Liquid core fibre Bragg grating based refractive index sensor formed by femtosecond assisted chemical etching technique

We report the fabrication of a refractive index (RI) sensor based on a liquid core fibre Bragg grating (FBG). A micro-slot FBG was created in standard telecom optical fibre employing the tightly focused femtosecond laser inscription aided chemical etching. A micro-slot with dimensions of 5.74(h) × 125(w) × 1388.72(l) μm was engraved across the whole fibre and along 1mm long FBG which gives advantage of a relatively robust liquid core waveguide. The device performed the refractive index sensitivity up to about 742.72 nm/RIU. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Effect of Rayleigh-scattering distributed feedback on multiwavelength Raman fiber laser generation

We experimentally demonstrate a Raman fiber laser based on multiple point-action fiber Bragg grating (FBG) reflectors and distributed feedback via Rayleigh scattering in a ∼22 km long optical fiber. Twenty two lasing lines with spacing of ∼100 GHz (close to ITU grid) in C-band are generated at Watts power level. In contrast to the normal cavity with competition between laser lines, the random distributed feedback cavity exhibits highly stable multiwavelength generation with a power-equalized uniform distribution which is almost independent on power. The current set up showing the capability of generating Raman gain of about 100-nm wide giving the possibility of multiwavelength generation at different bands. © 2011 SPIE.

On two-wavelength Raman fibre laser based on spectral broadening

Raman fibre lasers and converters using the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in optical fibre waveguide are attractive for many applications ranging from telecommunications to bio-medical applications [1]. Multiple-wavelength Raman laser sources emitting at two and more wavelengths have been proposed to increase amplification spectrum of Raman fibre amplifiers and to improve noise characteristics [2,3]. Typically, a single fibre waveguide is used in such devices while multi-wavelength generation is achieved by employing corresponding number of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) pairs forming laser resonator. This approach, being rather practical, however, might not provide a good level of cross coherence between radiation generated at different wavelengths due to difference in FBGs and random phase fluctuations between the two wavelengths. In this work we examine a scheme of two-wavelength Raman fibre laser with high-Q cavity based on spectral intracavity broadening [3]. We demonstrate feasibility of such configuration and perform numerical analysis clarifying laser operation using an amplitude propagation equation model that accounts for all key physical effects in nonlinear fibre: dispersion, Kerr nonlinearity, Raman gain, depletion of the Raman pump wave and fibre losses. The key idea behind this scheme is to take advantage of the spectral broadening that occurs in optical fibre at high powers. The effect of spectral broadening leads to effective decrease of the FBGs reflectivity and enables generation of two waves in one-stage Raman laser. The output spectrum in the considered high-Q cavity scheme corresponds to two peaks with 0.2 - 1 nm distance between them. © 2011 IEEE.

Dynamic strain sensor using a vcsel and a polymer fiber bragg grating in a multimode fiber

We have implemented a dynamic strain sensor using a Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Grating (POFBG). In this paper, we have investigated an approach for making such systems cheaper through the use of easy to handle multimode fiber. A Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser is used to decrease the cost of the interrogation system and a photodetector converts the reflected light into an electrical signal.

Two-channel fiber Bragg grating fabricated by femtosecond laser and its application in switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser

Two-channel fiber Bragg grating (TC-FBG) consisting of two localized sub-gratings parallel in the fiber core is fabricated by femtosecond laser. Utilizing the fabricated TC-FBG, stable and switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser at room temperature is demonstrated. © 2015 OSA.

UV-Inscribed optical fiber gratings in Mid-IR range and their laser applications

We have UV-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), long-period gratings (LPGs), and tilted fiber gratings (TFGs) into mid-IR 2μm range using three common optical fiber grating fabrication techniques (two-beam holographic, phase mask, and point-by-point). The fabricated FBGs have been evaluated for thermal and strain response. It has been revealed that the FBG devices with responses in mid-IR range are much more sensitive to temperature than that in near-IR range. To explore the unique cladding mode coupling function, we have investigated the thermal and refractive index sensitivities of LPGs and identified that the coupled cladding modes in mid-IR range are also much more sensitive to temperature and surrounding medium refractive index change. The 45° tilted fiber gratings (45°-TFGs) as polarizing devices in mid-IR have been investigated for their polarization extinction characteristics. As efficient reflection filters and in-cavity polarizers, the mid-IR FBGs and 45°-TFGs have been employed in fiber laser cavity to realize multi-wavelength 2 μm Tm-doped CW and mode locked fiber lasers, respectively.

