O Sistema de Protecção Social de Cabo Verde: Uma análise do Regime de Protecção Social Obrigatória

Neste trabalho propomo-nos descrever o sistema de Protecção Social de Cabo Verde e analisar detalhadamente o regime de Protecção Social Obrigatória, a cargo do Instituto Nacional de Previdência Social. Para tal, numa primeira fase, procedemos à apresentação da arquitectura do sistema, com destaque para o regime de Protecção Social Obrigatória. De seguida, e no âmbito dos problemas de sustentabilidade que têm surgido em sistemas de segurança social de outros países, efectuamos uma análise de gestão da carteira constituída com os excedentes deste regime no período 2000-2009. Em síntese, concluímos que a rendibilidade da carteira no período em análise foi elevada e relativamente estável. Quanto ao risco da carteira, embora de difícil apreciação devido à falta de alguma informação relevante, tem-se mantido em níveis adequados à baixa maturidade do sistema de protecção social de Cabo Verde. A avaliação do desempenho da carteira é, portanto, aceitável.

A new spot-thoraxed species of Drosophila from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

Drosophila boraceia sp. nov. is described from a single male specimen collected at the Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Salesópolis, state of São Paulo, Brazil. At first inspection it looks like a species of Drosophila belonging to the fasciola subgroup of the repleta group, mainly because of the fasciola-like pattern of fused spots on the thorax. However, mostly due to the quite distinct structures of the male terminalia, it seems to be more similar to one ungrouped and also spot-thoraxed South American species, Drosophila atalaia Vilela & Sene, 1982. Illustrations of the terminalia are also provided.

Activities of tabanids (Diptera, Tabanidae) attacking domestic duck-Cairina moschata (Linnaeus) (Aves, Anatidae), introduced in a forest area in the Central Amazon, Manaus, Brazil

Presented here are the feeding habits, attack behavior, daily and annual activity of adult of Phorcotabanus cinereus (Wiedeman, 1821), Chrysops laetus (Fabricius, 1805) and Phaeotabanus cajennensis (Fabricius, 1787), while biting a domestic duck, Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758). The last two species were recorded for the first time attacking birds. This study comprehended monthly observations of two consecutive days from April/97 to March/98 between 5:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. at the Army Instructional Base ((BI-2/CIGS) near Manaus. Annual occurrence of P. cinereus was from July to September, with a daily occurrence between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. and highest activity at 12:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. C. laetus ocurred from June to October; with a daily occurrence between 8:00 a.m. and 3 p.m. and highest activity at 11:00 and 12:00 a.m. Occurrence of P. cajennensis with one specimen only, was in July between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m.

The housing boom and forest fires

This paper provides evidence that the combination of land-use restrictions and anincreasing demand for housing can create incentives to induce forest fires as a means tocircumvent regulation and increase the supply of land available for residential construction.I estimate the effect of the price of housing on the incidence of forest fires using Spanishdata by region for 1991-2005. The results suggest that higher house prices led to asignificant increase in the incidence of forest fires in a region. I also find that the increasedincidence of forest fires led to a subsequent reduction in forest area and an increase in urbanland area. This evidence supports the claims often found in the media that propertyspeculators trying to build in forest land may be behind the recent increases in the incidenceof forest fires in Mediterranean countries.

O Regime Jurídico Do Espaço Aéreo

A história da nossa civilização nos ensinou e demonstrou que o homem sapiens desde sempre sonhava e tentava por várias formas imitar os pássaros. Mais importante é que não obstante várias tentativas falhadas, continuou a sua caminhada, acreditando que era possível um dia fazer aquilo que as aves faziam ou ainda muito melhor. A actividade humana esteve sempre e continuará no futuro procurando caminhos menos tortuosos para reduzir distâncias entre povos, descobrindo coisas e aprimorando realações humanas. A regulação jurídica do espaço aéreo, a sua história ao longo dos tempos, nasceu precisamente da necessidade dos Estados procurarem formas eficazes e eficientes de ordenar juridicamente a utilização do espaço aéreo. Hoje é quase impensável viver na terra sem pensar na utilização ordenada, criteriosa e segura do espaço áereo. Assim, a regulação do espaçao áereo desde sempre constituiu e continua a constituir uma das maiores preocupações dos Estados soberanos.

