918 resultados para Fiji, Rule Of Law, Courts and Justice Systems, Judiciary, Legal Profession
Resumo:
Resumo: a criao dum Tribunal Constitucional Internacional, no nosso entender, uma exigncia da prpria Declarao Universal dos Direitos do Homem de 1948. Neste texto so apresentados uma srie de argumentos velhos e novos para a importncia da existncia do Tribunal Constitucional Internacional a nvel mundial. Trata-se dum Tribunal que indispensvel defesa dos Direitos do Homem, contra qualquer tipo de ditadura ou fanatismo econmico, social, poltico, cultural ou mental. Abstract: the creation of an International Constitutional Court, in our view, is a requirement of own Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. In this paper are given a lot of old and new arguments for the importance of the existence of the International Constitutional Court worldwide. It is of a Court that is indispensable to the defense of human rights, against all forms of dictatorship or economic fanaticism, social, political, cultural or mental.
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The thesis, prepared with basis on deductive reasoning (through the utilization of general concepts of the fundamental rights theory) and on inductive logic (by means of the consideration of particular situations in which the theme has been approached) deals with the criminal investigation and the prohibition of anonymity in the Brazilian law system. The state criminal investigation activity presents not only a substantial constitutional basis, due to the objective dimension of fundamental rights (which imposes an obligation to protect these essential values), but also a formal constitutional basis, arising from the administrative principles of rule of law, morality and efficiency, referred to in article 37 of the Constitution. The criminal investigation, however, is not an unlimited pursuit, being restrained by the duty to consider fundamental rights that oppose to its realization. One of the limits of the state investigation activity, in the Brazilian law system, is the prohibition of anonymity, referred to in article 5, IV, of the Constitution. This prohibition is a direct constitutional restriction to the freedom of expression that aims to ensure the credibility of the diffusion of ideas and prevent the abusive exercise of this fundamental right, which could harm both persons and the state, with no possibility of punishment to the offending party. Generally, based on this prohibition, it is affirmed that a criminal investigation cannot begin and progress founded on anonymous communication of crimes. Informations about crimes to the investigative authorities require the correct identification of the stakeholders. Therefore, it is sustained that the prohibition of anonymity also comprehends the prohibition of utilization of pseudonyms and heteronyms. The main purpose of this essay is to recognize the limits and possibilities in starting and conducting criminal investigations based on communication of crimes made by unidentified persons, behind the veil of anonymity or hidden by pseudonyms or heteronyms. Although the prohibition of article 5, IV, of the Constitution is not submitted to direct or indirect constitutional restrictions, this impediment can be object of mitigation in certain cases, in attention to the constitutional values that support state investigation. The pertinence analysis of the restrictions to the constitutional anonymity prohibition must consider the proportionality, integrated by the partial elements of adequacy, necessity and strict sense proportionality. The criminal investigation is a means to achieve a purpose, the protection of fundamental rights, because the disclosure of facts, through the investigatory activity, gives rise to the accomplishment of measures in order to prevent or punish the violations eventually verified. So, the start and the development of the state criminal investigation activity, based on a crime communication carried out by an unidentified person, will depend on the demonstration that the setting up and continuity of an investigation procedure, in each case, are an adequate, necessary and (in a strict sense) proportional means to the protection of fundamental rights
Impacto del entorno institucional en la financiacin pblico-privada de infraestructuras de transporte
Resumo:
Actualmente el sector privado posee un papel relevante en la provisin y gestin de infraestructuras de transporte en los pases de ingreso mediobajo, principalmente a travs de los proyectos de participacin pblicoprivada (PPPs). Muchos pases han impulsado este tipo de proyectos con el fin de hacer frente a la gran demanda de infraestructuras de transporte existente, debido a la escasez de recursos pblicos y a la falta de eficiencia en la provisin de los servicios pblicos. Como resultado, las PPPs han experimentado un crecimiento importante en las ltimas dos dcadas a nivel mundial. A pesar de esta tendencia creciente, muchos pases no han sido capaces de atraer la participacin del sector privado para la provisin de sus infraestructuras o no han logrado el nivel de participacin privada que habran requerido para alcanzar sus objetivos. Segn numerosos autores, el desarrollo y el xito de los proyectos PPP de infraestructuras de transporte de cualquier pas est condicionado por una diversidad de factores, siendo uno de ellos la calidad de su entorno institucional. