Electrooxidation of methanol in an alkaline fuel cell: determination of the nature of the initial adsorbate

It is essential to correctly determine the nature of the initial adsorbate in order to calculate the pathway for any given reaction. Recent literature provides conflicting information on the first step in the methanol decomposition pathway. This work sets out to establish what role the solution and the surface have to play in the initial adsorption-deprotonation process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in combination with a cluster-continuum model approach are used to resolve the nature of the adsorbing species. We show that methanol is the dominant species in solution over methoxide, and also has a smaller barrier to adsorption. The nature of the surface species is revealed to be a methanol-OH complex.

Considering Just-World Thinking in Counter-Terrorism Cases: Miscarriages of Justice in Northern Ireland

Recent literature has drawn a parallel between the discriminatory application of counterterrorism legislation to the Irish population in the United Kingdom during the Northern Ireland conflict and the targeting of Muslims after September 2001. Less attention has been paid to lessons that can be drawn from judicial decision making in terrorism-related cases stemming from the Northern Ireland conflict. This Article examines Northern Ireland Court of Appeal (“NICA”) jurisprudence on miscarriages of justice in cases regarding counterterrorism offenses. In particular, the Article focuses on cases referred after the 1998 peace agreements in Northern Ireland from the Criminal Cases Review Commission (“CCRC”), a relatively new entity that investigates potential wrongful convictions in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Although the NICA’s human rights jurisprudence has developed significantly in recent years, the study of CCRC-referred cases finds that judges have retained confidence in the integrity of the conflict-era counterterrorism system even while acknowledging abuses and procedural irregularities that occurred. This study partially contradicts contentions that judicial deference to the executive recedes in a post-conflict or post-emergency period. Despite a high rate of quashed convictions, the NICA’s decisions suggest that it seeks to limit a large number of referrals and demonstrate a judicial predisposition to defend the justness of the past system’s laws and procedure. This perspective is consistent with what social psychologists have studied as “just-world thinking,” in which objective observers, although motivated by a concern with justice, believe—as a result of cognitive bias—that individuals “got what they deserved.” The Article considers other potential interpretations of the jurisprudence and contends that conservative decision making is particularly dangerous in the politicized realm of counterterrorism and in light of the criminalization of members of suspect communities.

Supported decision making: a review of the international literature

Supported decision making (SDM) refers to the process of supporting people, whose decision making ability may be impaired, to make decisions and so promote autonomy and prevent the need for substitute decision making. There have been developments in SDM but mainly in the areas of intellectual disabilities and end-of-life care rather than in mental health. The main aim of this review was to provide an overview of the available evidence relevant to SDM and so facilitate discussion of how this aspect of law, policy and practice may be further developed in mental health services. The method used for this review was a Rapid Evidence Assessment which involved: developing appropriate search strategies; searching relevant databases and grey literature; then assessing, including and reviewing relevant studies. Included studies were grouped into four main themes: studies reporting stakeholders’ views on SDM; studies identifying barriers to the implementation of SDM; studies highlighting ways to improve implementation; and studies on the impact of SDM. The available evidence on implementation and impact, identified by this review, is limited but there are important rights-based, effectiveness and pragmatic arguments for further developing and researching SDM for people with mental health problems.

Community Arts and Appropriate Internet Technology: Participation, Materiality, and the Ethics of Sustainability in the Digitally Networked Era

This thesis establishes appropriate internet technology as a matter of sustainability for the community arts field. It begins with a contextual review that historicises community art in relation to technological, cultural, and political change. It goes on to identify key challenges for the field resulting from the emerging socio-cultural significance of the internet and digital media technologies. A conceptual review of the literature positions these issues in relation to Internet Studies, integrating key concepts from Software Studies and the computational turn with approaches from the fields of ICT for Development (ICT4D), Critical Design, and Critical Making. Grounded in these intersecting literatures the thesis offers a new pragmatic ethics of appropriate internet technology: one involving an alternative philosophical platform from which suitable internet-based technologies can be designed and assembled by practitioners. I interrogate these ideas through an in-depth investigation of CuriousWorks, an Australian community arts organisation, focusing on their current internet practices. The thesis then reflects on some experimental interventions I designed as part of the study for the purpose of provoking shifts in the field of community arts. The research findings form the foundation of a series of recommendations offered to practitioners and policy makers that may guide their critical and creative uses of internet technologies in the future.