Raman fibre laser based amplification in coherent transmission systems

The thesis presents a detailed study of different Raman fibre laser (RFL) based amplification techniques and their applications in long-haul/unrepeatered coherent transmission systems. RFL based amplifications techniques were characterised from different aspects, including signal/noise power distributions, relative intensity noise (RIN), mode structures of induced Raman fibre lasers, and so on. It was found for the first time that RFL based amplification techniques could be divided into three categories in terms of the fibre laser regime, which were Fabry-Perot fibre laser with two FBGs, weak Fabry-Perot fibre laser with one FBG and very low reflection near the input, and random distributed feedback (DFB) fibre laser with one FBG. It was also found that lowering the reflection near the input could mitigate the RIN of the signal significantly, thanks to the reduced efficiency of the Stokes shift from the FW-propagated pump. In order to evaluate the transmission performance, different RFL based amplifiers were evaluated and optimised in long-haul coherent transmission systems. The results showed that Fabry-Perot fibre laser based amplifier with two FBGs gave >4.15 dB Q factor penalty using symmetrical bidirectional pumping, as the RIN of the signal was increased significantly. However, random distributed feedback fibre laser based amplifier with one FBG could mitigate the RIN of the signal, which enabled the use of bidirectional second order pumping and consequently give the best transmission performance up to 7915 km. Furthermore, using random DFB fibre laser based amplifier was proved to be effective to combat the nonlinear impairment, and the maximum reach was enhanced by >28% in mid-link single/dual band optical phase conjugator (OPC) transmission systems. In addition, unrepeatered transmission over >350 km fibre length using RFL based amplification technique were presented experimentally using DP-QPSK and DP-16QAM transmitter.

True and false confessions to an intentional act: A novel experimental paradigm

Due to the powerful nature of confession evidence, it is imperative that we investigate the factors that affect the likelihood of obtaining true and false confessions. Previous research has been conducted with a paradigm limited to the study of false confessions to an act of negligence, thereby limiting the generalizability of the findings. The first goal of the current study was to introduce a novel paradigm involving a more serious, intentional act that can be used in the study of both true and false confessions. The second goal was to explore the effects of two police interrogation tactics, minimization and an offer of leniency, on true and false confession rates. ^ Three hundred and thirty-four undergraduates at a large southeastern university were recruited to participate in a study on problem-solving and decision-making. During the course of the laboratory experiment, participants were induced to intentionally break or not break an experimental rule, an act that was characterized as “cheating.” All participants (i.e., both innocent and guilty) were later accused of the act and interrogated. For half of the participants, the interrogator used minimization tactics, which involved downplaying the seriousness of the offense, expressing sympathy, and providing face-saving excuses, in order to encourage the participant to confess. An offer of leniency was also manipulated in which half the participants were offered a “deal” that involved the option of confessing and accepting a known punishment or not confessing and facing the threat of harsher punishment. Results indicated that guilty persons were more likely to confess than innocent persons, and that the use of minimization and an explicit offer of leniency increased both the true and false confession rates. Furthermore, a cumulative effect of techniques was observed, such that the diagnosticity of the interrogation (the ratio of true confessions to false confessions) decreased as the number of techniques used increased. Taken together, the results suggest that caution should be used when implementing these techniques in the interrogation room. ^

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases among Jamaican adolescents