Species of Euglossa (Glossura) in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, with taxonomic notes on Euglossa stellfeldi Moure (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina)

The species of Euglossa (Glossura) occuring in the Brazilian Atlantic forest were revised and an identification key to males and females is provided. The status of Euglossa annectans Dressler and E. stellfeldi Moure is reevaluated and the latter species is transferred from E. (Glossura) to E. (Glossurella). Here we also synonymize E. carinilabris Dressler under E. stellfeldi. Taxonomic notes are provided and relevant morphological features are illustred. Latitudinal color variation along the Brazilian Atlantic forest, found in two of the species studied here, is also presented and discussed.

Improving generalized regression analysis for the spatial prediction of forest communities

Aim This study used data from temperate forest communities to assess: (1) five different stepwise selection methods with generalized additive models, (2) the effect of weighting absences to ensure a prevalence of 0.5, (3) the effect of limiting absences beyond the environmental envelope defined by presences, (4) four different methods for incorporating spatial autocorrelation, and (5) the effect of integrating an interaction factor defined by a regression tree on the residuals of an initial environmental model. Location State of Vaud, western Switzerland. Methods Generalized additive models (GAMs) were fitted using the grasp package (generalized regression analysis and spatial predictions, http://www.cscf.ch/grasp). Results Model selection based on cross-validation appeared to be the best compromise between model stability and performance (parsimony) among the five methods tested. Weighting absences returned models that perform better than models fitted with the original sample prevalence. This appeared to be mainly due to the impact of very low prevalence values on evaluation statistics. Removing zeroes beyond the range of presences on main environmental gradients changed the set of selected predictors, and potentially their response curve shape. Moreover, removing zeroes slightly improved model performance and stability when compared with the baseline model on the same data set. Incorporating a spatial trend predictor improved model performance and stability significantly. Even better models were obtained when including local spatial autocorrelation. A novel approach to include interactions proved to be an efficient way to account for interactions between all predictors at once. Main conclusions Models and spatial predictions of 18 forest communities were significantly improved by using either: (1) cross-validation as a model selection method, (2) weighted absences, (3) limited absences, (4) predictors accounting for spatial autocorrelation, or (5) a factor variable accounting for interactions between all predictors. The final choice of model strategy should depend on the nature of the available data and the specific study aims. Statistical evaluation is useful in searching for the best modelling practice. However, one should not neglect to consider the shapes and interpretability of response curves, as well as the resulting spatial predictions in the final assessment.

Seasonality and temporal structuration of Alticini community (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in the Araucaria Forest of Parana, Brazil

Seasonality was studied for Alticini trapped with malaise over a period of two years in the Vila Velha State Park, Parana, Brazil. Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae and Alticini showed seasonal distribution, with the highest abundance during spring and summer months. The abundance peaks of these groups were not synchronized. Of all environmental variables tested, photoperiod had the larger effect on the distributional patterns of Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae and Alticini. Also, Chrysomelidae and Alticini probably are related to the quality and availability of host-plants. When richness was high there was a greater similarity among seasons of different years. However, when richness was not pronounced, seasons showed more similarity within the same year than between years. The Alticini community was seasonally structured and a possible mechanism underlying this pattern is asymmetric competition. Nevertheless, it is necessary to account for indirect interactions (plant-enemy mediated) to better understand how Alticini community is structured.

Drosophilids (Diptera) from an Atlantic Forest Area in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil

The present work aims at knowing the faunal composition of drosophilids in forest areas of southern Brazil. Besides, estimation of species richness for this fauna is briefly discussed. The sampling were carried out in three well-preserved areas of the Atlantic Rain Forest in the State of Santa Catarina. In this study, 136,931 specimens were captured and 96.6% of them were identified in the specific level. The observed species richness (153 species) is the largest that has been registered in faunal inventories conducted in Brazil. Sixty-three of the captured species did not fit to the available descriptions, and we believe that most of them are non-described species. The incidence-based estimators tended to give rise to the largest richness estimates while the abundance based give rise to the smallest ones. Such estimators suggest the presence from 172.28 to 220.65 species in the studied area. Based on these values, from 69.35 to 88.81% of the expected species richness were sampled. We suggest that the large richness recorded in this study is a consequence of the large sampling effort, the capture method, recent advances in the taxonomy of drosophilids, the high preservation level and the large extension of the sampled fragment and the high complexity of the Atlantic Rain forest. Finally, our data set suggest that the employment of estimators of richness for drosophilid assemblages is useful but it requires caution.