Sovereignty, Article 4(2) TEU and the Respect of National Identities: Swinging the Balance of Power in Favour of the Member States?

The question of whether and to what extent sovereignty has been transferred to the European Union (EU) from its Member States remains a central debate within the EU and is interlinked with issues such as Kompetenz-Kompetenz, direct effect and primacy. Central to any claim to sovereignty is the principle of primacy, which requires that Member States uphold EU law over national law where there is a conflict. However, limitations to primacy can traditionally be found in national jurisprudence and the Maastricht Treaty introduced a possible EU limitation with the requirement that the EU respect national identities of Member States. The Lisbon Treaty provided only minimal further support to the principle of primacy whilst simultaneously developing the provision on national identities, now found within Article 4(2) TEU. There are indications from the literature, national constitutional courts and the Court of Justice of the EU that the provision is gathering strength as a legal tool and is likely to have a wider scope than the text might indicate. In its new role, Article 4(2) TEU bolsters the Member States’ claim to sovereignty and the possibility to uphold aspects crucial to them in conflict with EU law and the principle of primacy. Consequently, it is central to the relationship between the constitutional courts of the Member States and the CJEU, and where the final elements of control remain in ‘hard cases’. However, it does so as part of EU law, thereby facilitating the evasion of direct fundamental conflicts and reflecting the concept of constitutional pluralism.

Functional role of microarthropods in soil aggregation

Soil aggregation has received a lot of attention in the last years; however, the focus was mostly on soil microorganismsor larger soil fauna, especially earthworms. The impact of the large group of microarthropods, e.g. Collembola and Acari, is nearly unknown and hence underrepresented in the literature. Here we propose and discuss potential direct and indirect mechanisms of how microarthropods could influence this process with the focus on collembolans, which are in general a relatively well studied taxon.Indirect mechanisms are likely to have larger impacts on soil aggregation than direct effects. The variety of indirect mechanisms based on the provision of organic material like faecal pellets, molts and necromass as food source for microorganisms is high and given available evidence we propose that these mechanismsare the most influential. We highlight the need for overcoming the challenges of culturing and handling of these animals in order to be able to design small scale experiments and field studies which would enable us to understand the role of the different
functional groups, their interaction with other soil faunaand the impact of land use practices on soil aggregation.

Have OSCEs come of age in nursing education?

This article is intended to contribute to the current debate as to whether the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) should become a standard assessment tool for undergraduate nursing education as they currently are for medicine. The authors describe how one UK university developed an OSCE for a nursing undergraduate programme with the aim of emphasising the need for nursing students to be competent in clinical skills and offering a means of standardising the assessment of these skills. There has been an increasing number of research studies carried out in this area at international level and this article's main contribution to the literature is the description of the Angoff standard-setting procedure that was used to calibrate the OSCE at this University and which makes it the first nursing OSCE in the UK to incorporate a scientific standard-setting procedure.

Awareness and attitudes towards the emerging use of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector

Nanotechnology has relevance to applications in all areas of agri-food including agriculture, aquaculture, production, processing, packaging, safety and nutrition. Scientific literature indicates uncertainties in food safety aspects about using nanomaterials due to potential health risks. To date the agri-food industry's awareness and attitude towards nanotechnology have not been addressed. We surveyed the awareness and attitudes of agri-food organisations on the island of Ireland (IoI) with regards to nanotechnology. A total of 14 agri-food stakeholders were interviewed and 88 agri-food stakeholders responded to an on-line questionnaire. The findings indicate that the current awareness of nanotechnology applications in the agri-food sector on the IoI is low and respondents are neither positive nor negative towards agri-food applications of nanotechnology. Safer food, reduced waste and increased product shelf life were considered to be the most important benefits to the agri-food industry. Knowledge of practical examples of agri-food applications is limited however opportunities were identified in precision farming techniques, innovative packaging, functional ingredients and nutrition of foods, processing equipment, and safety testing. Perceived impediments to nanotechnology adoption were potential unknown human health and environmental impacts, consumer acceptance and media framing. The need for a risk assessment framework, research into long term health and environmental effects, and better engagement between scientists, government bodies, the agri-food industry and the public were identified as important.