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal analizar la influencia del entorno institucional en el volumen de inversin en proyectos de participacin pblicoprivada de infraestructuras de transporte en los pases de ingreso mediobajo. Para acometer dicho objetivo se ha realizado un anlisis emprico de 81 pases distribuidos en seis regiones del mundo, durante el periodo 19962013. En el anlisis se han desarrollado dos modelos empricos aplicando principalmente dos metodologas: el contraste de hiptesis y los modelos de datos de panel Tobit. El desarrollo de estos modelos ha permitido analizar de una forma exhaustiva el tema de estudio. Los resultados obtenidos aportan evidencia de que la calidad del entorno institucional posee una influencia significativa en el volumen de inversin en los proyectos PPP de transporte. En general, en esta tesis se muestran evidencias empricas de que el sector privado ha tendido a invertir en mayor medida en pases con entornos institucionales fuertes, es decir, en aquellos pases en los que ha existido un mayor nivel de Estado de derecho, estabilidad poltica y regulatoria, efectividad del gobierno, as como un mayor control de la corrupcin. Adems, aquellos pases donde se ha registrado una mejora en el nivel de su calidad institucional tambin han experimentado un incremento en el volumen de inversin en PPP de transporte. The private sector has an important role in the provision and management of transport infrastructure in countries of mediumlow income, primarily through projects of publicprivate partnerships (PPPs). Many countries have developed PPP projects to meet the high demand of transport infrastructure, due to the scarcity of public resources and the lack of efficiency in the provision of public services. As a result, PPPs have experienced a significant growth, worldwide, in the past two decades. Despite this growing trend, many countries have not been able to attract private sector participation in the provision of infrastructure or have not accomplished the level of private participation that would have required to achieve its objectives. According to various authors, the development of PPP projects for transport infrastructure is determined by a number of factors, one of them being the quality of the institutional environment. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the influence of the institutional environment on the volume of investment, in projects of publicprivate partnerships for transport infrastructure in countries of mediumlow income. In order to meet this objective, we conducted an empirical analysis of 81 countries, in six regions of the world, during the period of 19962013. The analysis used two empirical models, implementing different methodologies and various statistical techniques: hypothesis testing, and Tobit model using panel data. The development of these models allowed to carry out a more comprehensive analysis. The results show that the quality of the institutional environment has a significant influence on the volume of investment in PPP projects of transport. Overall, this dissertation shows that the private sector tends to invest more in countries with stronger institutional environments, i.e. countries where there has been a higher level of Rule of Law, political and regulatory stability, and an effective control of corruption. In addition, those that have improved the level of institutional quality have also experienced an increase in the volume of investment in PPP of transport.
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Cyberbullying is gaining increasing media attention. Victims may be reluctant to report such bullying due to the perception by others that these victims somehow play a role in their own victimization. This perception, often referred to as victim blame, has been commonly researched in child sexual abuse, rape and hate crime cases, but it has not really been examined in cases of cyberbullying. To assess victim blame, 241 participants were recruited and asked to read a scenario of cyberbullying that involved either a 14-year-old or a 20-year old victim. Perpetrator gender and victim gender were also manipulated. It was found that perceptions regarding the scenario were influenced by the gender of the perpetrator and the age of the victim. This was particularly the case when perceptions of the seriousness of the crime and the necessity for legal action were assessed.
Resumo:
This work explores the idea of constitutional justice in Africa with a focus on constitutional interpretation in Ghana and Nigeria. The objective is to develop a theory of constitutional interpretation based upon a conception of law that allows the existing constitutions of Ghana and Nigeria to be construed by the courts as law in a manner that best serves the collective wellbeing of the people. The project involves an examination of both legal theory and substantive constitutional law. The theoretical argument will be applied to show how a proper understanding of the ideals of the rule of law and constitutionalism in Ghana and Nigeria necessitate the conclusion that socio-economic rights in those countries are constitutionally protected and judicially enforceable. The thesis argues that this conclusion follows from a general claim that constitutions should represent a fundamental law and must be construed as an aspirational moral ideal for the common good of the people. The argument is essentially about the inherent character of legality or the rule of law. It weaves together ideas developed by Lon Fuller, Ronald Dworkin, T.R.S. Allan and David Dyzenhaus, as well as the strand of common law constitutionalism associated with Sir Edward Coke, to develop a moral sense of law that transcends the confines of positive or explicit law while remaining inherently legal as opposed to purely moral or political. What emerges is an unwritten fundamental law of reason located between pure morality or natural law on the one hand and strict, explicit, or positive law on the other. It is argued that this fundamental law is, or should be, the basis of constitutional interpretation, especially in transitional democracies like Ghana and Nigeria, and that it grounds constitutional protection for socio-economic rights. Equipped with this theory of law, courts in developing African countries like Ghana and Nigeria will be in a better position to contribute towards developing a real sense of constitutional justice for Africa.
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"July 1981."