New species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Brazilian Atlantic forest

In this study three new Brazilian species of Hymenoepimecis are described and illustrated. The specimens were collected using sweeping the vegetation and Malaise traps in areas of Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil. The material described is figured with digital images.

Regime jurídico dos portos, tendências e desafios ao nível internacional. O caso de Cabo Verde

O regime jurídico consagrado na primeira Lei dos Portos de Cabo Verde reflete a visão de médio e longo prazo do Governo, os valores fundamentais da comunidade portuária e da sociedade a que está sendo aplicada desde o arranque da importante reforma legislativa despoletada a partir de 2010 no setor portuário e marítimo, encarando como um dos objetivos principais destes diplomas a transformação do modelo de gestão dos portos pela ENAPOR,S.A. num modelo de Landlord Port, com os privados a desenvolver na linha da frente as atividades de operação e serviços portuários a serem concessionados, como forma diferenciada de governação das atividades do aludido sector. Preparar paralelamente um pacote legislativo que abrangesse o Projeto de Lei dos Portos e a respetiva regulamentação e as bases gerais da Concessão Geral dos Portos e a sua regulamentação, assim como o Código Marítimo foi, por isso mesmo, uma tarefa e um desafio consideráveis na vertente técnica e política. O Governo soube ler as tendências e as reais possibilidades económica e financeiras dos mercados portuários de interesse geral, atento ao debate ocorrido noutros países relativo ao processo de reformas e os impactos sobre a organização e o funcionamento do sistema económico conexo às atividades portuárias, incluindo as consequências das respetivas ações de liberalização e privatização. E ainda a necessidade do País continuar a abrir-se de forma mais intensa e num ritmo mais acelerado para o processo progressivo de liberalização e privatização das atividades económicas a ele associadas, transferindo para a gestão privada importantes sectores económicos, ainda que continue a ser reservado ao sector público um significativo papel de coordenação e integração de atividades, assegurando o Estado alguma responsabilidade no investimento em infraestruturas essenciais e de regulação sobre os segmentos que serão objeto de privatização a curtíssimo prazo. A presente dissertação é o resultante da consolidação dos ricos e profundos conhecimentos teóricos especializados a nível internacional obtidos ao longo deste Curso de Mestrado ministrado pelos Professores da Universidade de Valladolid, aliados à troca profícua de experiências com os Consultores estrangeiros encarregues do VI aperfeiçoamento do pacote de leis atrás referido e do Grupo de Trabalho do IMP e da ENAPOR de que fiz parte. Fizemos um breve e abrangente balanço sobre os objetivos traçados e os caminhos já trilhados e por trilhar a curtíssimo, curto, médio e longo prazo, os ganhos já alcançados, comparando a nossa realidade e a evolução de outros Estados portuários. Com o presente trabalho pretende-se fazer uma avaliação sobre as etapas essenciais dos processos de reformas portuárias, no plano internacional e em Cabo Verde, na fase anterior às concessões, procurando perspetivar teoricamente as questões essenciais que, do ponto de vista organizativo e em relação ao modelo de regulação e de governação, nos seus diferentes planos de concretização, permitirão gizar os caminhos mais eficazes para o desenvolvimento da atividade dos portos cabo-verdianos.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of Alticini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in a fragment of Araucaria Forest in the state of Parana, Brazil

Alticini fauna from five areas, two with different types of management (Borda and Araucaria) and three with different levels of conservation (Fase 1, Fase 2 and Fase 3), in the Araucaria Forest of the Parana was captured with malaise traps. The material was collected weekly, from September/1999 to August/2001, in the Parque Estadual of Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa. 1,891 individuals of 106 Alticini species were collected with only seven species common to all areas. Despite the proximity between sampling areas, the number of species shared between pairs of areas was low, not reaching 40%, with the Araucaria and Fase 1 areas being the most similar. The community structure of the areas Fase 1 and Fase 2 were most related. Fase 1, in initial stage of succession, showed the largert variation in the abundance and richness from one year to another.