Medication Reconciliation at Discharge from Hospital: A Systematic Review of the Quantitative Literature

Medicines reconciliation is a way to identify and act on discrepancies in patients’ medical histories and it is found to play a key role in patient safety. This review focuses on discrepancies and medical errors that occurred at point of discharge from hospital. Studies were identified through the following electronic databases: PubMed, Sciences Direct, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Reviews and CINAHL. Each of the six databases was screened from inception to end of January 2014. To determine eligibility of the studies; the title, abstract and full manuscript were screened to find 15 articles that meet the inclusion criteria. The median number of discrepancies across the articles was found to be 60%. In average patient had between 1.2–5.3 discrepancies when leaving the hospital. More studies also found a relation between the numbers of drugs a patient was on and the number of discrepancies. The variation in the number of discrepancies found in the 15 studies could be due to the fact that some studies excluded patient taking more than 5 drugs at admission. Medication reconciliation would be a way to avoid the high number of discrepancies that was found in this literature review and thereby increase patient safety.

The significance of bruising in the pre-mobile infant

The majority of children in our society are loved andcherished. The occasional cases of intentional injury to a childresulting in death or significant harm evoke powerful anduncomfortable feelings (Devaney et al, 2013), and the publicoutcry may result in health and social workers facing criticism.Identifying whether an infant is at risk of abuse is a challengefor practitioners, and can be a source of stress and anxiety(Brandon et al, 2011). Bruising is a strong indicator of childabuse involving intentional injury (Kemp et al, 2014). Theincidence of bruising correlates to developmental stage, withnon-mobile infants least likely to incur bruising. Therefore, itspresence in pre-mobile infants requires immediate assessment.A search of the literature around bruising in pre-mobile infantsrevealed themes of missed opportunities for early intervention,the role of the father in the family and the significance of childdevelopment. Sharing of knowledge and expertise within themultidisciplinary team is key to safeguarding infants.

Participation of Smallholders in Agroforestry Agri-Environmental Scheme: A lesson from the rural Mount Kenya region

The likelihood of smallholder farmers not participating in agroforestry agri-environmental schemes and payments for ecosystem services (PES) may be due to limited farmland endowment and formal credit constraints. These deficits may lead to an ‘exclusive club’ of successful farmers, which are not necessarily poor, enjoying the benefits of agri-environmental schemes and PES although agrienvironmental schemes and PES have been devised as a means of fostering rural sustainable development and improving the livelihood of poor smallholder farmers. Smallholder farmers in parts of rural Kenya continue to enroll in ‘The International Small Group Tree Planting Programme’ (TIST), an agri-environmental scheme, promoting agroforestry, carbon sequestration and conservation agriculture (CA). The question remains if these farmers are really poor? This study examines factors that determine the participation of smallholder farmers in TIST in parts of rural Kenya. We use survey data compiled in 2013 on 210 randomly selected smallholder farmers from Embu, Meru and Nanyuki communities; the sample consists of TIST and non-TIST members. A random utility model and logit regression were used to test a set of non-monetary and monetary factors that influence participation in the TIST. The utility function is conceptualized to give non-monetary factors, particularly the common medium of communication in rural areas – formal and informal – a central role. Furthermore, we investigate other factors (incl. credit accessibility and interest rate) that reveal the nature of farmers participating in TIST. The findings suggest that spread of information via formal and informal networks is a major driver of participation in the TIST program. Furthermore, variables such credit constrains, age and labour supply positively correlate with TIST participation, while for education the opposite is true. It is important to mention that these correlations, although somewhat consistent, were all found to be weak. The results indicate that participation in the TIST program is not influenced by farm size; therefore we argue that the TIST scheme is NOT an ‘exclusive club’ comprising wealthy and successful farmers. Older farmers’ being more likely to join the TIST is an argument for their long- rather than widely assumed short-term planning horizon and a new contribution to the literature. Given the importance of poverty alleviation and climate smart agriculture in developing countries, sustainable policy should strengthening the social and human capital as well as informal networks in rural areas. Extension services should effectively communicate benefits to less educated and credit constrained farmers.