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine Jamaican adolescents in a school setting, for risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Methods. A descriptive epidemiological cross-sectional study of 276 Jamaican adolescents (112 males and 164 females) ages 14-19 years (15.6±1.2), randomly selected from grades 9-12 from ten high schools on the island. Thirteen risk factors were examined. Risk factors were compared with BMI levels and demographics. A sub-study validated finger prick testing of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and HbA1c versus venous testing in 59 subjects. Results. Prevalence of overweight was 33.0% (n=91) with mean BMI of 23.74±7.74. Approximately 66.7% of subjects reported ≥ 3 risk factors. The number of T2DM and CVDs risk factors increased for subjects with BMI above 25. One third of the overweight subjects were classified with the metabolic syndrome. High BMI was associated with high waist circumference (r = .767, p < .01), high waist-to-hip ratio (r = .180, p < .01), presence of Acanthosis Nigricans (r = .657, p < .01), high total cholesterol (r = .158, p < .01), family history of T2DM (r = .157, p < .01), and hypertension (r = .422, p < .01). Regression analyses significantly predicted gender and physical activity (p < .001), and total number of risk factors for T2DM and CVDs (p < .001). Paired samples t-tests revealed no significant differences between methods of testing for TC and HbA1c (p < .01) but not for FBG (p > .05). Percentage bias for the methods of blood testing met the reference standards for fasting blood glucose but not for total cholesterol and HbA1c. Bland Altman tests of agreement between the two methods indicated good agreement for all three tests. Conclusion. Jamaican adolescents are at high risk for T2DM and CVDs as seen in other study populations. Effective programs to prevent T2DM and CVDs are needed. Family history of diseases, anthropometric measures, and gender identified more subjects at risk than did the biochemical measures. Comparison between finger prick and venous blood methods suggested that finger prick is an adequate method to screen for risk factors in children and adolescents.

Silicon photonic device for wavelength sensing and monitoring

Over the last decade advances and innovations from Silicon Photonics technology were observed in the telecommunications and computing industries. This technology which employs Silicon as an optical medium, relies on current CMOS micro-electronics fabrication processes to enable medium scale integration of many nano-photonic devices to produce photonic integrated circuitry. ^ However, other fields of research such as optical sensor processing can benefit from silicon photonics technology, specially in sensors where the physical measurement is wavelength encoded. ^ In this research work, we present a design and application of a thermally tuned silicon photonic device as an optical sensor interrogator. ^ The main device is a micro-ring resonator filter of 10 μm of diameter. A photonic design toolkit was developed based on open source software from the research community. With those tools it was possible to estimate the resonance and spectral characteristics of the filter. From the obtained design parameters, a 7.8 × 3.8 mm optical chip was fabricated using standard micro-photonics techniques. In order to tune a ring resonance, Nichrome micro-heaters were fabricated on top of the device. Some fabricated devices were systematically characterized and their tuning response were determined. From measurements, a ring resonator with a free-spectral-range of 18.4 nm and with a bandwidth of 0.14 nm was obtained. Using just 5 mA it was possible to tune the device resonance up to 3 nm. ^ In order to apply our device as a sensor interrogator in this research, a model of wavelength estimation using time interval between peaks measurement technique was developed and simulations were carried out to assess its performance. To test the technique, an experiment using a Fiber Bragg grating optical sensor was set, and estimations of the wavelength shift of this sensor due to axial strains yield an error within 22 pm compared to measurements from spectrum analyzer. ^ Results from this study implies that signals from FBG sensors can be processed with good accuracy using a micro-ring device with the advantage of ts compact size, scalability and versatility. Additionally, the system also has additional applications such as processing optical wavelength shifts from integrated photonic sensors and to be able to track resonances from laser sources.^

The Effect of Rapport Building in Police Interrogations: Can Rapport Improve the Diagnosticity of Confession Evidence?