Resumo:
This work explores the idea of constitutional justice in Africa with a focus on constitutional interpretation in Ghana and Nigeria. The objective is to develop a theory of constitutional interpretation based upon a conception of law that allows the existing constitutions of Ghana and Nigeria to be construed by the courts as law in a manner that best serves the collective wellbeing of the people. The project involves an examination of both legal theory and substantive constitutional law. The theoretical argument will be applied to show how a proper understanding of the ideals of the rule of law and constitutionalism in Ghana and Nigeria necessitate the conclusion that socio-economic rights in those countries are constitutionally protected and judicially enforceable. The thesis argues that this conclusion follows from a general claim that constitutions should represent a fundamental law and must be construed as an aspirational moral ideal for the common good of the people. The argument is essentially about the inherent character of legality or the rule of law. It weaves together ideas developed by Lon Fuller, Ronald Dworkin, T.R.S. Allan and David Dyzenhaus, as well as the strand of common law constitutionalism associated with Sir Edward Coke, to develop a moral sense of law that transcends the confines of positive or explicit law while remaining inherently legal as opposed to purely moral or political. What emerges is an unwritten fundamental law of reason located between pure morality or natural law on the one hand and strict, explicit, or positive law on the other. It is argued that this fundamental law is, or should be, the basis of constitutional interpretation, especially in transitional democracies like Ghana and Nigeria, and that it grounds constitutional protection for socio-economic rights. Equipped with this theory of law, courts in developing African countries like Ghana and Nigeria will be in a better position to contribute towards developing a real sense of constitutional justice for Africa.
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Attitudes towards legal authorities based on theories of procedural justice have been explored extensively in the criminal and civil justice systems. This has provided considerable empirical evidence concerning the importance of trust and legitimacy in generating cooperation, compliance and decision acceptance. However, not enough attention has been paid to attitudes towards institutions of informal dispute resolution. This paper asks whether the theory of procedural justice applies to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) context, focusing on ombuds services. What are the predictors of perceptions of procedural justice during the process of dealing with an ombuds, and what factors shape outcome acceptance? These questions are analyzed using a sample of recent ombuds users. The results indicate that outcome favorability is highly correlated with perceived procedural justice, and both predict decision acceptance.
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Cette thse examine linterprtation et lapplication, par lHaute Cour d'Isral (HCJ), de principes du droit international de loccupation et du droit international des droits de la personne dans le traitement de requtes judiciaires formules par des justiciables palestiniens. Elle sintresse plus particulirement aux jugements rendus depuis le dclenchement de la deuxime Intifada (2000) suite des requtes mettant en cause la lgalit des mesures adoptes par les autorits israliennes au nom dun besoin prtendu daccroitre la scurit des colonies et des colons israliens dans le territoire occup de la Cisjordanie. La premire question sous tude concerne la mesure dans laquelle la Cour offre un recours effectif aux demandeurs palestiniens face aux violations allgues de leurs droits internationaux par loccupant. La recherche fait sienne la position de la HJC selon laquelle le droit de loccupation est guid par une logique interne tenant compte de la balance des intrts en cause, en loccurrence le besoin de scurit de loccupant, dune part, et les droits fondamentaux de loccup, dautre part. Elle considre, en outre, que cette logique se voit reflte dans les principes normatifs constituant la base de ce corpus juridique, soit que loccupation est par sa nature temporaire, que de loccupation dcoule un rapport de fiduciaire et, finalement, que loccupant nacquiert point de souverainet sur le territoire. Ainsi, la deuxime question qui est pose est de savoir si linterprtation du droit par la Cour (HCJ) a eu pour effet de promouvoir ces principes normatifs ou, au contraire, de leur porter prjudice. La runion de plusieurs facteurs, savoir la dure prolonge de loccupation de la Cisjordanie par Isral, la menace accrue la scurit depuis 2000 ainsi quune politique de colonisation isralienne active, soutenue par ltat, prsentent un cas de figure unique pour vrifier lhypothse selon laquelle les tribunaux nationaux des tats dmocratiques, gnralement, et ceux jouant le rle de la plus haute instance judiciaire dune puissance occupante, spcifiquement, parviennent assurer la protection des droits et liberts fondamentaux et de la primaut du droit au niveau international. Le premier chapitre prsente une tude, la lumire du premier principe normatif nonc ci-haut, des jugements rendus par la HCJ dans les dossiers contestant la lgalit de la construction du mur lintrieur de la Cisjordanie et de la zone dite ferme (Seam Zone), ainsi que des zones de scurit spciales entourant les colonies. Le deuxime chapitre analyse, cette fois la lumire du deuxime principe normatif, des jugements dans les dossiers mettant en cause des restrictions sur les dplacements imposes aux Palestiniens dans le but allgu de protger la scurit des colonies et/ou des colons. Le troisime chapitre jette un regard sur les jugements rendus dans les dossiers mettant en cause la lgalit du trac du mur lintrieur et sur le pourtour du territoire annex de Jrusalem-Est. Les conclusions dcoulant de cette recherche se fondent sur des donnes tires dentrevues menes auprs davocats israliens qui sadressent rgulirement la HCJ pour le compte de justiciables palestiniens.