Functional expression of TRPV4 in human periodontal ligament cells

Background: Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are exposed to physical forces in vivo in response to mastication, parafunction, speech and orthodontic tooth movement. Although it has been shown that PDL cells perceive and respond directly to mechanical stimulation, the nature of the ion channels that mediate this mechanotransduction remain to be fully elucidated. The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels is believed to play a critical role in sensory physiology, where they act as transducers for thermal, chemical and mechanical stimuli. Recent studies have shown that members of the vanilloid (TRPV) and ankyrin (TRPA) subfamilies encode mechanosensitive TRPs. The vanilloid family member TRPV4 is one such non selective calcium permeable cationic channel which has been shown to be activated by chemical ligands, hypotonicity, and mechanical stimuli. Objectives: The objective of the current study was to investigate functional expression of TRPV4 in cultured human PDL cells. Methods: Human PDL cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100UI/ml penicillin and 100μg/ml streptomycin. Cells in passage 4-6 were used in all experiments. TRPV4 functional expression was determined using ratiometric calcium imaging. Cultured cells were loaded with intracellular Ca2+ probe fura-2 and cells were then stimulated with the TRPV4 agonists, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alpha-PDD), GSK1016790A or hypotonic solution. The TRPV4 antagonist RN 1734 was used to block the corresponding agonist responses. Results: PDL fibroblasts responded to application of TRPV4 agonists and hypotonic stimuli by an increase in intracellular calcium which was attenuated in the presence of the TRPV4 antagonist. Conclusions: We have shown for the first time the functional expression of the mechanosensitive TRPV4 channel in human PDL cells. The molecular identity and mechanisms of activation of mechanosensitive TRP channels in PDL cells merit further investigation.

The prevalence of caries in patients referred for orthodontic assessment in Northern Ireland – A retrospective study

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of untreated carious lesions in permanent teeth in patients (under the age of 18) referred for an orthodontic assessment in specialist practice. In addition, the figures shall be compared with national data for Northern Ireland (as outlined in the recent Child Dental Health Survey 2013)
The Gold standard would be that 100% of patients would be caries free upon presentation.

Methods: The clinical records and radiographs (OPT of quality grading 1 or 2) of 337 patients were reviewed. This encompassed patients who had an orthodontic assessment carried out in specialist practice over a 6 month period (following referral from their general dental practitioner)

Results: A total of 337 patient records were examined. Of these, 149 were male (44.2%) and 188 were female (55.8%), with an age range of 7-17 years at the time of new patient assessment. It was found that 36 patients (10.7%) had evidence (clinical and/or radiographic) of active and untreated dental caries. Of those affected, 14 were male and 22 were female.
Breaking the data down in terms of age, we can also get some indication as to how this cohort compares with national data for Northern Ireland :⃰

7-10 years (Mean = 9.3) = 14.3% caries (versus NI average of 6% for 8 year olds)
11-13 years (Mean = 12.1) = 10.1% caries, (versus NI average of 16% for 12 year olds)
14-17 years (Mean = 15.2) = 9.1% caries (versus NI average of 15% for 15 year olds)

⃰using the diagnostic threshold “Decay into dentine (visual dentine caries excluded)”


Conclusion: In this sample group, a total of 10.7% of patients (9.4% of males, 11.7% of females) presented with evidence of undiagnosed caries upon being assessed as a new patient in specialist orthodontic practice. Hence, the gold standard was not met.

Implications of divergences in Adult Protection legislation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the similarities and differences of legal responses to older adults who may be at risk of harm or abuse in the UK, Ireland, Australia and the USA.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors draw upon a review of elder abuse and adult protection undertaken on behalf of the commissioner for older people in Northern Ireland. This paper focusses on the desk top mapping of the different legal approaches and draws upon wider literature to frame the discussion of the relative strengths and weaknesses of the different legal responses.
Findings – Arguments exist both for and against each legal approach. Differences in defining the scope and powers of adult protection legislation in the UK and internationally are highlighted.
Research limitations/implications – This review was undertaken in late 2013; while the authors have updated the mapping to take account of subsequent changes, some statutory guidance is not yet available. While the expertise of a group of experienced professionals in the field of adult safeguarding was utilized,
it was not feasible to employ a formal survey or consensus model.
Practical implications – Some countries have already introduced APL and others are considering doing so. The potential advantages and challenges of introducing APL are highlighted.
Social implications – The introduction of legislation may give professionals increased powers to prevent and reduce abuse of adults, but this would also change the dynamic of relationships within families and between families and professionals.
Originality/value – This paper provides an accessible discussion of APL across the UK and internationally
which to date has been lacking from the literature.