Police investigators rely heavily on eliciting confessions from suspects to solve crimes and prosecute offenders. Therefore, it is essential to develop evidence-based interrogation techniques that will motivate guilty suspects to confess but minimize false confessions from the innocent. Currently, there is little scientific support for specific interrogation techniques that may increase true confessions and decrease false confessions. Rapport building is a promising possibility. Despite its recommendation in police interrogation guidelines, there is no scientific evidence showing the effect of rapport building in police interrogations. The current study examined, experimentally, whether using rapport as an interrogation technique would influence participants’ decisions to confess to a wrongdoing. It was hypothesized that building rapport with participants would lead to more true confessions and fewer false confessions than not building rapport. One hundred and sixty nine undergraduates participated in the study. Participants worked on logic problems together and individually, with a study confederate. The confederate asked half of the participants for help in one of the individual problems – effectively breaking the rules of the study. After working on these problems, a research assistant playing the role of interviewer came into the room, built rapport or not with participants, accused all participants of cheating by sharing answers on the individual problems, and asked them to sign a statement admitting their guilt. Results indicated that guilty participants were more likely to sign the confession statement than innocent participants. However, there were no significant differences on participants’ confession decisions based on the level of rapport they experienced. Results do not provide support for the hypothesis that building rapport increases the likelihood of obtaining true confessions and decreases the likelihood of obtaining false confessions. These findings suggest that, despite the overwhelming recommendation for the use of rapport with suspects, its actual implementation may not have a direct impact on the outcome of interrogations.

Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) V3

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.5 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.4 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This living data publication documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new version of the SOCAT data collection compared with previous publications of this data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014).

Les pratiques culturelles des excisions et des infibulations à Bamako au Mali : la contribution de la dignité humaine au respect de l’intégrité physique des femmes

Une des questions les plus débattues dans le domaine de l’éthique en ce XXIème siècle entre l’Afrique et le monde occidental concerne le respect de l’intégrité physique des femmes. Parmi les actions humaines qui touchent le plus l’intégrité corporelle, les excisions et les infibulations sont les plus dénoncées en Afrique. Longtemps considérées comme des rites d’initiation pubertaire des filles, ces pratiques sont maintenant considérées comme néfastes à la santé, et communément désignées par la communauté internationale de « mutilations sexuelles féminines ». Au cours des dernières décennies, ces pratiques ont été progressivement interdites légalement tant dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique que dans les pays occidentaux. Le Comité Inter-Africain (CIAF) contre les mutilations sexuelles demande la « tolérance zéro » par rapport à ces pratiques. La communauté internationale les combat avec des armes juridiques, en se référant aux conséquences médicales et aux droits de l’homme. Notre thèse est née d’une interrogation sur les raisons pour lesquelles ces rites se poursuivent encore en Afrique et plus spécialement au Mali, alors que dans les pays occidentaux, on élève fortement la voix pour les dénoncer comme sévices infligés aux femmes. Sur le plan international, on hésite à imposer des valeurs universelles à un phénomène perçu dans une large mesure comme une tradition conforme aux normes sociales des communautés qui les maintiennent. Afin de mieux cerner le sujet, notre questionnement a été le suivant : « Comment les pratiques culturelles des excisions et des infibulations, dans la ville de Bamako au Mali, interpellent-elles l’éthique : en quoi l’analyse de ces rites constitue-t-elle un domaine légitime d’application des principes de la bioéthique ? » Notre réflexion part du postulat que la dignité humaine est une norme à l’aune de laquelle se mesurent les défis éthiques liés à ces rites. Un proverbe Bambara dit ceci : « Une seule main ne lave pas proprement un éléphant ». La logique de cette sagesse met en évidence qu’une seule approche disciplinaire ne saurait faire ressortir les enjeux éthiques de ces pratiques. Notre analyse bioéthique se veut une démarche interdisciplinaire, qui permet d’articuler les approches philosophiques, anthropologiques, sociologiques et biomédicales de ces pratiques. Le premier chapitre, à travers la revue des écrits, présente la problématique de ces rites. Le deuxième chapitre présente le cadre théorique basé sur la notion de dignité humaine et délimite « ses contours, ses sources, ses formes et ses conséquences » afin de la rendre plus efficace et opérationnelle comme moyen de protection de l’être humain. Le troisième chapitre présente la méthodologie de la recherche basée sur la méthode qualitative et l’induction analytique et décrit le contexte de l’étude. Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats de la recherche qui font ressortir que ces pratiques se résument essentiellement au contrôle du désir sexuel féminin. Ces pratiques sont par ailleurs déritualisées, touchent de plus en plus des enfants, comportent des risques et des conséquences sur la santé avec des coûts humains et financiers pour la société. Le cinquième chapitre analyse ces pratiques avec les principes éthiques qui démontrent qu’elles constituent un problème de santé publique malgré leur caractère culturel. Enfin, le sixième chapitre présente la portée et la limite de la thèse. Celle-ci montre qu’il est possible de mener un débat sur les excisions et les infibulations à travers une éthique de discussion. Elle offre un moyen pour y parvenir avec une vision de la notion de dignité humaine comme une « valeur éthique universelle » susceptible d’être utilisée dans toutes les actions impliquant l’être humain et dans tous les contextes socio-culturels. Notre démarche élargit ainsi le champ d’application des principes bioéthiques à des pratiques non-médicales. Par cette thèse, nous souhaitons contribuer à enrichir la réflexion éthique sur les excisions et les infibulations et inspirer les politiques de santé publique dans le respect des diversités culturelles. Nous espérons pouvoir inspirer aussi d’autres recherches en vue de rapprocher la bioéthique des pratiques culturelles traditionnelles afin de trouver des compromis raisonnables qui pourraient renforcer le rôle de protection de la dignité humaine.

