Francoist Primary education: the schoolbook as an instrument of child indoctrination

The Francoist rule, mainly in its first decades, exerted a strong control upon education, which was left in the hands of the Catholic nationalist. Innumerous children`s schoolbooks were published driven by strong patriotic and religious bias. The authors aimed to shape the children`s minds based on the premises that supported the regimen: authority, hierarchy, order, abeyance, fear and devotion to God and the leader Francisco Franco. This paper analyzes the content of the elementary education books and shows how they were important instruments of child indoctrination marked by intolerance. The content and the images of the books contributed to construct an excluding national identity based on a heightened Catholic patriotism, stimulated heroism, martyrdom, child sacrifice, and hatred for the enemies of the religion and of ""mother Spain"".

Alcohol use disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: The importance of appropriate dual-diagnosis

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical associated factors of alcohol use disorders (AUD) comorbidity in a large clinical sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: A cross-sectional study including 630 DSM-IV OCD patients from seven Brazilian university services, comparing patients with and without AUD comorbidity. The instruments of assessment used were a demographic and clinical questionnaire including evaluation of suicidal thoughts and acts and psychiatric treatment, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Current or past alcohol and other psychoactive substances use, abuse and dependence were assessed using the SCID-I (section E) and corroborated by medical and familial history questionnaires. Results: Forty-seven patients (7.5%) presented AUD comorbidity. Compared to OCD patients without this comorbidity they were more likely to be men, to have received previous psychiatric treatment, to present: lifetime suicidal thoughts and attempts and to have higher scores in the hoarding dimension. They also presented higher comorbidity with generalized anxiety and somatization disorders, and compulsive sexual behavior. Substance use was related to the appearance of the first O.C. symptoms and symptom amelioration. Conclusions: Although uncommon among OCD treatment seeking samples, AUD comorbidity has specific clinical features, such as increased risk for suicidality, which deserve special attention from mental health professionals. Future studies focused on the development of specific interventions for these patients are warranted. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Long-term maintenance of the analgesic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in fibromyalgia

We assessed for the first time the long-term maintenance of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)-induced analgesia in patients with chronic widespread pain due to fibromyalgia. Forty consecutive patients were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to 2 groups: one receiving active rTMS (n = 20) and the other, sham stimulation (n = 20), applied to the left primary motor cortex. The stimulation protocol consisted of 14 sessions: an ""induction phase"" of 5 daily sessions followed by a ""maintenance phase"" of 3 sessions a week apart, 3 sessions a fortnight apart, and 3 sessions a month apart. The primary outcome was average pain intensity over the last 24 hours, measured before each stimulation from day 1 to week 21 and at week 25 (1 month after the last stimulation). Other outcomes measured included quality of life, mood and anxiety, and several parameters of motor cortical excitability. Thirty patients completed the study (14 in the sham stimulation group and 16 in the active stimulation group). Active rTMS significantly reduced pain intensity from day 5 to week 25. These analgesic effects were associated with a long-term improvement in items related to quality of life (including fatigue, morning tiredness, general activity, walking, and sleep) and were directly correlated with changes in intracortical inhibition. In conclusion, these results suggest that TMS may be a valuable and safe new therapeutic option in patients with fibromyalgia. (C) 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Clinical correlates of eating disorder comorbidity in women with bipolar disorder type I

Objective: To report on the presence of current and lifetime eating disorders (ED) in a well-defined sample of 137 female individuals with bipolar disorder type I. Methods: Trained psychiatrists interviewed the patients, and the diagnoses of BD and comorbidities were confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Axis I Disorders. Clinical and demographic characteristics of both groups (group with ED vs. group without ED) were compared. Results: Female patients with ED had an earlier onset of BD and an increased number of mood episodes, predominantly depressive. Women in the ED group also had higher rates of comorbidity with substance use disorders and anxiety disorders and reported a history of suicide attempts more frequently than women without ED. Conclusion: The presence of ED is a correlate of severity of BD type 1, and interventions should be developed to minimize distress and suicide risk and to improve treatment outcome. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Validity of the self reporting questionnaire-20 in epidemiological studies with older adults