Determinant factors for the use of imposex in TBT pollution monitoring

Os compostos de tributilestanho (TBT) foram utilizados como biocidas em tintas antivegetativas (AV) e amplamente aplicados, durante décadas, de forma a evitar a bioincrustação em superfícies submersas, principalmente em cascos de embarcações. Os seus efeitos deletérios em organismos não-alvo tornaram-se evidentes após o aparecimento de gastrópodes prosobrâquios com imposex – sobreposição de caracteres sexuais masculinos sobre o tracto reprodutivo das fêmeas. Desde então, a expressão do imposex em prosobrânquios tem sido amplamente utilizada como biomarcador da poluição por TBT. Um dos objectivos da presente tese é avaliar se as mais recentes restrições legais na utilização das tintas AV com compostos organoestânicos (OTs) resultaram numa redução da poluição pelos mesmos na costa continental Portuguesa. Para tal, foi levada a cabo a análise da variação temporal do imposex como biomarcador dos níveis ambientais de TBT e a validação de procedimentos, de modo a seguir de forma precisa a evolução da intensidade deste fenómeno ao longo do tempo. O trabalho de investigação teve início no momento em que a ineficácia da legislação anterior (Directiva 89/677/CEE) na redução da poluição por TBT no litoral Português era reportada na literatura e quando estavam já agendados instrumentos decisivos para a diminuição definitiva deste tipo de poluição: o Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003 do Parlamento e do Conselho da União Europeia (UE) que bania as tintas AV baseadas em TBT na sua frota a partir de 1 de Julho de 2003; a "Convenção Internacional sobre o Controlo de Sistemas Antivegetativos Nocivos em Navios” (Convenção AFS), adoptada em 2001 pela Organização Marítima Internacional (OMI), que procurava erradicar os OTs da frota mundial até 2008. Os níveis de imposex e as concentrações de OTs nos tecidos de fêmeas de Nucella lapillus foram medidos em 17 locais de amostragem ao longo da costa Portuguesa em 2003, a fim de se avaliarem os impactos do TBT nas populações desta espécie e de se criar uma base de dados para seguir a sua evolução futura. O índice da sequência do vaso deferente (VDSI), o índice do tamanho relativo do pénis (RPSI) e a percentagem de fêmeas afectadas por imposex (%I) foram utilizados na medição da intensidade deste fenómeno em cada local de amostragem e os seus valores variaram entre 0,20-4,04, 0,0- 42,2% e 16,7-100,0%, respectivamente. Foram encontradas fêmeas estéreis em 3 locais de amostragem, com percentagens a variar entre 4,0 e 6,2%. As concentrações de TBT e dibutilestanho (DBT) nas fêmeas variaram respectivamente entre 23-138 e <10-62 ng Sn.g-1 de peso seco, e o conteúdo em TBT nos tecidos revelou-se significativamente correlacionado com o imposex (nomeadamente com o RPSI e o VDSI). Os níveis de expressão do fenómeno e o conteúdo em OTs nos tecidos, foram superiores na proximidade de portos, confirmando as conclusões obtidas anteriormente por outros autores de que os navios e a actividade dos estaleiros são as principais fontes destes compostos no litoral Português. As infra-estruturas associadas ás principais fontes de OTs – portos, estaleiros e marinas – estão geralmente localizadas no interior de estuários, motivo pelo qual estas áreas têm vindo a ser descritas como as mais afectadas por estes poluentes. Por esta razão, foi levado a cabo o estudo pormenorizado da poluição por TBT na Ria de Aveiro, como caso de estudo representativo da poluição por estes compostos num sistema estuarino em Portugal continental. N. lapillus foi usada como bioindicador para avaliar a tendência temporal da poluição por TBT nesta área entre 1997 e 2007. Foi registada uma diminuição da intensidade do imposex após 2003, embora as melhorias mais evidentes tenham sido observadas entre 2005 e 2007, provavelmente devido à implementação do Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003 que proibiu a aplicação de tintas AV com TBT em navios com a bandeira da UE. Apesar desses progressos, as análises ao conteúdo em OTs nos tecidos de fêmeas de N. lapillus e em amostras de água colhidas em 2006 indicaram contaminação recente por TBT na área de estudo, evidenciando assim a permanência de fontes de