Resumo:
Cette thse examine linterprtation et lapplication, par lHaute Cour d'Isral (HCJ), de principes du droit international de loccupation et du droit international des droits de la personne dans le traitement de requtes judiciaires formules par des justiciables palestiniens. Elle sintresse plus particulirement aux jugements rendus depuis le dclenchement de la deuxime Intifada (2000) suite des requtes mettant en cause la lgalit des mesures adoptes par les autorits israliennes au nom dun besoin prtendu daccroitre la scurit des colonies et des colons israliens dans le territoire occup de la Cisjordanie. La premire question sous tude concerne la mesure dans laquelle la Cour offre un recours effectif aux demandeurs palestiniens face aux violations allgues de leurs droits internationaux par loccupant. La recherche fait sienne la position de la HJC selon laquelle le droit de loccupation est guid par une logique interne tenant compte de la balance des intrts en cause, en loccurrence le besoin de scurit de loccupant, dune part, et les droits fondamentaux de loccup, dautre part. Elle considre, en outre, que cette logique se voit reflte dans les principes normatifs constituant la base de ce corpus juridique, soit que loccupation est par sa nature temporaire, que de loccupation dcoule un rapport de fiduciaire et, finalement, que loccupant nacquiert point de souverainet sur le territoire. Ainsi, la deuxime question qui est pose est de savoir si linterprtation du droit par la Cour (HCJ) a eu pour effet de promouvoir ces principes normatifs ou, au contraire, de leur porter prjudice. La runion de plusieurs facteurs, savoir la dure prolonge de loccupation de la Cisjordanie par Isral, la menace accrue la scurit depuis 2000 ainsi quune politique de colonisation isralienne active, soutenue par ltat, prsentent un cas de figure unique pour vrifier lhypothse selon laquelle les tribunaux nationaux des tats dmocratiques, gnralement, et ceux jouant le rle de la plus haute instance judiciaire dune puissance occupante, spcifiquement, parviennent assurer la protection des droits et liberts fondamentaux et de la primaut du droit au niveau international. Le premier chapitre prsente une tude, la lumire du premier principe normatif nonc ci-haut, des jugements rendus par la HCJ dans les dossiers contestant la lgalit de la construction du mur lintrieur de la Cisjordanie et de la zone dite ferme (Seam Zone), ainsi que des zones de scurit spciales entourant les colonies. Le deuxime chapitre analyse, cette fois la lumire du deuxime principe normatif, des jugements dans les dossiers mettant en cause des restrictions sur les dplacements imposes aux Palestiniens dans le but allgu de protger la scurit des colonies et/ou des colons. Le troisime chapitre jette un regard sur les jugements rendus dans les dossiers mettant en cause la lgalit du trac du mur lintrieur et sur le pourtour du territoire annex de Jrusalem-Est. Les conclusions dcoulant de cette recherche se fondent sur des donnes tires dentrevues menes auprs davocats israliens qui sadressent rgulirement la HCJ pour le compte de justiciables palestiniens.
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The paper deals with a bilateral accident situation in which victims haveheterogeneous costs of care. With perfect information,efficient care bythe injurer raises with the victim's cost. When the injurer cannot observeat all the victim's type, and this fact can be verified by Courts, first-bestcannot be implemented with the use of a negligence rule based on thefirst-best levels of care. Second-best leads the injurer to intermediate care,and the two types of victims to choose the best response to it. This second-bestsolution can be easily implemented by a negligence rule with second-best as duecare. We explore imperfect observation of the victim's type, characterizing theoptimal solution and examining the different legal alternatives when Courts cannotverify the injurers' statements. Counterintuitively, we show that there is nodifference at all between the use by Courts of a rule of complete trust and arule of complete distrust towards the injurers' statements. We then relate thefindings of the model to existing rules and doctrines in Common Law and Civil Lawlegal systems.
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Conventional wisdom holds that economic analysis of law is either embryonic or nonexistent outside of the United States generally and in civil law jurisdictions in particular. Existing explanations for the assumed lack of interest in the application of economic reasoning to legal problems range from the different structure of legal education and academia outside of the United States to the peculiar characteristics of civilian legal systems. This paper challenges this view by documenting and explaining the growing use of economic reasoning by Brazilian courts. We argue that, given the ever-greater role of courts in the formulation of public policies, the application of legal principles and rules increasingly calls for a theory of human behavior (such as that provided by economics) to help foresee the likely aggregate consequences of different interpretations of the law. Consistent with the traditional role of civilian legal scholarship in providing guidance for the application of law by courts, the further development of law and economics in Brazil is therefore likely to be mostly driven by judicial demand.