This study examined the validity of the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20) in a population-based survey with older adults in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The study sample consisted of 2,008 individuals aged 65 years or more who were living in an economically disadvantaged area of the city. The geriatric mental state (GMS) was used as the gold standard for the assessment of common mental disorders (CMD). The optimal SRQ-20 threshold for case definition was 4/5 (sensitivity = 76.1%, specificity = 74.6%, area under ROC curve = 0.82). Women, older participants and those with lower income were more likely to be misclassified by the questionnaire. The inclusion of older persons with dementia or psychosis did not change the ability of the SRQ-20 to identify cases of CMD. The SRQ-20 may be a useful instrument to be used in large epidemiological studies in resource-poor settings for the identification of cases of depression and anxiety in later life. The performance of the SRQ-20 among older adults was similar to that observed with the adult population in Brazil.

Sex differences in the phenotypic expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study from Brazil

Previous studies have shown differences in clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) between men and women, including mean age at onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), types of OCS, comorbid disorders, course, and prognosis. The aim of this study was to compare male and female Brazilian patients with OCD on several demographic and clinical characteristics. Three hundred thirty Outpatients with OCD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV], criteria) who sought treatment at 3 Brazilian public universities and at 2 private practice clinics in the city of Sao Paulo were evaluated. The assessment instruments used were the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale to evaluate OCD severity and symptoms, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I Disorders to assess psychiatric comorbidity. Fifty-five percent of the patients (n = 182) were men who were significantly more likely than women to be single and to present sexual, religious, and symmetry obsessions and mental rituals. They also presented earlier onset of OCS and earlier symptom interference in functioning, and significantly more comorbid tic disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Women, besides showing significantly higher mean scores in the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, were more likely to present comorbid simple phobias, eating disorders in general and anorexia in particular, impulse control disorders in general, and compulsive buying and skin picking in particular. No significant differences were observed between sexes concerning family history of OCS or OCD, and global symptoms severity, either in obsession or compulsive subscale. The present study confirms the presence of sex-related differences described in other countries and cultures. The fact that the OCS start earlier and probably have a worse impact in men can eventually lead to more specific and efficacious treatment approaches for these patients. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Personality traits in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

There is evidence of personality disorders in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). To date, there have been no published quantitative studies on personality traits in JME. The aim of the work described here was to study a group of patients with JME and quantitatively measure personality traits. We evaluated 42 patients (mean age: 26.57 years, SD: 8.38) and 42 controls (mean age: 26.96, SD: 8.48) using a validated personality inventory, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). We applied two scores, one for the Beck Depression Inventory and one for the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory, as depression and anxiety may impact the performance of these patients on the TCI. We compared both groups on TCI scales using analysis of covariance with Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory scores as covariates. Patients with JME obtained significantly higher scores on Novelty Seeking (P=0.001) and Harm Avoidance (P=0.002) and significantly lower scores on Self-Directedness (P=0.001). Patients with JME have a higher expression of impulsive personality traits that demand early recognition to avoid further consequences and facilitate social insertion, consequently avoiding future stigma. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Behavioral disturbances in Noonan Syndrome: Brazilian preliminary data

Different from other countries Of Europe and North American, studies about the behavioral profile of Noonan syndrome`s patients are inexistent. The objective of this study was to report the profiles of behavioral functions of 10 participants (4 females and 6 males), with mutations in the PTPN11 gene. For this assessment it was used the Inventory of Behaviors of Children and Adolescents from 6 to 18 years (CBCL/6-18) and the Inventory of Auto-Evaluation for Adults from 18 to 59 years (ASR). The main results point that in Adaptive Functioning Scale all the participants were in the normality range. In the Syndrome Scale the adult participants were in normality range and the children were in clinical range to the sub-scales anxious/depressed, somatic complaints and aggressive behavior. In the DSM-Oriented Scale, 25% of the adult patients were in the borderline clinical range and clinical range, respectively, for Avoidant Personality Problems and Antisocial Personality Problems. About the both children in this scale were in the clinical range of Affective Problems and Anxiety Problems. This relatively homogenous sample, regarding the PTPN11 gene, shows a normal adult behavioral profile, on the average. However, the individual children anti adult profiles show diverse internalizing and externalizing behavioral disturbances.