poluição. A utilização de N. lapillus como bioindicador da poluição por TBT na Ria de Aveiro apresenta algumas limitações uma vez que a espécie não ocorre nas áreas mais interiores da Ria e não vive em contacto com sedimentos. Assim, a informação obtida a partir da sua utilização como bioindicador é fundamentalmente relativa aos níveis de TBT na coluna de água. Foi então necessário recorrer a um bioindicador complementar – Hydrobia ulvae – para melhor avaliar a evolução temporal da poluição por TBT no interior deste sistema estuarino e estudar a persistência de TBT nos sedimentos. Não foi registada uma diminuição dos níveis de imposex em H. ulvae na Ria de Aveiro entre 1998 e 2007, apesar da aplicação do Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003. Pelo contrário, houve um aumento global significativo da percentagem de fêmeas afectadas por imposex e um ligeiro aumento do VDSI, contrastando com o que tem sido descrito para outros bioindicadores na Ria de Aveiro no mesmo período. Estes resultados mostram que a diferente biologia/ecologia das espécies indicadoras determina vias distintas de acumulação de TBT, apontando a importância da escolha do bioindicador dependendo do compartimento a ser monitorizado (sedimento versus água). A ingestão de sedimento como hábito alimentar em H. ulvae foi discutida como sendo a razão para a escolha da espécie como indicadora da contaminação dos sedimentos por TBT. Foram também estudados os métodos mais fiáveis para reduzir a influência de variáveis críticas na medição dos níveis de imposex em H. ulvae. As comparações de parâmetros do imposex baseados em medições do pénis devem ser sempre realizadas sob condições de narcotização bem standardizadas uma vez que este procedimento provoca um aumento significativo do comprimento do pénis (PL) em ambos os sexos. O VDSI, a % e o PL em ambos os sexos revelaram ser fortemente influenciados pelo tamanho dos espécimes: a utilização de fêmeas mais pequenas conduz à subestimação do VDSI, da %I e do PL, enquanto que diferenças no tamanho dos machos provocam variações no índice do comprimento relativo do pénis (RPLI), independentemente dos níveis de poluição por TBT. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de controlar algumas variáveis envolvidas na análise do imposex que mostraram afectar a fiabilidade dos resultados. Uma vez que N. lapillus é o principal bioindicador dos efeitos biológicos específicos do TBT para a área da OSPAR, foi também estudada a influência de algumas variáveis na avaliação dos níveis de imposex nesta espécie, especificamente as relacionadas com o ciclo reprodutor e o tamanho dos espécimes. O estudo do ciclo reprodutor e a variação sazonal/espacial do comprimento do pénis do macho (MPL) incidiu num único local no litoral Português (Areão – região de Aveiro) de forma a avaliar se o RPSI varia sazonal e espacialmente na mesma estação de amostragem e se tais variações influenciam os resultados obtidos em programas de monitorização do imposex. Nos meses de Dezembro de 2005 a Junho de 2007, foram encontrados espécimes de N. lapillus sexualmente maturos e potencialmente aptos para a reprodução. Contudo, foi também evidente um padrão sazonal do ciclo reprodutor – o estado de desenvolvimento da gametogénese nas fêmeas variou sazonalmente e ocorreu uma diminuição do volume da glândula da cápsula e do factor de condição no final do Verão / início do Outono. Contrariamente, a gametogénese nos machos não apresentou variação sazonal significativa, embora os valores mais baixos do factor de condição, do comprimento do pénis e dos volumes de esperma e da próstata tenham também sido registados no final do Verão / início do Outono. Além disso, o MPL mostrou variar, no mesmo local de amostragem, inversamente com a distância aos ninhos de cápsulas ovígeras; um aumento dos valores do MPL foi também observado em espécimes de maior tamanho. Todas estas variações no MPL introduzem desvios nos resultados da avaliação do imposex quando é usado o RPSI. A magnitude do erro envolvido foi quantificada e revelou-se superior em locais com níveis mais elevados de poluição por TBT. Apesar do RPSI ser um índice que fornece informação importante sobre os níveis de poluição por TBT, a sua interpretação