Cell organisation, sulphur metabolism and ion transport-related genes are differentially expressed in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelium and yeast cells

Abstract Background Mycelium-to-yeast transition in the human host is essential for pathogenicity by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and both cell types are therefore critical to the establishment of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. The infected population is of about 10 million individuals, 2% of whom will eventually develop the disease. Previously, transcriptome analysis of mycelium and yeast cells resulted in the assembly of 6,022 sequence groups. Gene expression analysis, using both in silico EST subtraction and cDNA microarray, revealed genes that were differential to yeast or mycelium, and we discussed those involved in sugar metabolism. To advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms of dimorphic transition, we performed an extended analysis of gene expression profiles using the methods mentioned above. Results In this work, continuous data mining revealed 66 new differentially expressed sequences that were MIPS(Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences)-categorised according to the cellular process in which they are presumably involved. Two well represented classes were chosen for further analysis: (i) control of cell organisation – cell wall, membrane and cytoskeleton, whose representatives were hex (encoding for a hexagonal peroxisome protein), bgl (encoding for a 1,3-β-glucosidase) in mycelium cells; and ags (an α-1,3-glucan synthase), cda (a chitin deacetylase) and vrp (a verprolin) in yeast cells; (ii) ion metabolism and transport – two genes putatively implicated in ion transport were confirmed to be highly expressed in mycelium cells – isc and ktp, respectively an iron-sulphur cluster-like protein and a cation transporter; and a putative P-type cation pump (pct) in yeast. Also, several enzymes from the cysteine de novo biosynthesis pathway were shown to be up regulated in the yeast form, including ATP sulphurylase, APS kinase and also PAPS reductase. Conclusion Taken together, these data show that several genes involved in cell organisation and ion metabolism/transport are expressed differentially along dimorphic transition. Hyper expression in yeast of the enzymes of sulphur metabolism reinforced that this metabolic pathway could be important for this process. Understanding these changes by functional analysis of such genes may lead to a better understanding of the infective process, thus providing new targets and strategies to control PCM.

Importance of xenarthrans in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Abstract Background Several pathogens that cause important zoonotic diseases have been frequently associated with armadillos and other xenarthrans. This mammal group typically has evolved on the South American continent and many of its extant species are seriously threatened with extinction. Natural infection of armadillos with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in hyperendemic areas has provided a valuable opportunity for understanding the role of this mammal in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America. Findings This study aimed to detect P. brasiliensis in different xenarthran species (Dasypus novemcinctus, Cabassous spp., Euphractus sexcinctus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Myrmecophaga tridactyla), by molecular and mycological approaches, in samples obtained by one of the following strategies: i) from road-killed animals (n = 6); ii) from naturally dead animals (n = 8); iii) from animals that died in captivity (n = 9); and iv) from living animals captured from the wild (n = 2). Specific P. brasiliensis DNA was detected in several organs among 7/20 nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) and in 2/2 anteaters (M. tridactyla). The fungus was also cultured in tissue samples from one of two armadillos captured from the wild. Conclusion Members of the Xenarthra Order, especially armadillos, have some characteristics, including a weak cellular immune response and low body temperature, which make them suitable models for studying host-pathogen interaction. P. brasiliensis infection in wild animals, from PCM endemic areas, may be more common than initially postulated and reinforces the use of these animals as sentinels for the pathogen in the environment.

Population biology of Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis and S. stellifer in Caraguatatuba Bay, northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil

Ecosystems may reflect environmental changes in many respects, from the debilitation of individuals to alterations in community composition. Equally, population parameters may provide reliable indications of environmental changes. Members of the sciaenid fish genus Stellifer are usually very abundant where they occur, often with two or more species living in sympatry. Here, the population dynamics of three Stellifer species from southeastern Brazil were assessed. Sampling was carried out in shallow marine areas of Caraguatatuba Bay, from August 2003 to October 2004. The species evaluated were Stellifer rastrifer (n=3183), S. brasiliensis (n=357) and S. stellifer (n=116). The area under greater continental influence tended to support more, but smaller individuals. Size variations over time were similar among species and negatively correlated with Krel, which showed smooth fluctuations. The general length-frequency distribution was concentrated between 6.0 and 9.0 cm, and the great majority of females did not present mature gonads during the sampling period. The findings support the existence of a stratification by size for these species, indicating that the area is essential for the development of younger fish. Failure to consider these characteristics for the management of similar areas may have serious implications for these environments.