Chaucer and the Disconsolations of Philosophy: Boethius, Agency, and Literary Form in Late Medieval Literature

This study argues that Chaucer's poetry belongs to a far-reaching conversation about the forms of consolation (philosophical, theological, and poetic) that are available to human persons. Chaucer's entry point to this conversation was Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, a sixth-century dialogue that tried to show how the Stoic ideals of autonomy and self-possession are not simply normative for human beings but remain within the grasp of every individual. Drawing on biblical commentary, consolation literature, and political theory, this study contends that Chaucer's interrogation of the moral and intellectual ideals of the Consolation took the form of philosophical disconsolations: scenes of profound poetic rupture in which a character, sometimes even Chaucer himself, turns to philosophy for solace and yet fails to be consoled. Indeed, philosophy itself becomes a source of despair. In staging these disconsolations, I contend that Chaucer asks his readers to consider the moral dimensions of the aspirations internal to ancient philosophy and the assumptions about the self that must be true if its insights are to console and instruct. For Chaucer, the self must be seen as a gift that flowers through reciprocity (both human and divine) and not as an object to be disciplined and regulated.

Chapter one focuses on the Consolation of Philosophy. I argue that recent attempts to characterize Chaucer's relationship to this text as skeptical fail to engage the Consolation on its own terms. The allegory of Lady Philosophy's revelation to a disconsolate Boethius enables philosophy to become both an agent and an object of inquiry. I argue that Boethius's initial skepticism about the pretentions of philosophy is in part what Philosophy's therapies are meant to respond to. The pressures that Chaucer's poetry exerts on the ideals of autonomy and self-possession sharpen one of the major absences of the Consolation: viz., the unanswered question of whether Philosophy's therapies have actually consoled Boethius. Chapter two considers one of the Consolation's fascinating and paradoxical afterlives: Robert Holcot's Postilla super librum sapientiae (1340-43). I argue that Holcot's Stoic conception of wisdom, a conception he explicitly links with Boethius's Consolation, relies on a model of agency that is strikingly similar to the powers of self-knowledge that Philosophy argues Boethius to posses. Chapter three examines Chaucer's fullest exploration of the Boethian model of selfhood and his ultimate rejection of it in Troilus and Criseyde. The poem, which Chaucer called his "tragedy," belonged to a genre of classical writing he knew of only from Philosophy's brief mention of it in the Consolation. Chaucer appropriates the genre to explore and recover mourning as a meaningful act. In Chapter four, I turn to Dante and the House of Fame to consider Chaucer's self-reflections about his ambitions as a poet and the demands of truth-telling.

