinical data. Volumetric analyses did not identify macroscopic abnormalities in the brain of hereditary spastic paraplegia patients. In contrast, we found extensive fractional anisotropy reduction in the corticospinal tracts, cingulate gyri and splenium of the corpus callosum. Spinal cord morphometry identified atrophy without flattening in the group of patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum and pyramidal tracts did correlate with disease severity. Hereditary spastic paraplegia is characterized by relative sparing of the cortical mantle and remarkable damage to the distal portions of the corticospinal tracts, extending into the spinal cord.

Are Human Peripheral Nerves Sensitive To X-ray Imaging?

Diagnostic imaging techniques play an important role in assessing the exact location, cause, and extent of a nerve lesion, thus allowing clinicians to diagnose and manage more effectively a variety of pathological conditions, such as entrapment syndromes, traumatic injuries, and space-occupying lesions. Ultrasound and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are becoming useful methods for this purpose, but they still lack spatial resolution. In this regard, recent phase contrast x-ray imaging experiments of peripheral nerve allowed the visualization of each nerve fiber surrounded by its myelin sheath as clearly as optical microscopy. In the present study, we attempted to produce high-resolution x-ray phase contrast images of a human sciatic nerve by using synchrotron radiation propagation-based imaging. The images showed high contrast and high spatial resolution, allowing clear identification of each fascicle structure and surrounding connective tissue. The outstanding result is the detection of such structures by phase contrast x-ray tomography of a thick human sciatic nerve section. This may further enable the identification of diverse pathological patterns, such as Wallerian degeneration, hypertrophic neuropathy, inflammatory infiltration, leprosy neuropathy and amyloid deposits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful phase contrast x-ray imaging experiment of a human peripheral nerve sample. Our long-term goal is to develop peripheral nerve imaging methods that could supersede biopsy procedures.

Cerebral Cortex Involvement In Machado-joseph Disease.

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) is the most frequent spinocerebellar ataxia, characterized by brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebellar damage. Few magnetic resonance imaging based studies have investigated damage in the cerebral cortex. The objective was to determine whether patients with MJD/SCA3 have cerebral cortex atrophy, to identify regions more susceptible to damage and to look for the clinical and neuropsychological correlates of such lesions. Forty-nine patients with MJD/SCA3 (mean age 47.7 ± 13.0 years, 27 men) and 49 matched healthy controls were enrolled. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans in a 3 T device, and three-dimensional T1 images were used for volumetric analyses. Measurement of cortical thickness and volume was performed using the FreeSurfer software. Groups were compared using ancova with age, gender and estimated intracranial volume as covariates, and a general linear model was used to assess correlations between atrophy and clinical variables. Mean CAG expansion, Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) score and age at onset were 72.1 ± 4.2, 14.7 ± 7.3 and 37.5 ± 12.5 years, respectively. The main findings were (i) bilateral paracentral cortex atrophy, as well as the caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior and transverse temporal gyri, and lateral occipital cortex in the left hemisphere and supramarginal gyrus in the right hemisphere; (ii) volumetric reduction of basal ganglia and hippocampi; (iii) a significant correlation between SARA and brainstem and precentral gyrus atrophy. Furthermore, some of the affected cortical regions showed significant correlations with neuropsychological data. Patients with MJD/SCA3 have widespread cortical and subcortical atrophy. These structural findings correlate with clinical manifestations of the disease, which support the concept that cognitive/motor impairment and cerebral damage are related in disease.

Spinal Cord Damage In Machado-joseph Disease.

Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3) is the most frequent spinocerebellar ataxia worldwide and characterized by remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity. MRI-based studies in SCA3 focused in the cerebellum and connections, but little is known about cord damage in the disease and its clinical relevance. To evaluate the spinal cord damage in SCA3 through quantitative analysis of MRI scans. A group of 48 patients with SCA3 and 48 age and gender-matched healthy controls underwent MRI on a 3T scanner. We used T1-weighted 3D images to estimate the cervical spinal cord area (CA) and eccentricity (CE) at three C2/C3 levels based on a semi-automatic image segmentation protocol. The scale for assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) was employed to quantify disease severity. The two groups-SCA3 and controls-were significantly different regarding CA (49.5 ± 7.3 vs 67.2 ± 6.3 mm(2), p < 0.001) and CE values (0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.75 ± 0.05, p = 0.005). In addition, CA presented a significant correlation with SARA scores in the patient group (p = 0.010). CE was not associated with SARA scores (p = 0.857). In the multiple variable regression, we found that disease duration was the only variable associated with CA (coefficient = -0.629, p = 0.025). SCA3 is characterized by cervical cord atrophy and antero-posterior flattening. In addition, the spinal cord areas did correlate with disease severity. This suggests that quantitative analyses of the spinal cord MRI might be a useful biomarker in SCA3.

P16(ink) (4a) Expression As A Potential Marker Of Low-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Progression.

To evaluate p16(INK) (4a) immunoexpression in CIN1 lesions looking for differences between cases that progress to CIN2/3 maintain CIN1 diagnosis, or spontaneously regress. Seventy-four CIN1 biopsies were studied. In the follow-up, a second biopsy was performed and 28.7% showed no lesion (regression), 37.9% maintained CIN1, and 33.4% progressed to CIN2/3. Immunostaining for p16(INK) (4a) was performed in the first biopsy and it was considered positive when there was strong and diffuse staining of the basal and parabasal layers. Pearson's chi-square was used to compare the groups (p ≤ 0.05). The age of the patients was similar. There was no significant difference in p16(INK) (4a) immunoexpression in the groups, however, statistical analyses showed a significant association when only the progression and regression groups were compared (p = 0.042). Considering p16(INK) (4a) positivity and the progression to CIN2/3, the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values in our cohort were 45%, 75%, 47%, and 94%, respectively. We emphasize that CIN1 with p16(INK) (4a) staining was associated with lesion progression, but the sensitivity was not high. However, the negative predictive value was more reliable (94%) and p16(INK) (4a) may represent a useful biomarker that can identify CIN1 lesions that need particular attention, complementing morphology.

Whipple's disease with neurological manifestions: case report

Whipple's disease (WD) is an uncommon multisystem condition caused by the bacillus Tropheryma whipplei. Central nervous system involvement is a classical feature of the disease observed in 20 to 40% of the patients. We report the case of a 62 yeards old man with WD that developed neurological manifestations during its course, and discuss the most usual signs and symptoms focusing on recent diagnostic criteria and novel treatment regimens.