Paracoccidoides brasiliensis 30 kDa adhesin: identification as a 14-3-3 protein, cloning and subcellular localization in infection models

Paracoccidoides brasiliensis adhesion to lung epithelial cells is considered an essential event for the establishment of infection and different proteins participate in this process. One of these proteins is a 30 kDa adhesin, pI 4.9 that was described as a laminin ligand in previous studies, and it was more highly expressed in more virulent P. brasiliensis isolates. This protein may contribute to the virulence of this important fungal pathogen. Using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry analysis, this 30 kDa adhesin was identified as a 14-3-3 protein. These proteins are a conserved group of small acidic proteins involved in a variety of processes in eukaryotic organisms. However, the exact function of these proteins in some processes remains unknown. Thus, the goal of the present study was to characterize the role of this protein during the interaction between the fungus and its host. To achieve this goal, we cloned, expressed the 14-3-3 protein in a heterologous system and determined its subcellular localization in in vitro and in vivo infection models. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the ubiquitous distribution of this protein in the yeast form of P. brasiliensis, with some concentration in the cytoplasm. Additionally, this 14-3-3 protein was also present in P. brasiliensis cells at the sites of infection in C57BL/6 mice intratracheally infected with P. brasiliensis yeast cells for 72 h (acute infections) and 30 days (chronic infection). An apparent increase in the levels of the 14-3-3 protein in the cell wall of the fungus was also noted during the interaction between P. brasiliensis and A549 cells, suggesting that this protein may be involved in host-parasite interactions, since inhibition assays with the protein and this antibody decreased P. brasiliensis adhesion to A549 epithelial cells. Our data may lead to a better understanding of P. brasiliensis interactions with host tissues and paracoccidioidomycosis pathogenesis.

Cantate : Psalm 45 ; [Cantate aus Anlass der Feier der silbernen Hochzeit unseres ... Kaiserpaares ... Franz Joseph I. und ... Elisabeth Amalie Eugenia ; 24te April 1854 - 1879]

[in Musik gesetzt von] J[acob] Bachmann

Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. im überschwemmungsfreien Gebiet des Amazonenstromes

Test

Eugenia Tadolini, Rollenbild, Kniestück

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G03671

Eugenia Tadolini Savonari als Maria, Giorgio Ronconi als Chevereuse, Carlo Guasco als Chalais, Opernszene, Gruppenbildis, in: Gaetano Donizetti: Maria di Rohan, drittes Finale-Terzett "Vivo non t'é concesso" ("Nicht überdiese Schwelle") : Schevereuse: Was führt Dich in diese Mauern? Chalais: Meines Missgeschickes Walten, und die Sehnsucht nach den Tod. Maria: Unglücksel'ger! Cheverseuse: Bald erfüllet sei Dein Sehen.

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G13801

Botrychium lunaria - Mondraute - Selaginella brasiliensis - Moosfarn

AR

Der Familienfesttag für das gesammte Vaterland : Festrede zur Feier der silbernen Hochzeit Ihrer glorreichen Majestäten des Kaisers Franz Joseph I. und der Kaiserin Elisabeth Amalie Eugenia, gehalten am 24. April 1879 im Tempel zu Prossnitz

von E. Hoff

Cepparo, María Eugenia (2013), La agricultura en la provincia de Santa Cruz. Motivaciones, desafíos y expectativas ante situaciones de marginalidad. Mendoza, Jagüel editores de Mendoza, 212 p. ISBN 978-987-28900-3-2

Fil: Cáceres, Alicia P.. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral

Vicente, María Eugenia. "A cien años de la fundación de las Ciencias de la Educación en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata: estrategias y prácticas de los egresados en la reconstrucción del campo profesional (1970-2012)". Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Argentina, 2014. 243 páginas

Fil: Carrera, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Vicente, María Eugenia. "A cien años de la fundación de las Ciencias de la Educación en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata: estrategias y prácticas de los egresados en la reconstrucción del campo profesional (1970-2012)". Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Argentina, 2014. 243 páginas

Fil: Carrera, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Vicente, María Eugenia. "A cien años de la fundación de las Ciencias de la Educación en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata: estrategias y prácticas de los egresados en la reconstrucción del campo profesional (1970-2012)". Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Argentina, 2014. 243 páginas

Fil: Carrera, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.