Les pratiques culturelles des excisions et des infibulations à Bamako au Mali : la contribution de la dignité humaine au respect de l’intégrité physique des femmes

Une des questions les plus débattues dans le domaine de l’éthique en ce XXIème siècle entre l’Afrique et le monde occidental concerne le respect de l’intégrité physique des femmes. Parmi les actions humaines qui touchent le plus l’intégrité corporelle, les excisions et les infibulations sont les plus dénoncées en Afrique. Longtemps considérées comme des rites d’initiation pubertaire des filles, ces pratiques sont maintenant considérées comme néfastes à la santé, et communément désignées par la communauté internationale de « mutilations sexuelles féminines ». Au cours des dernières décennies, ces pratiques ont été progressivement interdites légalement tant dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique que dans les pays occidentaux. Le Comité Inter-Africain (CIAF) contre les mutilations sexuelles demande la « tolérance zéro » par rapport à ces pratiques. La communauté internationale les combat avec des armes juridiques, en se référant aux conséquences médicales et aux droits de l’homme. Notre thèse est née d’une interrogation sur les raisons pour lesquelles ces rites se poursuivent encore en Afrique et plus spécialement au Mali, alors que dans les pays occidentaux, on élève fortement la voix pour les dénoncer comme sévices infligés aux femmes. Sur le plan international, on hésite à imposer des valeurs universelles à un phénomène perçu dans une large mesure comme une tradition conforme aux normes sociales des communautés qui les maintiennent. Afin de mieux cerner le sujet, notre questionnement a été le suivant : « Comment les pratiques culturelles des excisions et des infibulations, dans la ville de Bamako au Mali, interpellent-elles l’éthique : en quoi l’analyse de ces rites constitue-t-elle un domaine légitime d’application des principes de la bioéthique ? » Notre réflexion part du postulat que la dignité humaine est une norme à l’aune de laquelle se mesurent les défis éthiques liés à ces rites. Un proverbe Bambara dit ceci : « Une seule main ne lave pas proprement un éléphant ». La logique de cette sagesse met en évidence qu’une seule approche disciplinaire ne saurait faire ressortir les enjeux éthiques de ces pratiques. Notre analyse bioéthique se veut une démarche interdisciplinaire, qui permet d’articuler les approches philosophiques, anthropologiques, sociologiques et biomédicales de ces pratiques. Le premier chapitre, à travers la revue des écrits, présente la problématique de ces rites. Le deuxième chapitre présente le cadre théorique basé sur la notion de dignité humaine et délimite « ses contours, ses sources, ses formes et ses conséquences » afin de la rendre plus efficace et opérationnelle comme moyen de protection de l’être humain. Le troisième chapitre présente la méthodologie de la recherche basée sur la méthode qualitative et l’induction analytique et décrit le contexte de l’étude. Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats de la recherche qui font ressortir que ces pratiques se résument essentiellement au contrôle du désir sexuel féminin. Ces pratiques sont par ailleurs déritualisées, touchent de plus en plus des enfants, comportent des risques et des conséquences sur la santé avec des coûts humains et financiers pour la société. Le cinquième chapitre analyse ces pratiques avec les principes éthiques qui démontrent qu’elles constituent un problème de santé publique malgré leur caractère culturel. Enfin, le sixième chapitre présente la portée et la limite de la thèse. Celle-ci montre qu’il est possible de mener un débat sur les excisions et les infibulations à travers une éthique de discussion. Elle offre un moyen pour y parvenir avec une vision de la notion de dignité humaine comme une « valeur éthique universelle » susceptible d’être utilisée dans toutes les actions impliquant l’être humain et dans tous les contextes socio-culturels. Notre démarche élargit ainsi le champ d’application des principes bioéthiques à des pratiques non-médicales. Par cette thèse, nous souhaitons contribuer à enrichir la réflexion éthique sur les excisions et les infibulations et inspirer les politiques de santé publique dans le respect des diversités culturelles. Nous espérons pouvoir inspirer aussi d’autres recherches en vue de rapprocher la bioéthique des pratiques culturelles traditionnelles afin de trouver des compromis raisonnables qui pourraient renforcer le rôle de protection de la dignité humaine.