Adjustment to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the importance of psychological factors

Research has indicated a weak relationship between the degree of physical problems and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The importance of adaptive psychological functioning to maintain optimum quality of life has long been recognized, but there is a lack of empirical evidence concerning the nature of psychological factors involved in adjustment to COPD. Ninety-two males completed questionnaires to determine their coping strategies, levels of self-efficacy of symptom management and social support. Adjustment was measured in terms of depression, anxiety and quality of life. Symptom severity, socioeconomic status, duration of disease and age, which have been demonstrated to be of consequence in COPD, were used as control variables in hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Higher levels of catastrophic withdrawal coping strategies and lower levels of self-efficacy of symptom management were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety and a reduced quality of life. Higher levels of positive social support were linked to lower levels of depression and anxiety, while higher levels of negative social support were linked to higher levels of depression and anxiety. To maximize quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psychological factors need to be carefully assessed and addressed.

O Impacto dos transtornos mentais no trabalho : resultados do estudo epidemiológico de transtornos mentais São Paulo Megacity

O objetivo deste estudo é estimar a prevalência de transtornos mentais de acordo com a situação de emprego por sexo, analisar associações entre os transtornos mentais e situação de emprego, bem como entre a busca de tratamento e situação de emprego dentre os respondentes com transtornos mentais nos últimos 12 meses. Além disso, pretende-se analisar a perda de dias de trabalho devido ao absenteísmo e ao presenteísmo associando-os com os transtornos mentais, dentre os trabalhadores. Os dados foram analisados a partir do Estudo São Paulo Megacity, um estudo de base populacional que avaliou os transtornos mentais em uma amostra probabilística de 5.037 adultos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, utilizando a versão do Composite International Diagnostic Interview da Organização Mundial de Saúde. A amostra foi dividida em grupos de acordo com a situação de trabalho – trabalhadores, economicamente inativos e desempregados. A prevalência dos transtornos mentais foi estimada estratificada por sexo, bem como, as associações com as situações de emprego, características sócio-demográficas e procura por tratamento. O número médio de dias perdidos por absenteísmo e presenteísmo na população de trabalhadores foi estimado baseado na Escala de Avaliação de Incapacidade Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os efeitos a nível populacional e os custos financeiros também foram estimados. As associações foram medidas pelo Odds Ratio e calculada através do modelo de regressão logística multinomial. Do total da amostra (n= 5.035), 63% eram trabalhadores, 25% economicamente inativos e 12% desempregados. Os trabalhadores foram associados ao sexo masculino, menor idade, maior número de anos estudados e maior renda. As mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de transtornos de humor e ansiedade. Os homens foram associados a qualquer transtorno mental, transtorno de humor e transtorno de ansiedade, as mulheres foram associadas a situação de emprego economicamente inactivas e desempregadas. Os homens cuja situação de emprego era trabalhador mostrou maiores prevalências nos transtornos de impulso-controle e nos transtornos por uso de substâncias psicoativas. As mulheres cuja situação de emprego era trabalhador e os homens cuja situação de emprego era economicamente inativos, tiveram maiores prevalências de transtornos mentais. Dentre respondentes com algum transtorno mental, os respondentes economicamente inativos apresentaram associação com a procura de tratamento de saúde geral e de saúde mental. A presença de algum transtorno mental foi associado com 26,8 dias/ano devido ao absenteísmo, 92,2 dias/ano devido ao presenteísmo e 125,9 dias/ano de perda total de trabalho. Os custos anuais da perda de trabalho foram estimados em R$ 2,6 bilhões por ano, correspondentes a R$ 690 milhões por ano devido ao absenteísmo, e R$ 1,9 bilhões por ano devido ao presenteísmo. Nossos resultados fornecem importantes informações epidemiológicas sobre os transtornos mentais e o impacto no trabalho que devem ser levadas em consideração na definição de prioridades para os cuidados em saúde e alocação de recursos.

Como reagimos e interpretamos os latidos dos cães de acordo com a variação acústica?