deve ser cuidadosa e realizada complementarmente com os outros índices, destacando-se o VDSI como índice mais fiável e com significado biológico mais expressivo. Novas campanhas de monitorização do imposex em N. lapillus foram realizadas ao longo da costa Portuguesa em 2006 e 2008, e os resultados subsequentemente comparados com a base de dados criada em 2003,de forma a avaliar a evolução da poluição por TBT no litoral Português naquele período. Nestes estudos foram aplicados novos procedimentos na monitorização e tratamento dos dados, de forma a minimizar a variação nos índices de avaliação do imposex induzida pelos factores acima descritos, para seguir com maior consistência a tendência da poluição por TBT entre 2003 e 2008. Foi observado um declínio global significativo na intensidade de imposex na área de estudo durante o referido período e a qualidade ecológica da costa Portuguesa, segundo os termos definidos pela Comissão OSPAR, revelou melhorias notáveis após 2003 confirmando a eficácia do Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003. Não obstante, as populações de N. lapillus revelaram-se ainda amplamente afectadas por imposex, tendo sido detectadas emissões de TBT na água do mar ao longo da costa em 2006, apesar da restrição anteriormente referida. Estes inputs foram atribuídos principalmente aos navios que à data ainda circulavam com tintas AV com TBT aplicadas antes de 2003, uma vez que a sua utilização nas embarcações foi apenas proibida em 2008. Considerando que o Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003 constitui uma antecipação da proibição global da OMI que entrou em vigor em Setembro de 2008, prevê-se, por analogia, que haja uma rápida diminuição da poluição por TBT à escala mundial num futuro próximo. Na sequência desta previsão, é apresentada uma discussão teórica preliminar relativamente ás possíveis estratégias usadas por N. lapillus na recolonização de locais onde, no passado, as populações terão aparentemente sido extintas devido a níveis extremamente elevados de TBT. Estes locais são tipicamente zonas abrigadas junto de infra-estruturas portuárias, cuja recolonização por esta espécie será provavelmente muito lenta dada a mobilidade reduzida dos adultos e o ciclo de vida não apresentar fase larvar pelágica. Foram então equacionadas duas hipotéticas vias de recolonização de zonas abrigadas por espécimes provenientes de populações de costa aberta/exposta: a migração de adultos e/ou a dispersão de juvenis. No entanto, em ambos os casos, estaria implicada a transposição de um problema amplamente descrito na bibliografia: as populações de N. lapillus de costa aberta podem apresentar um fenótipo muito diferente das de zonas abrigadas, podendo inclusivamente variar no número de cromossomas. A recolonização pode portanto não ter sucesso pelo simples facto dos novos recrutas não estarem bem adaptados aos locais a recolonizar. Para analisar este problema, foram estudados tanto a forma da concha de espécimes de N. lapillus ao longo da costa Portuguesa como o respectivo número de cromossomas. Embora a forma da concha tenha revelado diferenças, de acordo com o grau de hidrodinamismo entre as populações de N. lapillus avaliadas, o cariótipo 2n = 26, típico de zonas expostas, foi registado em todos os locais amostrados. Por outro lado, foi também testada em laboratório a possível mortalidade de juvenis em dispersão no interior menos salino dos estuários. Foi então verificada a ocorrência de mortalidade elevada de juvenis expostos a salinidades baixas (=100% após 1 hora a salinidades ≤9 psu), o que também pode comprometer a recolonização de zonas estuarinas menos salinas por esta via. Mesmo assim, os juvenis mostraram um comportamento de flutuação à superfície da água em condições laboratoriais, que pode ser considerado um benefício específico na colonização de áreas mais internas dos estuários, se tal facto vier a ser confirmado em estudos de campo. As conclusões deste estudo contribuem certamente para a descrição do final da “história do TBT” dado que, uma vez controlados alguns factores determinantes no uso do imposex como biomarcador, a avaliação do declínio da poluição por estes compostos, agora esperado à escala global, se torna mais rigorosa.