Os cães dividem o ambiente com os humanos há milhares de anos e essa relação se torna cada vez mais estreita. Estudos mostram que há comunicação intraespecífica entre os cães e interespecífica entre os cães e os humanos, tanto vocal quanto não-vocal. Os latidos se apresentam hipertrofiados nos cães e acredita-se que isso se deva ao processo de domesticação. Neste estudo, investigamos como os humanos percebem o conteúdo emocional dos latidos e como respondem aos latidos quanto ao grau de irritação percebido, em função das características acústicas de cada chamado. Sessenta participantes, divididos de acordo com a experiência com cães e com o sexo, ouviram 27 sequências de latidos gravadas anteriormente. As sequências de latidos foram montadas artificialmente e categorizadas de acordo com a frequência fundamental, harmonicidade e intervalo entre latidos. Os resultados confirmaram o pressuposto de que tais parâmetros acústicos são importantes para a percepção humana de um conteúdo emocional na vocalização de cães e que causam um impacto emocional em nós, a irritação. Os resultados também foram consistentes com as regras de estrutura-motivação de Morton (1977). Quanto mais baixa a frequência fundamental, maior a agressividade percebida e sons mais agudos e tonais estão relacionados ao medo e ao desespero; quanto mais baixa a harmonicidade, ou seja, quanto mais áspero ou rouco, maior a motivação agressiva. O intervalo entre latidos se mostrou significativo apenas na atribuição da agressividade, quanto mais curtos os intervalos, maior a agressividade percebida. A correlação entre o grau de irritação causado pelos latidos e a percepção das emoções mostrou que quanto maior a percepção de agressividade, medo e desespero, maior o grau de irritação e quanto maior a percepção de brincadeira e felicidade, menor o grau de irritação causado pelos latidos. Esses resultados sugerem que a irritação gerada pelos latidos dos cães está associada a emoções negativas. Quanto ao sexo, os homens obtiveram valores médios significativamente maiores do que as mulheres na avaliação da irritação, o que sugere que os homens possam ter uma menor tolerância com os chamados caninos. Os resultados deste estudo nos levam a concluir que os humanos são capazes de identificar os estados emocionais dos cães através de emissões sonoras. Isto sugere que há uma comunicação interespecífica entre estas espécies e que ambas dividem as mesmas regras acústicas de motivação-estrutural de Morton.

O impacto do ruído na qualidade de vida dos enfermeiros de cuidados intensivos

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene do Trabalho.

Programa de promoção da inteligência emocional na ansiedade infantil

Trabalho apresentado em XIII Congreso Internacional Galego-Portugués de Psicopedagoxía, Área 5 Familia, Escuela y Comunidad. Universidad da Coruña, 2 de Setembro de 2015.

O papel das competências emocionais no processo de autoeficácia académica em crianças do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, especialidade em Contextos Educativos, 3 de Março de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Sonhos e desilusões com a República

O texto expressa uma reflexão sobre a obra Triste Fim de Policarmo Quaresma, escrita em 1915, por Lima Barreto, escritor realista, brasileiro. Busca identificar nas narrativas e ações do seu narrador, um homem comum, as revoltas, mas também as esperanças dos homens comuns no recém criado regime republicano. Enfoca ainda que, apesar dos episódios narrados, dos personagens serem construções ficcionais do autor, nos remetem a personagens, diálogos e espaços do Rio de Janeiro que evocam a historia de um regime ditatorial de Floriano Peixoto, no alvorecer da Republica. Nesse regime, mostra o autor, que a insegurança, a insatisfação e o medo tomaram conta da população do Rio de Janeiro no começo do século XX. E Policarpo Quaresma, o personagem narrador da obra, sofrera as injustiças e arbitrariedades da ditadura do Marechal Floriano Peixoto. Diante disso, revela sua dor e plena desolação com a Republica, forma de governo pelo qual lutara e que ajudara a criar. Por fim, o texto procura mostrar que embora a literatura seja tecida com adornos da ficção, ela traduz a sociedade e o tempo no qual ela foi produzida, além de mostrar que o positivismo sustentava a pratica política da Republica brasileira.